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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion research (ICF) is directed towards demonstrating the scientific feasibility of very rapidly heating and compressing small pellets of suitable fuel until conditions exist where thermonuclear fusion can occur and useful amounts of power can be produced. Such pellets may be heated up to the required temperatures either by means of energy drivers or by magnetic compression (imploding liners). Magnetic-confinement fusion (MCF) research has now reached the level of scientific-feasibility experiments after having stayed in purgatory for about twenty years (to quote a well-known dictum by Artsimovich). Based on the results of these efforts the tokamak devices JT-60, TFTR, JET and T-l 5M are expected to become operative in the mid 1980s. By comparison, remarkable progress in ICF has been attained through only ten years' efforts; in this field, too, the level of scientific breakeven does not seem to be too far away.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Inertial confinement",
"year_published": 1980,
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"abstract": "The paper reviews the status of research on inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with a view to its potential as a power generation source for the future. In recent investigations on implosion physics the necessary conditions for ignition and break-even as well as the required high gain for a fusion reactor have been established quantitatively. Recent progress in the approach to the required confinement parameters and technical achievements have given confidence in the eventual realization of an ICF reactor for energy production.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Inertial confinement",
"year_published": 1990,
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"abstract": "James J Duderstadt and Gregory A Moses 1982 New York: Wiley-lnterscience x + 347 pp price \u00a336 Commercial fusion power has proved elusive. The idea of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to compress a 1\u20132 mm radius pellet containing 50\u201350 liquid deuterium-tritium to approximately 104 times liquid density and a central temperature of 2 keV.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/33/12/022",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Fusion power",
"Liquid density",
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"abstract": "A power-generation technology that employs various means, including high-intensity lasers, magnetic \u2026",
"URL": "https://www.accessscience.com/content/342650",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Edward Teller has been a strong proponent of harnessing nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes. There are two approaches: Plowshare, which utilizes macro-explosions, and inertial confinement fusion, which utilizes micro-explosions. The development of practical fusion power plants is a principal goal of the inertial program.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6233038-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Nuclear physics",
"Fusion power",
"Hydrogen compounds",
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"abstract": "Implosion process has been investigated by using blue, green, red and far infrared lasers. Various types of target are compared to improve the implosion properties. \"Cannon ball\" target is proposed and tested to show the high efficiency in implosion.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-8949/1982/T2B/027/meta",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"Optics",
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"Optoelectronics",
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"abstract": "The progress inertial confinement fusion (ICF) physics experiments and driver development is put in perspective by looking at the performance required to perform various military and commercial applications. Both the military and commercial applications require increasingly more-powerful drivers and a better understanding of target-coupling physics. However, it is expected that the military applications will be achieved much earlier because they do not require such efficient drivers and high average power. A reactor design concept being developed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory was selected to present a view of an inertial fusion power plant. This conceptual design was sufficiently detailed to allow a reasonable assessment of the social and economic costs associated with inertial fusion electricity production. The development of inertial fusion as a commercial source of energy represents a sophisticated and challenging problem whose solution will require an enormous commitment of human and financial resources over the next 25 years. The technical hurdles promise to be as demanding as the scientific groundwork. Nevertheless, the problems and the efforts required to solve them are dwarfed by the significance of the payoff-an affordable source of energy that is safe and compatible with our environment. 33 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980AnRE....5...33M/abstract",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1980,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Conceptual design",
"Engineering",
"Systems engineering",
"Inertial fusion power plant",
"Commercialization",
"Electricity generation",
"Simulation",
"Energy technology",
"Military technology",
"Technology assessment"
],
"first_author": "J A Maniscalco",
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"abstract": "One of the main problems in IC fusion is the efficient transfer of energy from a low energy-density source to the fusion target. Some general concepts of optimum energystaging are described. The applicability of these concepts is illustrated by a few examples. Particular emphasis is put on the use of several liners in series, which permits both the amplification of the liner-velocity and a spatially symmetric collapse.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984LPB.....2...87L/abstract",
"title": "Energy transfer in inertial confinement",
"year_published": 1984,
"fields_of_study": [
"Energy transfer",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics"
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"first_author": "J. G. Linhart",
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"abstract": "The facilities and activities of inertial confinement fusion research in Japan are reviewed. The key institute is ILE Osaka University where the implosion scheme of the \u201cCannonball Target\u201d has been investigated in experiments and computer simulations to overcome the critical issues in inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984LPB.....2..425Y/abstract",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion in Japan",
"year_published": 1984,
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"abstract": "Reviews the current status of inertial confinement fusion. The recent results of high compression (100*liquid density) and high neutron yields (1012, 1013 per shot) obtained in separate laser experiments are discussed. The joint attainment of high densities and high temperature will require larger drivers (laser or ion beam). For direct drive laser fusion, high uniformity of illumination at short wavelength ( lambda 2 TW, and power densities on target of 10/sup 13/-10-/sup 16/ W/cm/sup 2/, pulse durations on the order of 100 psec to 3 nsec, wavelengths between 0.5 ..mu.. and 10 ..mu.., and focal spot sizes of 100 ..mu.. or larger where focal spot edge effects are becoming less dominant. In addition, spurious target responses due to such behavior as pre-pulses, self-focusing, or imprecise focal spot measurement are being observed less often. The technical problems of large multi-beam systems, performing at the 10 TW level, have been overcome and these systems (e.g. the Shiva and Helios lasers) are providing high density compression data with ablative targets. The next step in laser design, the 100 to 300 kJ systems, are under construction and 1 MJ lasers are being contemplated.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130003703196",
"title": "Summary of the Status of Lasers for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1980,
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"abstract": "The achievement of inertial confinement fusion ignition on the National Ignition Facility relies on the collection and interpretation of a limited (and expensive) set of experimental data. These data are therefore supplemented with state-of-the-art multidimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations to provide a better understanding of implosion dynamics and behavior. We present a relatively large number (\u223c 4000) of systematically perturbed 2D simulations to probe our understanding of low-mode fuel and ablator asymmetries seeded by asymmetric illumination. We find that Gaussian process surrogate models are able to predict both the total neutron yield and the degradation in performance due to asymmetries. The surrogates are then applied to simulations containing new sources of degradation to quantify the impact of the new source.",
"URL": "https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/sadm/sadm10.html#NoraPSFB17",
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"abstract": "In laser-induced inertial confinement fusion the understanding of the physical process taking place in the plasma atmosphere surrounding the target is extremely important because it is here where the energy is absorbed and transported to the core region. Optical probing of the target atmosphere can provide information about this important region by using laser diagnostics such as interferometry, Faraday rotation, and Thomson scattering. Interferometry is used to determine electron density distributions in the plasma and has permitted the direct observation of effects due to ponderomotive forces in the plasma. Thomson scattering is another diagnostic which can help understand some of the interaction process taking place in plasma corona. This technique, apart from providing electron and ion temperature inside the plasma, can provide direct information about wave-wave decay process, ion turbulence, and other collective effects. It has been successfully used to isolate some nonlinear wave phenomenon in 10.6 um laser-produced plasmas.",
"URL": "https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering/volume-21/issue-4/214751/Laser-Diagnostics-For-Inertial-Confinement-Fusion-Plasmas/10.1117/12.7972972.full",
"title": "Laser Diagnostics For Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Interferometry",
"Faraday effect",
"Fusion power",
"Thomson scattering",
"Plasma",
"Atmospheric-pressure plasma"
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"abstract": "Cascade, originally conceived as a football-shaped, steel-walled reactor containing a Li/sub 2/O granule blanket, is now envisaged as a double-cone-shaped reactor containing a two-layered (three-zone) flowing blanket of BeO and LiAlO/sub 2/ granules. Average blanket exit temperature is 1670/sup 0/K and gross plant efficiency (net thermal conversion efficiency) using a Brayton cycle is 55%. The reactor has a low-activation SiC-tiled wall. It rotates at 50 rpm, and the granules are transported to the top of the heat exchanger using their peripheral speed; no conveyors or lifts are required. The granules return to the reactor by gravity. After considerable analysis and experimentation, we continue to regard Cascade as a promising reactor concept with the advantages of safety, efficiency, and low activation.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_39930",
"title": "Development of the Cascade Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Reactor",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion requires the generation and focusing of several megajoules of energy at > 100 TW power and > 100 TW\u00b7cm\u22122 power density onto a target for approximately 10 ns. Lasers and particle beam drivers have been developed for this purpose. Lightion beams offer the potential for a cost-effective, efficient and versatile driver with excellent energy deposition and no significant preheat. The research and development to date has emphasized technology development of the driver. Advances in pulsed power technology, magnetically insulated power flow, intense ion beam generation, focusing and transport, and ion beam deposition have led to the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II at Sandia National Laboratories which will begin operation in January 1986. This accelerator has the potential for achieving ignition of thermonuclear fuel in the laboratory.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/25/9/067/pdf/0029-5515_25_9_067.pdf",
"title": "Light-ion beams for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "One of the most exciting and promising approaches to fusion power that has emerged recently is the magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion (MICF) concept proposed by Hasegawa et al. It is a scheme that combines the benefits of magnetic and inertial fusions in which a plasma with a density of approx.10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/ is confined by the inertia of a heavy metallic shell, while its heat is insulated by a self-generated magnetic field of approx.100 T. In contrast to the conventional inertial confinement approach in which a large rate of implosion and simultaneous achievement of ignition temperature must occur (a condition that lies at the heart of the major difficulty to this approach), the MICF concept relies on generating the fusion plasma by ablation of the solid deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel through a hole in the pellet by means of a laser (or particle) beam. As a result, the input energy is put directly into the fuel plasma (rather than the imploding pusher), thereby giving rise to a better energy efficiency than the conventional inertial confinement schemes. Because of its relative simplicity and its ability to utilize the comparatively efficient CO/sub 2/ lasers (which can be driven chemically), the abovemore\u00a0\u00bb scheme is particularly well suited for space power applications. When examined for possible utilization as a rocket propulsion scheme, the authors have shown that specific impulses of 1000 or more seconds are readily attainable from MICF. This range of specific impulse is highly desirable for many space missions, especially those that cannot be accommodated by chemical propulsion.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6689730",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion reactor for space applications",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Physics",
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"abstract": "With 180MJ/{micro}g, antiprotons offer the highest stored energy per unit mass of any known entity. We investigate the use of antiprotons to promote fast ignition in an ICF capsule and seek high gains with only modest compression of the main fuel. Unlike standard fast ignition where the ignition energy is supplied by an energetic, short pulse laser, the energy here is supplied through the ionization energy deposited when antiprotons annihilate at the center of a compressed fuel capsule. In the first of two candidate fast ignition schemes, the antiproton package is delivered by a low energy external ion beam. In the second, ''autocatalytic'' scheme, the antiprotons are pre-emplaced at the center of the capsule prior to compression. In both schemes, we estimate that {approximately}3x10{sup 13} antiprotons are required to initiate fast ignition in a typical ICF capsule and show that incorporation of a thin, heavy metal shell is desirable to enhance energy deposition in the igniter zone. In addition to obviating the need for a second energetic fast laser and vulnerable final optics, this scheme would achieve central without reliance on laser channeling through halo plasma or houlrahm debris. However, in addition to the unknowns involved in the storage andmore\u00a0\u00bb manipulation of antiprotons at low energy, the other large uncertainty for the practicality of such a scheme is the ultimate efficiency of antiproton production in, an external, optimized facility.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2846",
"title": "Antiproton fast ignition for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "Laser imprinting has been studied and, in particular, saturation of areal density perturbations induced by near single mode laser imprinting was observed. Several issues important for the foam buffered direct drive scheme have been investigated. These studies included measurements of the absolute levels of stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering observed from laser irradiated low density foam targets, either bare or overcoated with a thin layer of gold. A novel scheme is proposed to increase the pressure in indirectly driven targets. By heating a foam supersonically that is attached to a solid target the pressure generated is not only the ablation pressure but also the combined pressure due to ablation at the foam-foil interface and the heated foam material. Planar brominated plastic foil targets overcoated with a low density foam were irradiated by a soft X ray pulse. The pressure was obtained by comparing the rear side trajectory of the driven target observed by soft X ray radiography with one dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Observations were also carried out of the transition from supersonic to subsonic propagation of an ionization front in low density chlorinated foam targets irradiated by an intense soft X ray pulse. The diagnostic for these measurements was K shell point projection absorption spectroscopy. In the fast ignitor area the channelling and guiding of picosecond laser pulses through underdense plasmas, preformed density channels and microtubes were investigated. It was observed that a large fraction of the incident laser energy can be propagated. Megagauss magnetic fields were measured, with a polarimetric technique, during and after propagation of intense picosecond pulses in preionized plasmas. Two types of toroidal fields, of opposite orientation, were detected. In addition, the production and propagation of an electron beam through solid glass targets irradiated at intensities above 1019W/cm2 were observed using optical probing techniques.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000NucFu..40..537W/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion and fast ignitor studies",
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"abstract": "Significant progress has been made in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics since the 2009 IFSA Conference [R.L. McCrory et al. , J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 244 , 012004 (2010)]. Areal densities of 300mg/cm2 have been measured in cryogenic target implosions with neutron yields 15% of 1-D predictions. A model of crossed-beam energy transfer has been developed to explain the observed scattered-light spectrum and laser\u2013target coupling. Experiments show that its impact can be mitigated by changing the ratio of the laser beam to target diameter. Progress continues in the development of the polar-drive concept that will allow direct-drive\u2013ignition experiments to be conducted on the National Ignition Facility using the indirect-drive-beam layout.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPJWC..5901004M/abstract",
"title": "Progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Approximate one-dimensional (1D) as well as 2D and 3D simulations are playing an important supporting role in the design and analysis of future experiments at National Ignition Facility. This paper is mainly concerned with 1D simulations, used extensively in design and optimization. We couple a 1D buoyancy-drag mix model for the mixing zone edges with a 1D inertial confinement fusion simulation code. This analysis predicts that National Ignition Campaign (NIC) designs are located close to a performance cliff, so modeling errors, design features (fill tube and tent) and additional, unmodeled instabilities could lead to significant levels of mix. The performance cliff we identify is associated with multimode plastic ablator (CH) mix into the hot-spot deuterium and tritium (DT). The buoyancy-drag mix model is mode number independent and selects implicitly a range of maximum growth modes. Our main conclusion is that single effect instabilities are predicted not to lead to hot-spot mix, while combined mode mixing effects are predicted to affect hot-spot thermodynamics and possibly hot-spot mix. Combined with the stagnation Rayleigh-Taylor instability, we find the potential for mix effects in combination with the ice-to-gas DT boundary, numerical effects of Eulerian species CH concentration diffusion, and ablation-driven instabilities. With the help of a convenient package of plasma transport parameters developed here, we give an approximate determination of these quantities in the regime relevant to the NIC experiments, while ruling out a variety of mix possibilities. Plasma transport parameters affect the 1D buoyancy-drag mix model primarily through its phenomenological drag coefficient as well as the 1D hydro model to which the buoyancy-drag equation is coupled.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1338645-mixing-applications-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
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"abstract": "Acoustic cavity resonances were used to examine the interior surface geometry and gas fill pressures of various prototype inertial confinement fusion targets. A representative target consists of a millimeter\u2010sized spherical beryllium shell filled to high pressure with deuterium/tritium (DT) gas at room temperature. Below the triple point of DT the gas forms a solid and redistributes itself symmetrically within the shell through a process known as beta\u2010layering. The thickness of the solid DT layer, and the symmetry and smoothness of each surface must adhere to strict specifications for ignition to occur. Sound\u2010speed measurements at room temperature provide the gas fill pressure and thus the solid DT layer thickness upon cooldown. These measurements rely upon an accurate equation of state. Degenerate\u2010mode splitting of the cavity resonances provides interior surface geometry information. This technique was applied to a variety of deuterium and helium filled shells at pressures up to 356 atm. Several of these shells were manufactured with known interior surface perturbations. Measured mode splitting is compared with theory and the utility of the technique for cryogenic targets is examined.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ASAJ..102.3130A/abstract",
"title": "Acoustic inspection of inertial confinement fusion targets",
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"abstract": "Intense beams of light and heavy ions are being studied as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) drivers for high yield and energy. Heavy and light ions have common interests in beam transport, targets, and alternative accelerators. Self-pinched transport is being jointly studied. This article reviews the development of intense ion beams for ICF. Light-ion drivers are highlighted because they are compact, modular, efficient and low cost. Issues facing light ions are: (1) decreasing beam divergence; (2) increasing beam brightness; and (3) demonstrating self-pinched transport. Applied-B ion diodes are favored because of efficiency, beam brightness, perceived scalability, achievable focal intensity, and multistage capability. A light-ion concept addressing these issues uses: (1) an injector divergence of /spl les/24 mrad at 9 MeV; (2) two-stage acceleration to reduce divergence to /spl les/12 mrad at 35 MeV; and (3) self-pinched transport accepting divergences up to 12 mrad. Substantial progress in ion-driven target physics and repetitive ion diode technology is also presented. Z-pinch drivers are being pursued as the shortest pulsed power path to target physics experiments and high-yield fusion. However, light ions remain the pulsed power ICF driver of choice for high-yield fusion energy applications that require driver standoff and repetitive operation.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/596750-intense-ion-beams-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "Intense ion beams for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Thomson scattering [1] using short-wavelength probe lasers [2] is the standard diagnostic to characterize high-density inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas [3]. Its unique capability to measure plasma parameters such as temperatures, densities, plasma flow, and ionization stages with high accuracy together with possible measurements of plasma wave fluctuations is now widely recognized in the area of laser-produced plasma research. Initially, many basic Thomson scattering experiments with applications to ICF have been performed [4] on the Nova laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that produced hot mm-scale plasmas with laser energies of up to 30 kJ. More recently, we have also begun to perform Thomson scattering experiments at a second large facility namely the Omega laser facility at the University of Rochester [5].",
"URL": "https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-8696-2_55",
"title": "Thomson Scattering in Inertial Confinement Fusion Research",
"year_published": 2000,
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"abstract": "We present the first x-ray spectroscopic measurements of the ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums supported by $4\\ensuremath{\\omega}$ Thomson scattering diagnostics. The experimental data show agreement with non-LTE radiation-hydrodynamic calculations of the averaged Au charge state and electron temperatures. These findings are consistent with the successful integrated modeling of the hohlraum radiation fields. Comparisons with detailed synthetic spectra calculations show that the experimental ionization distribution is slightly shifted indicating nonsteady state kinetics.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:32064124",
"title": "Ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums.",
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"abstract": "The objective of the U.S. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) program is the achievement of a significant fusion yield in the laboratory for the purposes of defense and civilian energy applications. Nova experiments continue to address the target physics issues of radiatively driven targets, such as laser-plasma interaction physics, the efficiency of laser light conversion to x-rays, hohlraum characterization and design, hydrodynamic stability, and implosion physics. For example, using temporally profiled laser pulses (having increasing energy versus time) has led to higher capsule volume compression as compared to similar experiments with unshaped (square) pulse laser energy. In these experiments, the fuel pellet performance essentially matched one-dimensional computer predictions of implosion values when degradation due to present laser beam asymmetry was included. Recent experiments on Nova have also demonstrated 1.3 times higher hohlraum temperature than previously predicted. These combined results, together with those from specific experiments to study the effects of the interaction of the high power laser light with the target plasma, indicate that the capsule drive and symmetry conditions required for ignition and net gain can be achieved with a properly designed, 1 to 2 MJ upgrade of the existing Nova facility at LLNL. The 1990 final reports of bothmore\u00a0\u00bb the National Academy of Sciences and the Fusion Policy Advisory Committee have recommended that {open_quotes}the expeditious demonstration of ignition and gain should be the highest priority of the ICF program.{close_quotes}\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/127837-inertial-confinement-fusion-status-future-prospects",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion: Status and future prospects",
"year_published": 1992,
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"Net gain",
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"abstract": "We describe a vacuum system for the HYLIFE and Cascade inertial\u2010confinement\u2010fusion reactor concepts that consists of an axial\u2010flow compressor followed by mechanical booster pumps in series having a combined total of four stages. Vacuum components are placed outside the reactors and operate at a temperature of 300 K. Pumping speeds necessary to remove hydrogen isotopes and helium from the reactors were conservatively calculated to be a maximum of 24 to 36 m3/s at 1.3 Pa (10\u22122 Torr) when laser drivers are used and 310\u2013620 m3/s at 0.13 Pa (10\u22123 Torr) when heavy\u2010ion\u2010beam drivers are used. Openings in the reactors, required for illumination of the fuel pellets and for establishing the flowing blankets inside the reactors, have large enough conductances for removal of the gases from inside the reactors. A fuel recovery system separates deuterium and tritium from hydrogen and helium. The former are recycled for use in manufacturing fuel pellets.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.576585",
"title": "Vacuum pumping for inertial-confinement-fusion reactors",
"year_published": 1990,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Gas compressor",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
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"Torr",
"Hydrogen",
"Helium",
"Deuterium",
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"abstract": "The implosion of a dense \u03b8-pinch plasma driven by an annular Z-pinch is considered. A cryogenic fiber is coaxially located within an annular Z-pinch. The imploding Z-pinch traps an applied axial magnetic field and conserves flux. The axial magnetic field increases due to compression of the outer pinch and attains values up to 100 megagauss with field rise times of dB z /dt > 50 MG/ns and with orders of magnitude shorter rise time than the Z-pinch current. An azimuthal \u03b8-current is induced on the fiber surface with a similar rise time, which could not otherwise be achieved in a simple fiber Z-pinch due to the large inductance initially presented by the small diameter axial plasma. The implosion transfers Z-pinch kinetic energy to the magnetic field and then to the \u03b8-pinch. The final plasma pressure of the \u03b8-pinch exceeds the magnetic pressure so that the \u03b8-pinch then expands \u2015 the only confinement is inertial",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion in a Z-\u03b8 pinch",
"year_published": 1994,
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"Physics",
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"Atomic physics",
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"first_author": "H. U. Rahman",
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"abstract": "Conic targets are shown to be a promising object for the investigation of cumulative effects, which allow the achievement of high energy densities, and their use in experiments involving highly concentrated energy fluxes can open up new possibilities for investigating the physical properties of matter at extremely high temperatures, pressures, and densities. We outline the main experimental and theoretical results obtained to date that are related to conic target investigations and discuss their several possible applications in the future.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/QE2005v035n09ABEH006128/meta",
"title": "Use of conic targets in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Conic section",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Irradiation laser",
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"High energy",
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"first_author": "I. K. Krasyuk",
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"abstract": "Neutron imaging of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets provides a powerful tool for understanding the\r\nimplosion conditions of deuterium and tritium filled targets at Mega-Joule/Tera-Watt scale laser facilities. The\r\nprimary purpose of imaging ICF targets at that National Ignition Facility (NIF), sited at Lawrence Livermore\r\nNational Laboratory, Livermore, California, is to determine the asymmetry of the fuel in an imploded ICF\r\ntarget. The image data are then combined with other nuclear information to gain insight into the laser and\r\nradiation conditions used to drive the target. This information is requisite to understanding the physics of\r\nInertial Confinement Fusion targets and provides a failure mode diagnostic used to optimize the conditions\r\nof experiments aimed at obtaining ignition. We present an overview of neutron aperture imaging including a\r\ndiscussion of image formation and reconstruction, requirements for the future (NIF) neutron imaging systems,\r\na description of current imaging system capabilities, and ongoing work to affect imaging systems capable of meeting future system requirements.",
"URL": "https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6707/67070H/Neutron-imaging-for-inertial-confinement-fusion-experiments/10.1117/12.741006.full",
"title": "Neutron imaging for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Image formation",
"Iterative reconstruction",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Aperture",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility"
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"first_author": "Gary Grim",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "Controlled fusion of light nuclei for energy production occurs at hight temperatures, kT\u227310keV. In order to obtain efficient burn the fuel has to be confined for a minimum time \u03c4 which is inversely proportional to the fuel density (Nuckolls, 1982). At low particle densities the fuel can be confined and kept in a steady state by magnetic fields. At densities higher than n \u2245 1017 cm\u22123 matter can be confined only by its own inertia, and so burn has to be achieved in a very short time; the less thermonuclear fuel is involved the shorter this will be. The principle of ICF is simple (Fig.1). A pellet of radius R, uniform density n and temperature T burns according to (Duderstadt, Moses, 1982) \r\n\r\n$$\\frac{d}{{dt}}\\frac{n}{2} = \\frac{{{n^2}}}{2} \\left\\langle \\sigma \\right.\\left. v \\right\\rangle $$\r\n\r\n(1.1)\r\n\r\nwhere is the reaction rate of one fuel perticle averaged over its velocity distribution function. Owing to the high temperature the pellet disassembles with the rarefaction wave the edge of which moves inward at sound speed s = (kT/\\({\\bar m_i}\\))\u00bd, where \\({\\bar m_i}\\) stands for the average fuel ion mass. Keeping in mind thet 60% of the mass is contained the outer shell of thickness R/4 an adequate expression for the confinement time is \u03c4 = R/4s. With this the fractional burn \u03b7 = 1 \u2212 n(\u03c4)/n0 is obtained by integrating eq. (1.1) \r\n\r\n$$\\eta = \\frac{{\\rho R}}{{\\rho R + \\delta }}, \\delta = 8{({\\bar m_i}kT)^{1/2}}/ = \\delta (T).$$\r\n\r\n(1.2)\r\n\r\nThe parameter \u03b4 is a function of temperature only.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/28/1A/018/pdf",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion with lasers or particle beams",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Distribution function",
"Bar (unit)",
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"abstract": "We present the first measurements of radiation temperatures and stimulated scattering losses in laser-driven, gas-filled hohlraums. They show efficient coupling when applying laser beam smoothing techniques. Scattering losses are reduced to the 3{percent} level while the radiation temperatures increased by {approximately}15 eV for smoothed laser beams. We observe peak radiation temperatures in excess of 230eV in gas-filled hohlraums consistent with detailed hydrodynamic LASNEX modeling. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2845",
"title": "Energetics of Inertial Confinement Fusion Hohlraum Plasmas",
"year_published": 1998,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Scattering",
"Coupling (probability)",
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"first_author": "Siegfried Glenzer",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires high compression of fusion fuel to densities approaching 1000 times liquid density of deuterium-tritium (DT), at central temperatures in excess of 5 keV. The direct-drive approach to ICF is more energy efficient than indirect drive if the stringent drive symmetry and hydrodynamic stability requirements can be met by a suitable laser irradiation and target design. Experiments using cryogenic fuel capsules in conjunction with distributed phase plates (DPPs) on the frequency-tripled OMEGA laser system have achieved compressed DT fuel densities in the 100-200 times liquid density regime, but the experiments exhibited deviations from one-dimensional performance. The deviations are believed to result from nonuniform implosion of fuel and shell material due to irradiation nonuniformities not removed by the DPPs. Improvements in irradiation uniformity through the use of a new technique, smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD), may lead to reduced hydrodynamic instability growth and nearly one-dimensional capsule performance. SSD allows high-efficiency frequency tripling in a solid-state laser system.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PPCF...31.1517M/abstract",
"title": "Laser compression and stability in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Irradiation",
"Hydrodynamic stability",
"Optics",
"Fusion",
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"Cryogenic fuel",
"Instability",
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"abstract": "Thomson scattering with a short-wavelength probe laser has been developed into a standard diagnostic of high-density inertial confinement fusion plasmas that are produced with high energy lasers. A the Nova laser facility, we have applied Thomson scattering to investigate fundamental properties of ion acoustic or electron plasma (Langmuir) waves such as their dispersion and diagnostic value in two-ion species plasmas as well as their saturation and decay. Moreover, we have used Thomson scattering in a large number of studies that require accurate characterization of plasma conditions to benchmark radiation hydrodynamic calculations and to test kinetics modelling. In particular, the implementation of an ultraviolet probe laser that operates at 263 nm (4\u03c9) has allowed us to accurately measure the electron and ion temperature in high-density gas-filled hohlraums and to investigate scalings to high gas fill densities characterizing the low-Z gas plasma as well as the high-Z wall plasma. These measurements have provided us with a unique data set that we use for comparisons with integrated radiation-hydrodynamic modelling using the code LASNEX. This code is presently being applied o design fusion targets for the National Ignition Facility. The Thomson scattering experiments show the existence of electron temperature gradients in the gas plasma that are well modelled when including a self-consistent calculation of magnetic fields. Furthermore, the temperature data have been applied to test kinetics calculations of x-ray spectra observed from these hohlraum plasmas.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Thomson Scattering in Inertial Confinement Fusion Research",
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"abstract": "It is shown by means of multi-fluid particle-in-cell simulations that convergence of the spherical shock wave that propagates through the inner gas of inertial confinement fusion-relevant experiments is accompanied by a separation of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) ions across the shock front. Deuterons run ahead of the tritons due to their lower mass and higher charge-to-mass ratio and can reach the center several tens of picoseconds before the tritons. The rising edge of the DD and TT fusion rate is also temporally separated by the same amount, which should be an observable in experiments and would be a direct proof of the \u201cstratification conjecture\u201d on the shock front [Amendt et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 056308 (2011)]. Moreover, dephasing of the D and T shock components in terms of density and temperature leads to a degradation of the DT fusion yield as the converging shock first rebounds from the fuel center (shock yield). For the parameters of this study, the second peak in the fusion yield (compression yield) is strongly dependent on the choice of the flux limiter.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22113362",
"title": "Species separation in inertial confinement fusion fuels",
"year_published": 2013,
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"abstract": "Los Alamos has constructed a high-power CO2 laser and is completing a thorough technical evaluation of the CO2 laser as an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) driver. Recent experimental work has shown unambiguously that 0.25 \u03bcm is near the wavelength for optimum coupling of laser radiation into a fusion target. Since KrF lases at 0.248 \u03bcm, has the potential for 10% wall plug efficiency and for low capital cost, Los Alamos is continuing to investigate the feasibility of KrF as a future ICF driver.",
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"abstract": "Pulse Star is a pool-type ICF reactor that emphasizes low cost and high safety levels. The reactor consists of a vacuum chamber (belljar) submerged in a compact liquid metal (Li/sub 17/Pb/sub 83/ or lithium) pool which also contains the heat exchangers and liquid metal pumps. The shielding efficiency of the liquid metal pool is high enough to allow hands-on maintenance of (removed) pumps and heat exchangers. Liquid metal is allowed to spray through the 5.5 m radius belljar at a controlled rate, but is prohibited from the target region by a 4 m radius mesh first wall. The wetted first wall absorbs the fusion x-rays and debris while the spray region absorbs the fusion neutrons. The mesh allows vaporized liquid metal to blow through to the spray region where it can quickly cool and condense. Preliminary calculations show that a 2 m thick first wall could handle the mechanical (support, buckling, and x-ray induced hoop) loads. Wetting and gas flow issues are in an initial investigation stage.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5789267",
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"abstract": "In pulse-power technology, a transformer-type accelerator is a good candidate for a highvoltage pulse generator suitable for repetitive operations. In this article, a reverse-conducting thyristor has been used as a switching element in a primary circuit and good operations have been obtained. A dual-resonant mode and the mode proposed by Reed, preferable to the former in the sense of voltage gain, have been investigated experimentally. A voltage gain of 25% increase compared to that of the dual-resonant mode operation has been obtained. Two different types of transformers, a spiral and a Tesla type with various turn ratios, were constructed and the characteristics of each type when applied to the same circuit have also been investigated in detail. As a result, it has been made clear that the stray capacitance of the secondary winding restricts the upper limit of the turn ratio to get the large voltage multiplication.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LPB....11..431I/abstract",
"title": "Transformer-type accelerator for inertial confinement fusion",
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"Electrical engineering",
"Physics",
"Thyristor",
"Mode (statistics)",
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"abstract": "Two concepts have been applied to the classical problem of accelerators for the ignition of indirectly driven inertial fusion. The first is the use of non-Liouvillian stacking based on photoionisation of a singly charged ion beam. A special FEL appears the most suited device to generate the appropriate light beam intensity at the required wavelength. The second is based on the use of a large number of (>1000) beamlets\u2013or \u201cbeam straws\u201d\u2013all focussed by an appropriate magnetic structure and concentrated on the same spot on the pellet. The use of a large number of beams\u2013each with a relatively low-current density\u2013elegantly circumvents the problems of space charge, making use of the non-Liouvillian nature of the stopping power of the material of the pellet. The present conceptual design is based on a low-current (\u3008i\u3009 \u2248 50 mA) heavy-ion beam accelerated with a standard LINAC structure and accumulated in a stack of rings with the help of photoionisation. Beams are then extracted simultaneously from all the rings and further subdivided with the help of a switchyard of alternate paths separating and synchronising the many bunches from each ring before they hit the pellet. Single beam straws carry a reasonable number of ions: Beams and technology are directly relatable to the ones presently employed, for instance, at the CERN-PS. Space-charge-dominated conditions arise only during the last few turns before extraction and in the beam transport channel to the reaction chamber. In a practical example, we aim at a peak power of 500 TW delivered to the pellet for a duration of 10\u201315 ns. High-energy (10 GeV) beam straws of Ba doubly ionised ions are concentrated on several (four) focal spots of a radius of about 1 mm. The power density deposited on these tiny cylindrical absorbers inside a hermetic \u201chohlraum\u201d is about 2.5 \u00d7 1016 w/g. These conditions are believed to be optimal for X-ray conversion, i.e., with an estimated conversion efficiency of about 90%.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/heavyion-accelerators-for-inertial-confinement-fusion/3140A70F061C68539CB85E24DE0C047D",
"title": "Heavy-ion accelerators for inertial confinement fusion",
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"first_author": "Carlo Rubbia",
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"abstract": "A fundamental problem for the realization of laser fusion through the implosion of a spherical target is Kidder's E\u22121/6 law, where E is the energy needed for ignition, proportional to the 6th power of the ratio R/R0, where R0 and R are the initial and final implosion radii, respectively. This law implies that the ignition energy is very sensitive to the ratio R0/R, or vice versa, the ratio R0/R is very insensitive to the energy input, with R0/R limited by the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability. According to still classified data of the Centurion\u2013Halite experiment at the Nevada Test Site, ignition would require an energy of , 25 times larger than the 2 MJ laser at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) reported in the New York Times. This means that even a tenfold increase from 2 to 20 MJ would only decrease the R/R0 ratio by an insignificant factor of 10\u22121/6 \u2243 0.7. To overcome this problem, it is proposed that the spherical target is replaced with a hollowed-out, rapidly rotating, cm-size ferromagnetic target, accelerated by a rotating traveling magnetic wave to a rotational velocity of ~1 km/s, at the limit of its tensile strength. In a rotating reference system, the general theory of relativity predicts the occurrence of negative gravitational field masses in the center of rotation, with their source located in the Coriolis force field. The density of this negative gravitational field mass can be larger than the magnitude of the positive mass density of a neutron star. The repulsive gravitational force causes the centrifugal force. For a magnetized plasma placed in the rapidly spinning, hollowed-out target chamber, this repulsive force can be balanced by the magnetic force generated by thermomagnetic currents of the Nernst effect. Such a configuration does not suffer from the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability, but becomes a small magnetohydrodynamic generator, amplifying the magnetic field to values about equal to those of the Nernst effect, axially confining the plasma. By placing the spinning target in the center of a lithium vortex, the fusion neutrons absorbed in the vortex can breed tritium, and at the same time remove heat from the target chamber to sustain the Nernst effect. A hot spot is thereby produced in the target chamber, which launches a thermonuclear burn wave into a cylindrical deuterium\u2013tritium configuration. With the stability of a rapidly rotating target greatly increased, and the range of 10 MeV electrons in the wall of the cm-size ferromagnetic target, an intense 10 MeV relativistic electron beam drawn from a 10 MJ Marx generator should be sufficient to implode the target for thermonuclear ignition.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/coriolis-forceassisted-inertial-confinement-fusion/DEB61872E1F86BFEAE2E9178C6C327E9",
"title": "Coriolis force-assisted inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
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"first_author": "Friedwardt Winterberg",
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"abstract": "Recent progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at LLE using the 60-beam, 30-kJUV OMEGA laser system and cryogenic target capability to perform ignition-scaled implosions will be reported. In addition, a new high-energy (2.6-kJ) petawatt capability\u2013OMEGA EP\u2013is currently under construction.",
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"abstract": "The effect of the slowing-down rate of fusion products on the burn wave propagation velocity and the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target yield has been studied. The results indicate that the yield of strongly burning targets is relatively insensitive to the fusion product slowing-down expression. Marginally burning targets are much more sensitive to the fusion product slowing-down rate.",
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"abstract": "A study consisting of a number of calculations has been performed and is presented investigating the neutronics and hydrodynamics of a fission-fusion pellet system with an arbitrary driver. A fission driven fusion process, where the fission reaction is the primary source of energy for the fusion reaction, has been regarded as a promising technique for reducing the energy delivery requirements on the ICF driver. The objective of this work has been to evaluate the importance and/or relevance of such a concept in the framework of current ICF work. Although other investigators have presented relevant work, no attempt has been made to evaluate the applicability of the concept to current ICF scenarios.",
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"abstract": "LBL-12145 oc^f-^ml--^ Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Accelerator & Fusion Research Division Presented at the IEEE Conference, The Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry , Denton, TX, November 3-5, 1980 ION ACCELERATORS AS DRIVERS FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION Andris Faltens, Denis Keefe, and Stephen S. Rosenblum November 1980 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48 M n r N IF TUB WNHT IS M M s m A",
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"abstract": "The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) is presently under construction and is the only existing facility with the potential of igniting thermonuclear fuel in the laboratory. The accelerator will generate up to 5 megamperes of lithium ions at 30 million electron volts and will focus them onto an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target after beam production and focusing have been optimized. Since its inception, the light ion approach to ICF has been considered the one that combines low cost, high risk, and high payoff. The beams are of such high density that their self-generated electric and magnetic fields were thought to prohibit high focal intensities. Recent advances in beam production and focusing demonstrate that these self-forces can be controlled to the degree required for ignition, break-even, and high gain experiments. ICF has been pursued primarily for its potential military applications. However, the high efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the light ion approach enhance its potential for commercial energy application as well.",
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"abstract": "As our understanding of the environmental impact of fossil fuel based energy production increases, it is becoming clear that the world needs a new energy solution to meet the challenges of the future. A transformation is required in the energy market to meet the need for low carbon, sustainable, affordable generation matched with security of supply. In the short term, an increasing contribution from renewable sources may provide a solution in some locations. In the longer term, low carbon, sustainable solutions must be developed to meet base load energy demand, if the world is to avoid an ever increasing energy gap and the attendant political instabilities. Laser-driven inertial fusion energy (IFE) may offer such a solution.",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we calculate the stopping power and temperature relaxation of dense plasmas on the basis of the Coulomb logarithm using the effective potentials. These potentials take into account long\u2010range multi\u2010particle screening effects and short\u2010range quantum mechanical effects in two\u2010temperature plasmas. Ion energy losses in the plasma for different values of temperature and plasma density are calculated. The obtained results are compared with the theoretical works of other authors and with the results of molecular dynamics simulations.",
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"abstract": "This paper introduces the concepts associated with inertial confinement fusion (ICF) energy production, and outlines particle beam technologies of interest for ICF applications with emphasis on ion beams. Progress in obtaining larger thermonuclear neutron yields from laser fusion pellets and the constantly improved understanding of these experiments, makes the application of particle beam techniques to this area look increasingly promising. The reason for this is that lasers suitable for demonstrating the feasibility of igniting fusion pellets are becoming available, but lasers offering the requisite properties for fusion power plant application have apparently not been identified. Accelerator designers can suggest several promising avenues to produce a driver for a power plant. To place some perspective on the issues, a brief review will be given of ICF target requirements. This will be followed by a brief historical view of heavy ion fusion, a synopsis of the various accelerator approaches and associated problems that have been recognized, and a summary of power plant considerations.",
"URL": "http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ieee-000004328824",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Energy with Particle Beams",
"year_published": 1977,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Linear particle accelerator",
"Nuclear physics",
"Particle accelerator",
"Fusion power",
"Particle beam",
"Electricity generation",
"Power station",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Glenn W. Kuswa",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion experiments, the symmetrical implosion calls for a new scheme: a nonsupported pellet. In this article, the first experiment is conducted using a plastic pellet covered with thin ferromagnetic material. In the system, the digital-phase-lead-compensator takes the position-related signal and processes it to provide a driving signal for the magnetic suspender. The suspended pellet is irradiated by the Gekko XII laser, having its total energy 2700 J with pulse width 800 ps at the wavelength 0.53 \u03bcm. The X-ray pinhole photograph confirms the spherically symmetrical implosion at the pellet core. At irradiation, the neutron yield is also observed.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LPB....11..455Y/abstract",
"title": "Magnetic suspension of a pellet for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Optics",
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"Materials science",
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"abstract": "A representation of the state of ion driver technology is shown in Table II. As in any such superficial treatment there are some subjective conclusions but the clear generalization is that the light ion machines have the necessary power and energy but lack rep rate and reliability. The heavy ion drivers, on the other hand, are based on developed accelerator technology which is demonstrated to be of high rep rate and reliability, but is still not at the required energy or power levels.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/6574736",
"title": "Ion Accelerators as Drivers for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Physics",
"Ion",
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"Linear particle accelerator",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "An analysis is made of the equation of state problems in inertial confinement fusion. After reviewing the need for compression for inertial confinement fusion along the lines of the classical self similarity model which is derived in a modified way with indications of the equation of state, the problems of the central core ignition are examined with respect to the equation of state. A basic difficulty is elaborated in the \u2018scape goat diagram\u2019. After describing alternative compression schemes such as non-linear force and cannon ball, the two temperature equation of state is developed with electronic and ionic contributions following the ideal gas, the Debye-Gruneisen equation of state, the solid-gas interpolation and the SESAME tables. A remarkable discrepancy for the isothermal diagrams is shown between the general result and the result based on the earlier McCarthy\u2013Kalitkin scheme.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985LPB.....3..207E/abstract",
"title": "Equation of state problems in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1985,
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"abstract": "The controlled production of a local hot spot in supercompressed deuterium + tritium fuel is examined in details. Relativistic electron beams (REB) in the MeV and proton beams in the few tens MeV energy range produced by PW-lasers are respectively considered. A strong emphasis is given to the propagation issues due to large density gradients in the outer core of compressed fuel. A specific attention is also paid to the final and complete particle stopping resulting in hot spot generation as well as to the interplay of collective vs. particle stopping at the entrance channel on the low density side in plasma target. Moreover, REB production and fast acceleration mechanisms are also given their due attention. Proton fast ignition looks promising as well as the wedged (cone angle) approach circumventing most of transport uncertainties between critical layer and hot spot. Global engineering perspectives for fast ignition scenario (FIS) driven inertial confinement fusion are also detailed.",
"URL": "https://www.epjap.org/10.1051/epjap:2003075",
"title": "Fast ignition schemes for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Electron",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Fusion power",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
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"abstract": "The scaling and design principles for a MJ-scale krypton fluoride laser are derived and applied. First, the scaling limits of size and operation of a single large-aperture module (oscillator or amplifier) are explained, and its performance evaluated. A new scheme for combining amplifier modules into high output power chains is then presented. The performance of this architecture is investigated, showing that it effectively produces both the total energy and pulselength required for inertial confinement fusion using existing technology, while maintaining an easily manageable level of system complexity and acceptable low flux levels on optical elements.",
"URL": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1072970/",
"title": "Scaling of KrF lasers for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Krypton fluoride laser",
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"abstract": "At KMS Fusion we have adapted the technique of Sandwich Holography to characterize cryogenic targets used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The procedure allows us to expose a holographic film at a given moment and later (minutes, hours, days) expose a second plate. On reconstruction of the two images, we have a holographic interferogram of any change of state of the fuel. This means that on large ICF target chambers, in spite of vibration and thermal induced motions, it is possible to characterize cryogenic targets. The technique also holds great promise for observing the fuel layers produced in beta heating experiments now in progress. In these experiments it can be minutes to days between the required exposures. A micropositioner is necessary for interferometric reconstruction, since indexing of the order of a wavelength of light is required to interpret the resulting fringe pattern. The procedure and some practical applications are discussed in the paper.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6164553-role-sandwich-holography-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "The role of sandwich holography in inertial confinement fusion",
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"Cryogenics",
"Holography",
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"abstract": "The following modified preprint of a chapter in the forthcoming book by Guillermo Velarde and Natividad Carpintero Santamaria Inertial Confinement Nuclear Fusion: A Historical Approach by its Pioneers with personal comments is presented here as an example about the long years difficult developments towards the aim for producing unlimited, safe and clean nuclear energy in the same way as it is the energy source of the sun. There are arguments that the most recent developments with the plasma block ignition using petawatt-picosecond laser pulses may lead to a fusion power station with a highly simplified operation such that the cost of electricity may be three or more times lower than any energy source on earth, opening the golden age with dramatic consequences for human life and the environment. Applied sciences in all fields, economics and politics may be stimulated just by considering these consequences though these new results on Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) need to be further examined and developed on a broad basis.",
"URL": "https://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/134220070202.pdf",
"title": "Contributions on Laser Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "Significant progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research has been made since the completion of the 60-beam, 30-kJUV OMEGA Laser System [Boehly, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] in 1995. A theory of ignition requirements, applicable to any ICF concept, has been developed. Detailed understanding of laser-plasma coupling, electron thermal transport, and hot-electron preheating has lead to the measurement of neutron-averaged areal densities of \u223c200mg\u2215cm2 in cryogenic target implosions. These correspond to an estimated peak fuel density in excess of 100g\u2215cm3 and are in good agreement with hydrodynamic simulations. The implosions were performed using an 18-kJ drive pulse designed to put the converging fuel on an adiabat of two. The polar-drive concept will allow direct-drive-ignition research on the National Ignition Facility while it is configured for indirect drive. Advanced ICF ignition concepts\u2014fast ignition [Tabak et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1626 (1994)] and shock ignition [Betti et al., P...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhPl...15e5503M/abstract",
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"abstract": "The performance of fusion capsules on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is strongly affected by the physical properties of the hot deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel, such as the mass, areal density, and pressure of the hot spot at the stagnation time. All of these critical quantities depend on one measured quantity, which is the ratio of the specific peak implosion energy to the specific internal energy of the hot spot. This unique physical quantity not only can measure the incremental progress of the inertial confinement fusion capsules towards ignition but also measures the conversion of the peak implosion kinetic energy of the pusher shell into the internal energy of the hot fuel in a capsule. Analysis of existing NIF shots to date are performed. The ratio metric is compared quantitatively with the ignition criterion. Results provide new perspectives on the NIF experiments by which the performance of the burning plasma can be determined and controlled through the fine tune of the implosion parameters, which improves future designs and predictions of the ignition capsules.",
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"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST92-A30053",
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"abstract": "Prepared for the IAEA Technical CommetteeMeeting on Advances in Inertial Confinement Systems, Osaka, Japan, Oct. 29 - Nov. 1, 1979",
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"title": "Progress of Inertial Confinement Fusion Research in Japan",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) commercial-applications plant-optimum driver pulse repetition rates may exceed reactor pulse-repetition-rate capabilities. Thus, more than one reactor may be required for low-cost production of electric power, process heat, fissionable fuels, etc., in ICF plants. Substantial savings in expensive reactor containment cells and blankets can be realized by placing more than one reactor in a cell and by surrounding more than one cavity with a single blanket system. There are also some potential disadvantages associated with close coupling in compact multicavity blankets and multireactor cells. Tradeoffs associated with several scenarios have been studied.",
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"abstract": "A model for the deceleration phase and marginal ignition of imploding capsules is derived by solving a set of ordinary differential equations describing the hot-spot energy balance and the shell dynamics including the return shock propagation. It is found that heat flux leaving the hot spot goes back in the form of internal energy and PdV work of the material ablated off the inner-shell surface. Though the hot-spot temperature is reduced by the heat conduction losses, the hot-spot density increases due to the ablated material in such a way that the hot-spot pressure is approximately independent of heat conduction. For hot-spot temperatures exceeding approximately 7 keV, the ignition conditions are not affected by heat conduction losses that are recycled into the hot spot by ablation. Instead, the only significant internal energy loss is due to the hot-spot expansion tamped by the surrounding shell. The change of adiabat induced by the shock is also calculated for marginally igniting shells, and the relati...",
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"abstract": "The Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, has performed inertial fusion experiments using various kinds of energy drivers, such as the GEKKO series of glass lasers, the LEKKO series of CO2 lasers, and the REIDEN series of light ion beams. \u2013 As for the fuel pellet design, the well-known Cannonball target was invented to warrant a uniform compression under laser irradiation. The super-computer SX-2 was introduced to pursue the implosion physics and to optimize the pellet design. \u2013 A conceptual scheme for a laser fusion reactor was also investigated. For inertial confinement fusion reactors the SENRI series was proposed.",
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"abstract": "AbstractThe effects induced by fusion-born neutrons within inertial confinement fusion targets are analyzed. Some of these effects, such as neutron energy deposition, are always present and play a significant role in propagating ignition. Other effects, such as the suprathermal fusion induced by knocked-on ions, are of marginal importance. The possibility of inducing internal tritium breeding and other interesting neutronic reactions is also studied, but it is found that they usually produce negligible or even negative consequences in the target performance.",
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"abstract": "Europe should divert some of the money it spends on research into magnetic confinement fusion to a rival technology, inertial confinement fusion, according to a draft report by the European Science and Technology Assembly (ESTA). All but 1\u20132% of the EU's fusion budget, some ECU 300m (about \u00a3244m) per year, is spent on magnetic confinement projects, such as the Joint European Torus. This fraction should be increased to 10%, says the report, to develop a programme on inertial confinement fusion (ICF) comparable with those in the US and Japan.",
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"abstract": "The physics of indirectly driven targets for inertial confinement fusion \u2014 so-called hohlraum targets \u2014 is investigated. Scaling relations for radiation heat waves in high-Z and low-Z materials are derived from one-dimensional multigroup simulation. A two-temperature model is developed for radiation cavities including fusion capsules. The efficiency of X-ray transfer to the capsule by multiple absorption and re-emission inside the cavity is obtained as a function of cavity areas and materials. Using gold for the cavity wall and carbon for the capsule ablator, transfer efficiencies between 50% and 33% are obtained for area ratios between 5 and 10, respectively. Also the hydrodynamic efficiency of X-ray driven capsule implosion and the dependence of the implosion velocity on the hohlraum temperature are given analytically, derived from the rocket model. With carbon ablators, hydroefficiencies of up to 20% can be achieved. Under optimal conditions, an implosion velocity of 3 \u00d7 107 cm/s is reached with a temperature of about 210 eV of the capsule ablator and about 250 eV of the cavity wall. Assuming 70\u201390% conversion efficiency of beam energy into X-rays (not analysed in this paper), overall coupling efficiencies in the range of 5\u201310% seem to be possible. One-dimensional simulations of full reactor size targets (10 MJ driver pulses) are presented. The model results compare well with the simulations. Limits in scaling down to smaller systems are discussed; the scaling relation for the required enhancement of implosion velocity and hohlraum temperature is derived.",
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"abstract": "Numerous hurdles mark the path leading to successful inertial fusion energy and these tasks are being addressed in a multinational effort. Much work at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has focused on addressing theoretical target design, target fabrication, and target characterization. Favored target designs incorporate millimeter\u2010size beryllium or plastic shells filled to near\u2010critical density with hydrogen isotopes. This fuel is then solidified at cryogenic temperatures and allowed to symmetrize through the natural process of beta layering. Implosion physics constraints demand very strict design standards on these targets in terms of layer sphericity, concentricity, and surface smoothness. Design\u2010size targets for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have recently been manufactured at LANL. Resonant ultrasound spectrocopy (RUS) is now being implemented as a valuable tool in many aspects of target characterization and it is especially useful for examining the interior of opaque objects. RUS has now b...",
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"abstract": "For both direct and indirect drive approaches to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) it is imperative to obtain the best possible drive beam uniformity. The approach chosen for the National Ignition Facility uses a random-phase plate to generate a speckle pattern with a precisely controlled envelope on target. A number of temporal smoothing techniques can then be employed to utilize bandwidth to rapidly change the speckle pattern, and thus average out the small-scale speckle structure. One technique which generally can supplement other smoothing methods is polarization smoothing (PS): the illumination of the target with two distinct and orthogonally polarized speckle patterns. Since these two polarizations do not interfere, the intensity patterns add incoherently, and the rms nonuniformity can be reduced by a factor of \u221a. A number of PS schemes are described and compared on the basis of the aggregate rms and the spatial spectrum of the focused illumination distribution. The \u221a rms nonuniformity reduction of PS is present on an instantaneous basis and is, therefore, of particular interest for the suppression of laser plasma instabilities, which have a very rapid response time. When combining PS and temporal methods, such as smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD), PS can reduce the rms of the temporally smoothed illumination by an additional factor of \u221a. However, it has generally been thought that in order to achieve this reduction of \u221a, the increased divergence of the beam from PS must exceed the divergence of SSD. It is also shown here that, over the time scales of interest to direct or indirect drive ICF, under some conditions PS can reduce the smoothed illumination rms by nearly \u221a even when the PS divergence is much smaller than that of SSD.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.372395",
"title": "Polarization beam smoothing for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2000,
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"Polarization (waves)",
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"Physics",
"Randomness",
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"abstract": "AbstractIn this paper the transport properties of non\u2010isothermal dense deuterium\u2010tritium plasmas were studied. Based on the effective interaction potentials between particles, the Coulomb logarithm for a two\u2010temperature nonisothermal dense plasma was obtained. These potentials take into consideration long\u2010range multi\u2010particle screening effects and short\u2010range quantum\u2010mechanical effects in two\u2010temperature plasmas. Transport processes in such plasmas were studied using the Coulomb logarithm. The obtained results were compared with the theoretical works of other authors and with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. (\u00a9 2016 WILEY\u2010VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)",
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"abstract": "All advanced inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets will be built with cryogenic thermonuclear fuel configurations. This paper reviews the ICF concept using frozen fuel, with emphasis on the conditions required for efficient energy production, some details of the implosion process, a brief discussion of certain sources of potential inefficiencies, and estimates of target fabrication requirements.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/avs/journal/jvsta/7/3/10.1116/1.576244",
"title": "Why cryogenic inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1989,
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"abstract": "Accurate and self-consistent knowledge of material properties under high-energy-density (HED) conditions is crucial to reliably understand and design inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets through radiation\u2013hydrodynamic simulations. For direct-drive ICF target designs, the fuel deuterium\u2013tritium mixtures and ablator materials can undergo a wide range of density and temperature conditions. Their properties under extreme HED conditions, including the equation of state, thermal conductivity, opacity, and stopping power, are the necessary inputs for ICF simulations. To improve the predictive capability of radiation\u2013hydrodynamic codes for direct-drive ICF simulations, we have performed systematic ab initio studies on the static, transport, and optical properties of deuterium (D2) and ablator materials such as polystyrene (CH), beryllium (Be), and silicon (Si), using first-principles methods. The obtained material properties, being favorably compared with existing experimental data, have been implemented into radiation\u2013hydrodynamic codes. This article gives a brief review on how these microphysics studies affect the 1-D radiation\u2013hydrodynamic predictions of direct-drive ICF implosions on the OMEGA Laser System.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/aac4e3",
"title": "Microphysics studies for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "The HYLIFE-II inertial fusion power plant design study uses a liquid fall, in the form of jets to protect the first structural wall from neutron damage, x-rays, and blast to provide a 30-y lifetime. HYLIFE-I used liquid lithium. HYLIFE-II avoids the fire hazard of lithium by using a molten salt composed of fluorine, lithium, and beryllium (Li{sub 2}BeF{sub 4}) called Flibe. Access for heavy-ion beams is provided. Calculations for assumed heavy-ion beam performance show a nominal gain of 70 at 5 MJ producing 350 MJ, about 5.2 times less yield than the 1.8 GJ from a driver energy of 4.5 MJ with gain of 400 for HYLIFE-I. The nominal 1 GWe of power can be maintained by increasing the repetition rate by a factor of about 5.2, from 1.5 to 8 Hz. A higher repetition rate requires faster re-establishment of the jets after a shot, which can be accomplished in part by decreasing the jet fall height and increasing the jet flow velocity. Multiple chambers may be required. In addition, although not considered for HYLIFE-I, there is undoubtedly liquid splash that must be forcibly cleared because gravity is too slow, especially at high repetition rates. Splash removal can be accomplishedmore\u00a0\u00bb by either pulsed or oscillating jet flows. The cost of electricity is estimated to be 0.09$/kW{center dot}h in constant 1988 dollars, about twice that of future coal and light water reactor nuclear power. The driver beam cost is about one-half the total cost. 12 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6507568-hylife-inertial-confinement-fusion-reactor-design",
"title": "HYLIFE-II Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactor Design",
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"abstract": "All the basic and physical aspects of ion-driven confinement fusion are timely reviewed. Both light- and heavy-ion beams are stressed out. The fundamental components : accelerating structure, beam, target and reactor vessel are thoroughly presented. A particular emphasis is given to the three crucial interfaces : beam-reactor, beam-target and target-reactor. Ion-plasma experiments of closely related concern are also investigated at length.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986AnPh...11....1D/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion driven by intense ion beams",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Contemporarily, as a tool to address issue of energy shortage, controlled fusion has become a hot technology. Although there are ways to achieve controlled fusion, it is currently not efficient enough to produce electricity based on power plant. The topic of this paper is to introduce a method of controlled nuclear fusion derived from laser technology, inertial confinement fusion. This research analyzed from plenty of angles in terms of its development in recent years. Firstly, the article proposes the concept of fusion and inertial confinement fusion. The main contradiction is the usage of compression to achieve high ignition points. In fact, the goal of this paper is to try to reach this ignition point in various ways. After demonstrating the basic concept of the inertial confinement fusion, mathematical expression for ignition and the principle of laser, it is found that its efficiency can be increased in several ways, i.e., amplifying lasers, adding magnetic field, and shock ignition that changes the waveform. It\u2019s still not up to production standards, but inertial confinement fusion does give a path to achieve the goal. These results shed light on guiding further exploration for ICF as well as predict the future development direction.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "The Progress and the State-of-Art Facilities of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "The complete deuteron and triton polarization in the DT fusion increases the reactivity by 50%. For Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), due to the dynamics of the fusion reaction process, the fusion rate could even be further increased. It has been argued that the polarization would survive as well in magnetic as in inertial confinements. Recently, we have proposed an experiment to test the persistence of the polarization in a fusion process, using a powerful laser hitting a polarized HD target.The polarized deuterons heated in the plasma induced by the laser can fuse. The corresponding reaction is: D + D \u2192 3He + n. The angular distribution of the emitted neutrons and the change in the corresponding total cross section are signatures to estimate the polarization persistency. A proposal to test the persistence of the polarization in ICF has been accepted at ILE: the POLAF project (POlarization in LAser Fusion Process). It uses the polarized HD targets produced at RCNP and the powerful ILE lasers, as well as the neutron detectors existing there. Both institutions are on the same campus at Osaka University. The description of the POLAF experiment and of the corresponding set-up is given.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012015/pdf",
"title": "Experimental Test of the Polarization Persistence in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "Fundamental concepts, current status and future prospects of heavy-ion-driven inertial confinement fusion are described. Target physics issues are emphasised. An account is given of experimental programmes now under way, including beam/plasma interaction and accelerator physics experiments. Plans for high-intensity beam/target research using heavy-ion beams from the synchrotron at GSI, Darmstadt, FRG are presented.",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion experiments, a cold target material is accelerated by a hot, low-density plasma. The interface between the heavy and light materials is Rayleigh\u2013Taylor (RT) unstable. To estimate the perturbation growth in accelerated targets, a postprocessor to the results of one-dimensional codes is developed. The postprocessor is based on the sharp-boundary model that takes into account time variation in the unperturbed state, mode interaction of neighboring interfaces in the target, effects of spherical convergence, and the mass ablation. The model reveals a new stabilizing effect of ablation for modes with wavelengths longer than the shell thickness. For such modes with \u03b3cl>Va/d, the perturbation growth is reduced to \u03b7\u223cm(t)/m(0)e\u222bdt\u2032\u03b3cl2\u2212kVblVa/(2d), where \u03b3cl=kg is the classical RT growth rate of interface perturbations in the semi-infinite slab subject to gravitational field g, k is the wave number, d and m(t) are the slab thickness and mass, and Va and Vbl are the ablation and blowoff velocities, respectively. The perturbation evolution calculated by using the developed postprocessor is shown to be in good agreement with the results of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:32051183",
"title": "Modeling hydrodynamic instabilities in inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2000,
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"abstract": "Significant progress has been made in the United States Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program since the IFSA conferences in Bordeaux (1999) and Kyoto (2001). This progress has covered all areas of ICF from target design to implosion experiments. It is capped by experimental results from cryogenic direct-drive targets on OMEGA and new results from the first quad of the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This paper will briefly highlight some of the new results that give increasing confidence in the achievement of ignition in the NIF.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004NucFu..44S.123M/abstract",
"title": "Recent progress in inertial confinement fusion in the United States",
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"abstract": "Carbon shell areal density measurements from many types of inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) demonstrate that the final state of the outside portion of the shell is set primarily by capsule coast time, the coasting period between main laser shut off and peak fusion output. However, the fuel areal density does not correlate with the increasing carbon compression. While two-dimensional (2D) radiation-hydrodynamic simulations successfully capture the carbon compression, energy must be added to the simulated fuel-ice layer to reproduce fuel areal density measurements. The data presented demonstrates that the degradation mechanisms that reduce the compressibility of the fuel do not reduce the compressibility of the ablator.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevE.101.023208",
"title": "Diagnostic signature of the compressibility of the inertial-confinement-fusion pusher.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion research using the OMEGA Laser has demonstrated the highest deuterium-tritium areal density ever measured, ~0.3 g/cm2, and a Lawson\u2019s performance parameter, P? , comparable to that obtained on the Joint European Torus.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?URI=FiO-2010-FThE2",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Research at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics",
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"abstract": "In study of ICF, polystyrene hollow micro-spheres are one of the most important targets because of its low density and atomic number. It can decrease the instability of preheated fuel and hydromechanics in the course of radiant drive implosion, increase the efficiency, and it is available to diagnose in experiment. So, PS target is much accounted and develops rapidly. This paper reviews domestic and overseas PS target material in ICF.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CLDB2006S1072.htm",
"title": "Progress of Study on Polystyrene Target in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "The OMEGA laser system is being used to investigate several approaches to inertial confinement fusion: the traditional central-hot-spot (CHS) ignition, fast ignition (FI), and shock ignition (SI). To achieve ignition, CHS requires the highly uniform compression of a solid deuterium-tritium (DT)-layered target on a low adiabat (defined as the ratio of the pressure to the Fermi-degenerate pressure) and with an implosion velocity Vimp \u2265 3.5 \u00d7 107 cm/s. A laser pulse shape with triple pickets is used to produce this low adiabat by optimally timing multiple shocks launched by the pickets and the main laser. Cryogenic targets that imploded optimally with such pulses have demonstrated near-design compression with an areal density \u03c1R ~ 290 mg/cm2 at Vimp = 3.1 \u00d7 107 cm/s. These are, by far, the highest DT areal densities demonstrated in the laboratory. SI experiments, where a shock is launched by a picket at the end of the laser pulse into the compressing capsule, have been performed on low-adiabat warm plastic targets. Both yield and areal density improve significantly when a spike is used at the end of the laser pulse, indicating that the energy from the shock is coupled into the compressing target. Integrated FI experiments have begun on the OMEGA/OMEGA EP laser system.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5727965/",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Using the OMEGA Laser System",
"year_published": 2011,
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"abstract": "A high velocity jet was formed by the Munroe-Neumann effect on a hemi-spherical target irradiated by a relativistic electron beam. The jet velocity and velocity multiplication were measured using N2 laser shadowgraphies and a charge collector array. A jet efficiency of about 50% was measured by a calory meter. These values agreed with theoretical predictions. Experimental results indicated that a reduction of the velocity requirement for pellet ignition may be possible.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.24.L109/meta",
"title": "Jet formation and application for inertial confinement fusion target",
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"abstract": "Power plant applications of inertial confinement fusion require production of targets at rates of 1 to 10 per second. Techniques for setting up ''factory'' operations to produce both cryogenic and non-cryogenic targets are presented. Cost comparisons with integrated electronics are made.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JOSA...68R.550H/abstract",
"title": "Production of power plant inertial confinement fusion targets (A)",
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"abstract": "An effective method for driving ICF pellet compression is proposed where neither laser beam nor charged particle beam is necessary but rather high electric pulse power is directly input into a vacant space between a shell tamper and its enclosed pellet. Electrons emitted from the pellet surface produce a dense, hot plasma on the inner side of the tamper. Photons and particles of the plasma irradiate the pellet surface and give rise to an effective ablation-driven compression. This direct energy input to compressor (DEIC) can be done efficiently and makes it easier to picture an ICF reactor.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.22.1582/meta",
"title": "Direct Energy Input to Compressor for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "An analytical model for the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability of an ablation front is developed by decoupling the instability analysis from the corona physics. Thus, the validity of the resulting dispersion relation is not limited by a particular approximation for the unperturbed profiles. In consequence, it turns out to be suitable for calculating the instability growth rate by using the corona profiles obtained from one-dimensional simulations. The model applies to the regime with large and intermediate Froude numbers, for which Fr\u2a7e10\u22122. However, it is well behaved also for Fr\u2a7d10\u22122, allowing for its application to situations with arbitrary Froude numbers. Besides, the model shows the relevance of the stabilizing effects of the lateral transport of mass and momentum.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1344194",
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"abstract": "The success of the National Ignition Facility program will depend on diagnostic measurements which study the performance of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. Neutron yield, fusion-burn time history, and images are examples of important diagnostics. Neutron and x-ray images will record the geometries of compressed targets during the fusion-burn process. Such images provide a critical test of the accuracy of numerical modeling of ICF experiments. They also can provide valuable information in cases where experiments produce unexpected results. Although x-ray and neutron images provide similar data, they do have significant differences. X-ray images represent the distribution of high-temperature regions where fusion occurs, while neutron images directly reveal the spatial distribution of fusion-neutron emission. X-ray imaging has the advantage of a relatively straightforward path to the imaging system design. Neutron imaging, by using energy-resolved detection, offers the intriguing advantage of ...",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion, the ignition threshold factor (ITF), defined as the ratio of the available shell kinetic energy to the minimum ignition energy, is an important metric for quantifying how far an implosion is from its performance cliff. Traditional ITF research is based on analytical theories with explicit scaling laws and parameters obtained by numerically fitting simulation data. This present study uses machine learning (ML) methods to train implicit but more reliable ITF expressions. One-dimensional numerical simulations are used to develop a dataset with 20\u2009000 targets, in which alpha particle heating magnifies the fusion yield by a factor of 6.5. These targets are defined as marginal ignition targets whose ITF equals unity. ML models such as neural networks, support vector machines, and Gaussian processes are trained to connect the minimum ignition velocity vigt with other implosion parameters, yielding an ML-based ITF of (vimp/vigt)7.5, where vimp represents the implosion velocity. Then, these ML models are used to obtain curves of the ignition probability vs the ITF and improved ignition cliffs that show considerably better accuracy than traditional scaling laws, which are observed. The results demonstrate that ML methods have promising application prospects for quantifying ignition margins and can be useful in optimizing ignition target designs and practical implosion experiments.",
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"abstract": "Two different types of irradiation systems based on dodecahedral configuration are proposed for 60, 72, 80, and 92 beams. By optimizing the system, it is expected that enough uniformity (\u22641% rms) is provided. Furthermore, it is quantitatively discussed that the number of beams, power imbalance, and the beam pattern must be improved synchronously for a high illumination uniformity.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.113860",
"title": "Irradiation system based on dodecahedron for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1995,
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"Optics",
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"abstract": "The field of nuclear diagnostics for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is broadly reviewed from its beginning in the seventies to present day. During this time, the sophistication of the ICF facilities and the suite of nuclear diagnostics have substantially evolved, generally a consequence of the efforts and experience gained on previous facilities. As the fusion yields have increased several orders of magnitude during these years, the quality of the nuclear-fusion-product measurements has improved significantly, facilitating an increased level of understanding about the physics governing the nuclear phase of an ICF implosion. The field of ICF has now entered an era where the fusion yields are high enough for nuclear measurements to provide spatial, temporal and spectral information, which have proven indispensable to understanding the performance of an ICF implosion. At the same time, the requirements on the nuclear diagnostics have also become more stringent. To put these measurements into context, this review starts by providing some historical remarks about the field of ICF and the role of nuclear diagnostics, followed by a brief overview of the basic physics that characterize the nuclear phase and performance of an ICF implosion. A technical discussion is subsequently presented of the neutron, gamma-ray, charged-particle and radiochemistry diagnostics that are, or have been, routinely used in the field of ICF. This discussion is followed by an elaboration of the current view of the next-generation nuclear diagnostics. Since the seventies, the overall progress made in the areas of nuclear diagnostics and scientific understanding of an ICF implosion have been enormous, and with the implementation of new high-fusion-yield facilities worldwide, the next-generation nuclear diagnostics will play an even more important role for decades to come. The work described herein was performed in part by U.S. DOE (Grant No. DE-FG03-03SF22691) and LLE (subcontract Grant No. 412160-001G).",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PPCF...62b3001F/abstract",
"title": "Nuclear diagnostics for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) plasmas",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Implosion",
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"first_author": "Johan Frenje",
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"abstract": "The transfer of energy produced by the interaction of the intense pulses of short-ranged fusion microexplosion products with materials is one of the most difficult problems in inertially-confined fusion (ICF) reactor design. The short time and deposition distance for the energy results in local peak power densities on the order of 10/sup 18/ watts/m/sup 3/. High local power densities may cause change of state or spall in the reactor materials. This will limit the structure lifetimes for ICF reactors of economic physical sizes, increasing operating costs including structure replacement and radioactive waste management. Four basic first wall protection methods have evolved: a dry-wall, a wet-wall, a magnetically shielded wall, and a fluid wall. These approaches are distinguished by the way the reactor wall interfaces with fusion debris as well as the way the ambient cavity conditions modify the fusion energy forms and spectra at the first wall. Each of these approaches requires different heat transfer considerations.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/5934769",
"title": "Heat transfer in inertial confinement fusion reactor systems",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Physics",
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"Fusion",
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"Shielded cable",
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"abstract": "A multidimensional measurable criterion for central ignition of inertial-confinement-fusion capsules is derived. The criterion accounts for the effects of implosion nonuniformities and depends on three measurable parameters: the neutron-averaged total areal density ($\\ensuremath{\\rho}{R}_{n}^{\\mathrm{tot}}$), the ion temperature (${T}_{n}$), and the yield over clean ($\\mathrm{YOC}=\\mathrm{\\text{ratio}}$ of the measured neutron yield to the predicted one-dimensional yield). The YOC measures the implosion uniformity. The criterion can be approximated by $\\ensuremath{\\chi}=(\\ensuremath{\\rho}{R}_{n}^{\\mathrm{tot}}{)}^{0.8}({T}_{n}/4.7{)}^{1.7}{\\mathrm{YOC}}^{\\ensuremath{\\mu}}g1$ (where $\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$ is in $\\mathrm{g}\\text{ }{\\mathrm{cm}}^{\\ensuremath{-}2}$, $T$ in keV, and $\\ensuremath{\\mu}\\ensuremath{\\approx}0.4--0.5$) and can be used to assess the performance of cryogenic implosions on the NIF and OMEGA. Cryogenic implosions on OMEGA have achieved $\\ensuremath{\\chi}\\ensuremath{\\sim}0.02--0.03$.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.135002",
"title": "Generalized measurable ignition criterion for inertial confinement fusion.",
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nucleon",
"Atomic physics",
"Hadron",
"Omega",
"Neutron yield",
"Ion temperature",
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"abstract": "We present here the summary about \u201cWork Shop on Atomic Processes for Inertial Confinement Fusion\u201d which was held on 6-7 January 1982 at the Institute of Plasma, Physics, Nagoya University.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/47/3/47_3_279/_pdf",
"title": "Work Shop on Atomic Processes for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1982,
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments are designed using computer simulations that are approximations of reality and therefore must be calibrated to accurately predict experimental observations. In this article, we propose a novel technique for calibrating from simulations to experiments, or from low fidelity simulations to high fidelity simulations, via \u201ctransfer learning\u201d (TL). TL is a commonly used technique in the machine learning community, in which models trained on one task are partially retrained to solve a separate, but related task, for which there is a limited quantity of data. We introduce the idea of hierarchical TL, in which neural networks trained on low fidelity models are calibrated to high fidelity models, then to experimental data. This technique essentially bootstraps the calibration process, enabling the creation of models which predict high fidelity simulations or experiments with minimal computational cost. We apply this technique to a database of ICF simulations and experiments carried out at the Omega laser facility. TL with deep neural networks enables the creation of models that are more predictive of Omega experiments than simulations alone. The calibrated models accurately predict future Omega experiments, and are used to search for new, optimal implosion designs.",
"URL": "https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr1812.html#abs-1812-06055",
"title": "Transfer Learning to Model Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "Hollow glass microsphere has low penetrating efficiency to DT gas at room temperature and common pressrue, as well as high mechanical intensity, which makes it usually be used as the vessel of DT fuel in ICF. Hollow glass microsphere with thin wall (below 1\u03bcm) has been used in Shen-Guang I (SGI) and Shen-Guang II (SGII), which improves neutron yields and provides critical information in explosion.This paper reviews domestic and overseas glass target material in ICF.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CLDB2006S2076.htm",
"title": "Progress in Study on Glass Target in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Neutron",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Glass microsphere",
"Thin wall",
"Optoelectronics",
"Intensity (heat transfer)",
"Ferromagnetism"
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"abstract": "Current inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research is directed primarily at physics experiments intended to provide confidence in the scientific feasibility of the basic concept. In conjunction with these experiments, a variety of laser and particle beam drivers having potential for eventual use in fusion power plants is being developed. Expectations are that the scientific feasibility of ICF will be demonstrated in the latter part of the 1980s. At that time, the emphasis of the program will shift to engineering, economic, environmental, and licensing issues with the necessary technology development effort continuing into the early part of the next century. This paper discusses the technology requirements for the successive phases of engineering development leading to commercial application of ICF. The engineering areas requiring significant effort for ICF application include high average power driver development; pulsed high-energy power supply development; reactor cavity and heat transport system design; tritium extraction and control; commercial pellet development; pellet injection, tracking, and targeting systems design; materials radiation, fatigue, and corrosion behavior; and reactor plant systems integration and demonstration.",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST81-A19937",
"title": "Technology Requirements for Commercial Applications of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Variety (cybernetics)",
"Systems engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Commercialization",
"Transport system",
"Plant system",
"Systems design",
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"abstract": "A neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) system has been implemented at the largest laser facility in China. The nTOF system is used to measure neutron spectra in inertial confinement fusion experiments. The nTOF system consists of 11 fast plastic scintillation detectors. The detectors employed three designs to measure neutron yield, ion temperature, and neutron bang time. The nTOF system is capable of measuring the primary neutron yield from 107 to 1013, secondary DT neutron yield from 106 to 108, and ion temperature and neutron bang time yields from 108 to 1013. The accuracies of the nTOF system are about 10% for neutron yield and ion temperature measurements and better than 60 ps for neutron bang time measurements. The nTOF system has become one of the most important diagnostics for implosions, and it is used for more than 200 shots per year.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RScI...91b3508T/abstract",
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"abstract": "This paper reports calculations of the growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (1) in the ablator-pusher region such as may be caused by irregularities in an electron beam, and (2) in the pusher-fuel interface, a problem common to all inertial confinement fusion targets. For the first case, it is found that long density gradient scale lengths and scattering of the beam by the target both stabilize the shorter-wavelength instabilities, which would otherwise grow most rapidly of all. In the second case, it is found that moderately-short-wavelength instabilities may not degrade the target performance as much as has previously been supposed.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/17/2/005",
"title": "Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in inertial-confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1977,
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"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
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"Density gradient",
"Rayleigh scattering",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mathematical model",
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"abstract": "Because of the high costs associated with producing the \u22731 MJ, 10 ns pulse required to initiate a pellet, the efficiency and relatively low cost of pulse power driven ion beams makes this approach particularly attractive both for proof\u2010of\u2010principle and for reactors in the future. Although pulse power technology for producing multimegavolt and multimegampere electric pulses is well\u2010established, the coupling of this energy into ion beams focused onto targets requires further work. During the last six years, focused ion beam intensity has been improved more than five orders of magnitude to a value of \u22201012 W/cm2. An additional factor of 40 in focused power density will be required; this will be provided by the PBFA II accelerator now being designed and scheduled for completion in 1985. This paper will briefly describe how pulse power systems deliver energy to ion sources, how beams are generated and focused, and a few examples of target irradiation experiments. Finally, a concept for delivering beams to pell...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JVST...20.1375B/abstract",
"title": "Light ion beams as the driver for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) creates extreme states of matter. In current direct-drive cryogenic target implosions on the 60-beam OMEGA laser system, the compressed target has a measured pressure of 5 Gbar. These targets are hydrodynamically scaled from ignition targets for the National Ignition Facility. The ignition targets are predicted to have peak pressures of 3 Tbar after the target ignites. ICF target acceleration and deceleration are realized when hot, low-density plasma pushes against cold, high-density plasma, making the target implosion inherently susceptible to the Rayleigh-Taylor hydrodynamic instability (RTI). The unstable RTI growth causes mixing of cold, high-density shell plasma with the low-density, hot-spot plasma and reduces the primary neutron yield of the implosion. The strategy to control the RTI growth is to reduce the seeds (e.g., laser imprint and target-surface roughness) and the growth rates of the dominant modes. This paper reports on our recent experiments, progress in validating the hydrodynamics codes that are used to design future high-gain cryogenic DT targets, and techniques to improve target performance. A brief description is given of a new high energy petawatt laser \u2014 OMEGA EP (extended performance) \u2014 that is being added to the OMEGA compression facility.",
"URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10509-005-3939-8",
"title": "Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on Omega",
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"abstract": "Triggering the ion-bubble in an inertial confinement fusion, we have developed a novel scheme for the fast ignition. This scheme relies on the plasma cavitation by the wake of an intense laser pulse to generate an ion-bubble. The bubble acts both as an intense electron accelerator and as an electron wiggler. Consequently, the accelerated electrons trapped in the bubble can emit an intense tunable laser light. This light can be absorbed by an ablation layer on the outside surface of the ignition capsule, which subsequently drills it and thereby produces a guide channel in the pellet. Finally, the relativistic electron beam created in the bubble is guided through the channel to the high density core igniting the fusion fuel. The normalized beam intensity and beam energy required for triggering the ignition have been calculated when core is heated by the e-beam. In addition, through solving the momentum transfer, continuity and wave equations, a dispersion relation for the electromagnetic and space-charge waves has been analytically derived. The variations of growth rate with the ion-bubble density and electron beam energy have been illustrated. It is found that the growth rates of instability are significantly controlled by the ions concentration and the e-beam energy in the bubble.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/21/10/10.1063/1.4897330",
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"abstract": "Laser fusion, likely the ultimate solution to the crisis of human energy, is highly valued by the international community and has always been the focus of international research. It turns out that the biggest scientific obstacle of laser fusion is the effective control of the high-energy-density nonlinear flows during implosions. The research of high-energy-density nonlinear flows covers many different fields, such as high-energy-density physics, plasma physics, fluid mechanics, computing science, strong impact physics, and high pressure atomic physics. Meanwhile, the capability of multi-material and multi-scale numerical simulations as well as large laser facility with high output power is also needed. As an emerging research field, it is full of all kinds of novel phenomena to be explored. In addition, hydrodynamic instabilities and the subsequent turbulent mixing in high-energy-density flows, are also important processes in astrophysical phenomena (e.g., galaxy collision and merging, stellar evolution, formation of protostars and supernova explosion) and involve with the core content of astrophysics. This paper reviews, firstly the status and progress, as well as the challenges and opportunities of high-energy-density nonlinear flows research. Secondly, it introduces hydrodynamic instabilities during implosions in central ignition laser fusion, among which, key factors related to the bottleneck of implosion performance of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the United States are condensed. Next, it summarizes the development of hydrodynamic instability experiments in laser fusion abroad. Finally, it lists some key achievements on the fundamental issues of hydrodynamic instabilities by the laser fusion implosion physics team in China over the last three years. This team has been engaged in the research and control of nonlinear flows in laser fusion implosions, as well as the research and design of target physics. A lot of improvements have been made in recent years on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of outstanding issues for hydrodynamic instabilities in laser fusion implosions, and the design and analysis of experiments on large lasers, which greatly promoted the development of this research direction in China.",
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"abstract": "In some inertial confinement fusion hohlraum designs, the inside plasma is not sufficiently collisional to be satisfactorily described by the Euler equations implemented in hydrodynamic simulation codes, particularly in converging regions of the expanding plasma flow. To better treat that situation, this paper presents an extended hydrodynamics model including higher moments of the particle velocity distribution function, together with physically justified closure assumptions and relaxation terms. A preliminary one-dimensional numerical implementation of the model is shown to give satisfactory results in a test case involving a high-velocity collision of two plasma flows. Paths to extend that model to three dimensions as needed for an actual hohlraum geometry are briefly discussed.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.13077",
"title": "An extended hydrodynamics model for inertial confinement fusion hohlraums",
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"abstract": "In this report, we present the recent progress in ion beam inertial confinement fusion (ICF). First we review the concept of ICF briefly. Then merits and demerits of ion beam in ICF are discussed. Finally recent researches are introduced.",
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"title": "RECENT PROGRESS IN ION BEAM INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION",
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"abstract": "While major progress has been made in the research of inertial confinement fusion, significant challenges remain in the pursuit of ignition. To tackle the challenges, we propose a double-cone ignit...",
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"abstract": "A comprehensive model is developed to study alpha-heating in inertially confined plasmas. It describes the time evolution of a central low-density hot spot confined by a compressible shell, heated by fusion alphas, and cooled by radiation and thermal losses. The model includes the deceleration, stagnation, and burn phases of inertial confinement fusion implosions, and is valid for sub-ignited targets with \u226410\u00d7 amplification of the fusion yield from alpha-heating. The results of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations are used to derive realistic initial conditions and dimensionless parameters for the model. It is found that most of the alpha energy (\u223c90%) produced before bang time is deposited within the hot spot mass, while a small fraction (\u223c10%) drives mass ablation off the inner shell surface and its energy is recycled back into the hot spot. Of the bremsstrahlung radiation emission, \u223c40% is deposited in the hot spot, \u223c40% is recycled back in the hot spot by ablation off the shell, and \u223c20% leaves the hot ...",
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"abstract": "Contemporarily, the world is facing the problem of energy crisis, thus novel approach of energy production is needed to address the problem. Among various new energy scenarios, controlled nuclear fusion is an expected solution. This article will discuss the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with the recent progress of the state-of-art ultra-intensity laser beams. ICF is a way of controlled nuclear fusion based on the ultra-intensity laser, which is originated in the mid 20 century after the born of nuclear weapons. In order to reach the ignition condition, ultra-intensity laser is compulsory.\u00a0 With this in mind, this paper discusses the principles and developments of ultra-intensity laser. Subsequently, the milestones and the state-of-art ICF facilities as well as ignition approaches are demonstrated accordingly. Afterwards, the current limitations and drawbacks as well as future outlooks are proposed. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further development of confinement fusion.",
"URL": "https://drpress.org/ojs/index.php/HSET/article/download/732/667",
"title": "The progress of ultra-intensity laser and inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text E. MICHAEL CAMPBELL, \"Inertial confinement fusion and x-ray laser advances,\" Optics News 13(12), 24-25 (1987) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article",
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"title": "Inertial confinement fusion and x-ray laser advances",
"year_published": 1987,
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"abstract": "Shock-ignition experiments with peak laser intensities of \u223c8 \u00d7 1015 W/cm2 were performed. D2 -filled plastic shells were compressed on a low adiabat by 40 of the 60 OMEGA beams. The remaining 20 beams were delayed and tightly focused onto the imploding shell to generate a strong shock. Up to 35% backscattering of laser energy was measured at the highest intensity. Hard x-ray measurements reveal a relatively low hot-electron temperature of \u223c40 keV, independent of intensity and spike onset time.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPJWC..5903001T/abstract",
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"abstract": "Ab initio molecular dynamics is used to compute the thermal and electrical conductivities of hydrogen from 10 to 160 g cm\u20133 and temperatures up to 800 eV, i.e., thermodynamical conditions relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The ionic structure is obtained using molecular dynamics simulations based on an orbital-free treatment for the electrons. The transport properties were computed using ab initio simulations in the DFT/LDA approximation. The thermal and electrical conductivities are evaluated using Kubo\u2013Greenwood formulation. Particular attention is paid to the convergence of electronic transport properties with respect to the number of bands and atoms. These calculations are then used to check various analytical models (Hubbard\u2019s, Lee\u2013More\u2019s and Ichimaru\u2019s) widely used in hydrodynamics simulations of ICF capsule implosions. The Lorenz number, which is the ratio between thermal and electrical conductivities, is also computed and compared to the well-known Wiedemann\u2013Franz law in different regi...",
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"abstract": "Computer models of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions play an essential role in experimental design and interpretation as well as our understanding of fundamental physics under the most extreme conditions that can be reached in the laboratory. Building truly predictive models is a significant challenge, with the potential to greatly accelerate progress to high yield and ignition. One path to more predictive models is to use experimental data to update the underlying physics in a way that can be extrapolated to new experiments and regimes. We describe a statistical framework for the calibration of ICF simulations using data collected at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We perform Bayesian inferences for a series of laser shots using an approach that is designed to respect the physics simulation as much as possible and then build a second model that links the individual-shot inferences together. We show that this approach is able to match multiple X-ray and neutron diagnostics for a whole series of NIF \u201cBigFoot\u201d shots. Within the context of 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations, our inference strongly favors a significant reduction in fuel compression over other known degradation mechanisms (namely, hohlraum issues and engineering perturbations). This analysis is expanded using a multifidelity technique to pick fuel-ablator mix from several candidate causes of the degraded fuel compression (including X-ray preheat and shock timing errors). Finally, we use our globally calibrated model to investigate the extra laser drive energy that would be required to overcome the inferred fuel compression issues in NIF BigFoot implosions.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhPl...26h2704G/abstract",
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"abstract": "The pulsed power requirements for inertial confinement fusion reactors are defined for ion beam and laser drivers. Several megajoule beams with 100's of terrawatt peak powers must be delivered to the reactor chamber 1-10 times per second. Ion beam drivers are relatively efficient requiring less energy storage in the pulsed power system but more time compression in the power flow chain than gas lasers. These high peak powers imply very large numbers of components for conventional pulse power systems. A new design that significantly reduces the number of components is presented.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6116605-repetitive-pulsed-power-technology-inertial-confinement-fusion",
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"abstract": "Proposed laser fusion power plant concepts suffer from the huge size and expense of the lasers needed for compression and ignition. In a 1969 study (classified in 1970 and declassified in 2007), the idea to use chemical high explosives for the pumping of megajoule lasers was explored. Apart from being less expensive by orders of magnitude, such lasers are expected to be much more compact, and with their large energy, output could simultaneously drive several thermonuclear micro-explosion chambers. Because of its topical importance, I accepted the journal's invitation to publish a previously classified work, but with new unpublished ideas, with the previously classified paper put into the appendix.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LPB....26..127W/abstract",
"title": "Lasers for inertial confinement fusion driven by high explosives",
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"abstract": "Recent direct drive implosion experiments, performed on the OMEGA laser, have been analyzed by comparing full two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) numerical simulations. The 2D simulations result in a fusion yield higher than experimental results. A simple full-mixing model, leaving only the clean region, overestimates yield degradation. Fully turbulent mixing is expected to develop in most of the mixing region; however regions slightly beyond the radius of the most penetrating spike are expected to remain clean and to contribute to fusion yield. One can correct the mixing model by redefining the clean region. Accounting for this unmixed region results in improved agreement with experimental results. Differences in central pressure, density, temperature, and fusion rate in implosions dominated by low mode number perturbations imply that mix effects might not be limited to the mix region, and that 2D simulations are necessary to describe the large scale flow affecting the central region. The same analysis has been undertaken for implosions with different convergence ratios, but with similar initial perturbation spectra. These implosions should be compared to implosions dominated by high mode number perturbations, which might be described by models based on 1D simulations.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003LPB....21..355S/abstract",
"title": "Modeling turbulent mixing in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Statistical physics",
"Fusion",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Implosion",
"Omega",
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"Spectral line",
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"abstract": "Double\u2010shell targets may be required for the next generation of inertial confinement fusion targets since the energy available for driving the implosion is limited with current drivers. The use of double\u2010shell targets to provide a velocity multiplication driven implosion is an alternative to increased driver energy. First generation hemishells, from which spherical shells are constructed, were fabricated by micromachining coated mandrels and by molding. The remachining of coated mandrels will be described in detail in this article. Techniques were developed for coating the microsized mandrels with polymeric and metallic materials by methods including conformal coating, vapor deposition, plasma polymerization and thermoforming. Micropositioning equipment and bonding techniques have also been developed to assemble the hemishells about a fuel pellet maintaining a spherical concentricity of better than 2 \u03bcm and voids in the hemishell bonding line of a few hundred angstroms or less.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6496521",
"title": "Double\u2010shell inertial confinement fusion target fabrication",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Fabrication",
"Surface micromachining",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Thermoforming",
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"abstract": "A critical concern in the fabrication of targets for inertial confinement fusion is ensuring that the hydrogenic (D2 or DT) fuel layer maintains spherical symmetry. Because of gravitationally induced sagging of the liquid prior to freezing, only relatively thin (<10 \u03bcm) layers of solid fuel can be produced by fast refreeze methods. One method to reduce the effective gravitational field environment is free\u2010fall insertion into the target chamber. Another method to counterbalance the gravitational force is to use an applied magnetic field combined with a gradient field to induce a magnetic dipole force (Fm) on the liquid fuel layer. For liquid deuterium, the required B\u22c5\u2207B product to counterbalance the gravitational force (Fg) is \u223c10 T2/cm. In this paper, we examine the time\u2010dependent dynamics of the liquid fuel layer in a reduced gravitational field environment. We employ an energy method which takes into account the sum of the free energy associated with the surface tension forces, net vertical force [F=Fm\u2212...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JAP....77.1048P/abstract",
"title": "LAYERING OF INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION TARGETS IN MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENTS",
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"Magnetic dipole",
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"abstract": "An important diagnostic tool for inertial confinement fusion will be time-resolved radiographic imaging of the dense cold fuel surrounding the hot spot. The measurement technique is based on point-projection radiography at photon energies from 60 to 200 keV where the Compton effect is the dominant contributor to the opacity of the fuel or pusher. We have successfully applied this novel Compton radiography technique to the study of the final compression of directly driven plastic capsules at the OMEGA facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. The radiographs have a spatial and temporal resolution of \u223c10 \u03bcm and \u223c10 ps, respectively. A statistical accuracy of \u223c0.5% in transmission per resolution element is achieved, allowing localized measurements of areal mass densities to 7% accuracy. The experimental results show 3D nonuniformities and lower than 1D expected areal densities attributed to drive asymmetries and hydroinstabilities.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:43016904",
"title": "Development of Compton radiography of inertial confinement fusion implosionsa)",
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Photon",
"Scattering",
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"abstract": "Ballistic propagation and focusing of intense light-ion beams requires (1) close limits on allowable beam divergence (\u223c5 mrad) and (2) gas-filled magnetic lenses that must function effectively even if deleterious self-fields are generated during the passage of the beam through the lens. An alternative to ballistic focusing was suggested some years ago in which magnetically compressed light-ion rings capable of delivering 3\u20134 MJ in a pulse of \u223c1 ns are transported to the target in a tube. This concept is reexamined in light of recent work on the creation of ion rings and magnetic compression of stabilized liners. The physics issues of (1) magnetic compression, (2) transport of ion rings in a tube, and (3) the interaction of the ring with the target will be explored to evaluate the feasibility of this scheme.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LPB....11..415S/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion with magnetically compressed ion rings",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Ion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science"
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"first_author": "R.N. Sudan",
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"abstract": "The recent achievements of ICF research in China are reviewed. The constructions of laser facilities of SG-III and SG-IIUP are completed in this year and the full energy output operation will be in 2014. The target physics studies involving numerical simulations of a new ignition scheme, which is proposed to enhance implosion velocity and suppress hydrodynamic instability and distortion at interface between hot spot and main fuel, and experimental results (a few selected examples) are presented.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012029/pdf",
"title": "The updated advancements of inertial confinement fusion program in China",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Distortion",
"Physics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Ignition system",
"Energy (signal processing)",
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"abstract": "A promising candidate for a near-term low-cost inertial confinement fusion driver is the magnetic booster target concept. In it a small high density magnetically confined plasma and which serves as booster stage, is compressed and ignited by hypervelocity impact. The energy released in the magnetic booster stage, after being transformed into black body radiation, ablatively implodes a high gain second stage target and which releases most of the thermonuclear energy. Alternatively, the energy released in the booster stage can be also used to compress and ignite a target as in impact fusion. The importance of this concept is that it permits to drive the booster stage with a mass accelerator at a velocity of a few 10 km/sec, which is small compared to the velocity required for pure impact fusion, even though it is more than one order of magnitude larger than what can be directly reached with ordinary guns or high explosives. The required velocities can probably be reached by magnetic guns and by fluid dynamic methods through the implosion of cylindrical or spherical shells driven by light gas gun fired projectiles. In comparison to laser- or charged particle beam drivers, the initial driver power is several orders of magnitude smaller and which should lead to a substantial reduction in the driver cost.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ZNatA..39..325W/abstract",
"title": "The Magnetic Booster Target Inertial Confinement Fusion Driver",
"year_published": 1984,
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"Nuclear physics",
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"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007LPB....25...37H/abstract",
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"abstract": "Ignition target designs for inertial confinement fusion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [W. J. Hogan et al., Nucl. Fusion 41, 567 (2001)] are based on a spherical ablator containing a solid, cryogenic-fuel layer of deuterium and tritium. The need for solid-fuel layers was recognized more than 30 years ago and considerable effort has resulted in the production of cryogenic targets that meet most of the critical fabrication tolerances for ignition on the NIF. At the University of Rochester\u2019s Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), the inner-ice surface of cryogenic DT capsules formed using \u03b2-layering meets the surface-smoothness requirement for ignition (<1-\u03bcm rms in all modes). Prototype x-ray-drive cryogenic targets being produced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are nearing the tolerances required for ignition on the NIF. At LLE, these cryogenic DT (and D2) capsules are being imploded on the direct-drive 60-beam, 30-kJ UV OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]...",
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"abstract": "Analysis of forces on microshells during ablation layer bounce-coating has been carried out based on the established bouncing and mechanical models.The phenomena,such as the conglutination and unbounce of microshells,the fluctuation of the bounce amplitudes and bounce rates,have been explained.Through the analysis of effecting factors on the bounce of microshells,such as the direction and the magnitude of the stimulating signal,the mass and size of microshells,the surface characters of microshells and bounce-pan,the humidity and dirty of environment,etc,serious solutions which can improve bounce-effect of microshells have been put forward.The solutions include the stimulating signal adjustment,the plasma treatment and the surface modification of the bounce-pan.",
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"abstract": "An underwater\u2010annealing technique has been developed to recover the original strength of fragile polystyrene (PS) microcapsules fabricated by an emulsion technique. PS microcapsules are heated up to 120\u2009\u00b0C in a pressurized chamber prior to the dehydration process. This is done to recover the strength required for the pressure difference across the shell wall during fuel filling for inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JVSTA...9..150K/abstract",
"title": "Annealing of polystyrene microcapsules for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
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"URL": "http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.Journalarchive/lsj1973/4.278?from=CrossRef",
"title": "RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITIES IN INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION TARGETS",
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"abstract": "The National Ignition Facility (NIF), the world's largest and most powerful laser system for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and for studying high-energy-density (HED) science, is now operational at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The NIF is now conducting experiments to commission the laser drive, the hohlraum and the capsule and to develop the infrastructure needed to begin the first ignition experiments in FY 2010. Demonstration of ignition and thermonuclear burn in the laboratory is a major NIF goal. NIF will achieve this by concentrating the energy from the 192 beams into a mm3-sized target and igniting a deuterium-tritium mix, liberating more energy than is required to initiate the fusion reaction. NIF's ignition program is a national effort managed via the National Ignition Campaign (NIC). The NIC has two major goals: execution of DT ignition experiments starting in FY2010 with the goal of demonstrating ignition and a reliable, repeatable ignition platform by the conclusion of the NIC at the end of FY2012. The NIC will also develop the infrastructure and the processes required to operate NIF as a national user facility. The achievement of ignition at NIF will demonstrate the scientific feasibility of ICF and focus worldwide attention on laser fusion as a viable energy option. A laser fusion-based energy concept that builds on NIF, known as LIFE (Laser Inertial Fusion Energy), is currently under development. LIFE is inherently safe and can provide a global carbon-free energy generation solution in the 21st century. This paper describes recent progress on NIF, NIC, and the LIFE concept.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/244/1/012006/meta",
"title": "Ignition and inertial confinement fusion at the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Engineering",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Laser Inertial Fusion Energy",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Hohlraum",
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"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Mechanical engineering"
],
"first_author": "Edward I. Moses",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"abstract": "Abstract\n The ignition is still unachieved in current schemes of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) despite significant efforts in this direction. The reason for it is unclear as the dynamics of target combine a lot of physical processes that are crucial for successful ignition. One possible limiting factor is known for a long time \u2013 hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing. Current work consider the effect of initial roughness on compression efficiency of ICF targets. The roughness is set on the ice\u2013ablator boundary (outer ice interface). First, some analytical results on stability of accelerated perturbed interface are presented. Second, numerical simulations of ICF target show the influence of initial perturbations on hot\u2013spot conditions and ice\u2013ablator mixing.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JPhCS1686a2025G/abstract",
"title": "Impact of roughness on gas compression in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Gas compressor",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"Surface finish"
],
"first_author": "K. E. Gorodnichev",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "Abstract The main objective is to study the effects of spectral shifting in an inertial confinement system for kT/shot energy regime on the breeding performance for tritium and for high quality fissile fuel. A protective liquid droplet jet zone of 2 m thickness is used as coolant, energy carrier, and breeder. Flibe as the main constituent is mixed with increased mole-fractions of heavy metal salt (ThF4 or UF4) starting by 2 moles% up to 12 moles%. Spectrum softening within the inertial confinement system reduces the tritium production ratio (TBR) in the protective coolant to a lower level than unity. However, additional tritium production in the 6Li2DT zone of the system increases TBR to values above unity and allows a continuous operation of the power plant with a self-sustained fusion fuel supply. By modest fusion fuel burn efficiencies (40 to 60 %) and with a few mol.% of heavy metal salt in the coolant in form of ThF4 or % UF4, a satisfactory TBR of > 1.05 can be realized. In addition to that, excess ...",
"URL": "https://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.3139/124.100251",
"title": "Effects of spectral shifting in an inertial confinement fusion system",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"FLiBe",
"Nuclear reactor",
"Helium",
"Continuous operation",
"Tritium",
"Breeder (animal)",
"Coolant"
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"first_author": "S\u00fcmer \u015eahin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"sentence": "By modest fusion fuel burn efficiencies 40 to 60 and with a few mol.",
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"sentence": "of heavy metal salt in the coolant in form of ThF4 or UF4, a satisfactory TBR of 1.05 can be realized.",
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"abstract": "AbstractHot-spot path in the thermodynamic space $({\\rm \\rho} R,T_{\\rm i} )_{{\\rm hs}} $ is investigated for direct-drive scaled-target family covering a huge interval of kinetic energy on both sides of kinetic threshold for ignition. Different peak implosion velocities and two initial aspect ratios have been considered. It is shown that hot spot follows almost the same path during deceleration up to stagnation whatever the target is. As attended, after stagnation, a clear distinction is done between non-, marginally-, or fully igniting targets. For the last, ionic temperature can reach very high values when the thermonuclear energy becomes very high.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016LPB....34..539B/abstract",
"title": "Thermodynamic properties of thermonuclear fuel in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "V. Brandon",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "AbstractControlled doping of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets is needed to enable nuclear diagnostics of implosions. Here, we demonstrate that ion implantation with a custom-designed carousel holder can be used for azimuthally uniform doping of ICF fuel capsules made from a glow discharge polymer (GDP). Particular emphasis is given to the selection of the initial wall thickness of GDP capsules as well as implantation and postimplantation annealing parameters in order to minimize capsule deformation during a postimplantation thermal treatment step. In contrast to GDP, ion-implanted high-density carbon exhibits excellent thermal stability and ~100% implantation efficiency for the entire range of ion doses studied (2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01014\u00a0to 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01016\u00a0cm\u22122) and for annealing temperatures up to 700\u00b0C. Finally, we demonstrate a successful doping of planar Al targets with isotopes of Kr and Xe to doses of ~1017\u00a0cm\u22122.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_43122",
"title": "Ion Implantation Doping of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Radiation damage",
"Materials science",
"Glow discharge",
"Ion implantation",
"Optoelectronics",
"Doping",
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"first_author": "S. J. Shin",
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"abstract": "Inertial\u2010confinement fusion clearly works. It's demonstrated every time a hydrogen bomb is detonated. But is it possible to ignite a small deuteriumtritium pellet under controlled conditions in the laboratory\u2014driving the requisite implosion with anything less drastic than a fission bomb?",
"URL": "https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2815118?journalCode=pto",
"title": "Committe Reviews DOE Inertial\u2010Confinement Fusion Program",
"year_published": 1986,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Fission",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Hydrogen"
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"first_author": "Bertram Schwarzschild",
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"abstract": "A proposal here for inertial confinement fusion is to make use of a hybrid pellet with DT and DD. The spherical pellet consists of two layers of an inner DT and an outer DD. Alpha particles released from the inner layer due to DT reactions heat the DD fuel and induce reactions in the outer DD layer. Numerical simulations by using a hydrodynamic code make clear the following two facts: 1) The output fusion energy due to DD reactions can exceed the stored energy in the compressed pellet. 2) The critical value of \u03c1 R is about 50 for the enough output fusion energy to a reactor.",
"URL": "https://journals.jps.jp/doi/10.1143/JPSJ.51.3018",
"title": "DT\u2013DD Hybrid Pellet for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Mechanics",
"Alpha particle",
"Critical value"
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"first_author": "Shigeo Kawata",
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"abstract": "A supervised machine learning algorithm trained on a multi-petabyte dataset of inertial confinement fusion simulations has identified a class of implosions that robustly achieve high yield, even in the presence of drive variations and hydrodynamic perturbations. These implosions are purposefully driven with a time-varying asymmetry, such that coherent flow generation during hotspot stagnation forces the capsule to self-organize into an ovoid, a shape that appears to be more resilient to shell perturbations than spherical designs. This new class of implosions, whose configurations are reminiscent of zonal flows in magnetic fusion devices, may offer a path to robust inertial fusion.",
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"abstract": "The targets used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are plastic capsules roughly 0.5 mm in diameter. The capsules, which typically have wall thicknesses from 20 to 60 {mu}m, must possess extraordinary symmetry and concentricity and must have surface finishes of less than 1000 {Angstrom} peak-to-valley variation over surface contours of from 10 to 100`s of {mu}m. This paper reviews the fabrication of these capsules, focusing on the production of the thin-walled polystyrene microshell mandrel around which the capsule is built. The relationship between the capsule characteristics, especially surface finish, and capsule performance is discussed, as are the methods of surface characterization and modification necessary for experiments designed to study the effects of surface roughness on implosion dynamics. Targets for the next generation of ICF facilities using more powerful laser drivers will have to be larger while meeting the same or even more stringent symmetry and surface finish requirements. Some of the technologies for meeting these needs are discussed briefly.",
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"abstract": "An accelerated micro-foil is used to ignite a pre-compressed cylindrical shell containing deuterium\u2010tritium fuel. The well-known shock wave ignition criterion and a novel criterion based on heat wave ignition are developed in this work. It is shown that for heat ignition very high impact velocities are required. It is suggested that a multi-petawatt laser can accelerate a micro-foil to relativistic velocities in a very short time duration (\u02dcpicosecond) of the laser pulse. The cylindrical geometry suggested here for the fast ignition approach has the advantage of geometrically separating the nanosecond lasers that compress the target from the picosecond laser that accelerates the foil. The present model suggests that nuclear fusion by micro-foil impact ignition could be attained with currently existing technology.",
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"abstract": "Images of the neutron\u2010emitting region of high\u2010yield inertial confinement fusion targets have been obtained with a penumbral coded\u2010aperture imaging system. The major components of the imaging system are the penumbral aperture, neutron detector, alignment hardware, and image reconstruction software. We describe these components and present an example of the neutron imaging results.",
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"title": "Neutron imaging of inertial confinement fusion targets at Nova",
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"abstract": "The first 14-MeV neutron images of imploded microballoons have been obtained on the Ph\u00e9bus laser facility at CEL-V. The sizes of the source have been measured, in direct-drive experiments, by means of a coded-aperture imaging system. The principle is to use a thick aperture with a diameter larger than that of the source to image the microballoon. The deconvolution of the recorded image allows one to reconstruct the image of the neutron source, and this technique allows one to obtain images at a lower neutron yield than with a conventional pinhole camera. The choice of the experimental conditions is a trade-off between the Ph\u00e9bus conditions, the spatial resolution, and the image reconstruction method that is related to the signalto-noise ratio. The sensitivity of the diagnostic is strongly dependent on the number of scintillator photons that are collected by the recording system. The neutron measurement threshold of our experimental setup is typically 2 \u00d7 1010 neutrons/shot for neutron source sizes of 800 \u03bcm.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994LPB....12..563G/abstract",
"title": "Neutron penumbral imaging of inertial confinement fusion targets",
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"abstract": "Scaling of the ignition energy threshold Eig with the implosion velocity vim and isentrope parameter \u03b1 of imploding spherical DT shells is investigated by performing one dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamic simulations of the implosion and hot spot formation dynamics. It is found that the a and b exponents in the power law approximation Eig \u221d \u03b1avim-b depend crucially on the subset of initial configurations chosen to establish the scaling law. When the initial states are generated in the same way as in the Livermore study (W.K. Levedahl, J.D. Lindl, Nucl. Fusion 37 (1997) 165), the same scaling, Eig \u221d \u03b11.7 vim-5.5, is recovered. If, however, the initial states are generated by rescaling the parent configuration according to the hydrodynamic similarity laws, a different scaling is obtained, Eig \u221d \u03b13.0 vim-9.1, which is very close to the \u03b13vim-10 dependence predicted by the simple isobaric model for assembled fuel states. The latter is more favourable than the Livermore scaling when rescaling the fusion capsules to higher implosion velocities, but requires the peak drive pressure to be increased as P \u221d vim5.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/38/12/304",
"title": "IGNITION ENERGY SCALING OF INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION TARGETS",
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"abstract": "Assessing the degree to which fusion alpha particles contribute to the fusion yield is essential to understanding the onset of the thermal runaway process of thermonuclear ignition. It is shown that in inertial confinement fusion, the yield enhancement due to alpha particle heating (before ignition occurs) depends on the generalized Lawson parameter that can be inferred from experimental observables. A universal curve valid for arbitrary laser-fusion targets shows the yield amplification due to alpha heating for a given value of the Lawson parameter. The same theory is used to determine the onset of the burning plasma regime when the alpha heating exceeds the compression work. This result can be used to assess the performance of current ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012007/pdf",
"title": "Alpha Heating and Burning Plasmas in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "A summary of the investigations on pellet delivery is presented for the conceptual heavy-ion-beam-driven fusion reactor HIBALL. The results are given for the physical feasibility of pneumatic and e...",
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"title": "Pellet Delivery for the Conceptual Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactor Hiball",
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"abstract": "Transfer learning is a promising approach to create predictive models that incorporate simulation and experimental data into a common framework. In this technique, a neural network is first trained on a large database of simulations and then partially retrained on sparse sets of experimental data to adjust predictions to be more consistent with reality. Previously, this technique has been used to create predictive models of Omega [Humbird et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 48, 61\u201370 (2019)] and NIF [Humbird et al., Phys. Plasmas 28, 042709 (2021); Kustowski et al., Mach. Learn. 3, 015035 (2022)] inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments that are more accurate than simulations alone. In this work, we conduct a transfer learning driven hypothetical ICF campaign in which the goal is to maximize experimental neutron yield via Bayesian optimization. The transfer learning model achieves yields within 5% of the maximum achievable yield in a modest-sized design space in fewer than 20 experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this method is more efficient at optimizing designs than traditional model calibration techniques commonly employed in ICF design. Such an approach to ICF design could enable robust optimization of experimental performance under uncertainty.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.13519",
"title": "Transfer learning driven design optimization for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "A new hybrid-drive (HD) nonisobaric ignition scheme of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is proposed, in which a HD pressure to drive implosion dynamics increases via increasing density rather than temperature in the conventional indirect drive (ID) and direct drive (DD) approaches. In this HD (combination of ID and DD) scheme, an assembled target of a spherical hohlraum and a layered deuterium-tritium capsule inside is used. The ID lasers first drive the shock to perform a spherical symmetry implosion and produce a large-scale corona plasma. Then, the DD lasers, whose critical surface in ID corona plasma is far from the radiation ablation front, drive a supersonic electron thermal wave, which slows down to a high-pressure electron compression wave, like a snowplow, piling up the corona plasma into high density and forming a HD pressurized plateau with a large width. The HD pressure is several times the conventional ID and DD ablation pressure and launches an enhanced precursor shock and a continuous compression wave, which give rise to the HD capsule implosion dynamics in a large implosion velocity. The hydrodynamic instabilities at imploding capsule interfaces are suppressed, and the continuous HD compression wave provides main pdV work large enough to hotspot, resulting in the HD nonisobaric ignition. The ignition condition and target design based on this scheme are given theoretically and by numerical simulations. It shows that the novel scheme can significantly suppress implosion asymmetry and hydrodynamic instabilities of current isobaric hotspot ignition design, and a high-gain ICF is promising.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:48044586",
"title": "A hybrid-drive nonisobaric-ignition scheme for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "As the yields of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments increase to National Ignition Facility levels new diagnostic techniques for studying details of fusion burn behavior will become feasible. The new techniques will provide improved measurements of fusion burn temperature and history. Improved temperature measurements might be achieved with magnetic spectroscopy of fusion neutrons. High-bandwidth fusion reaction history will be measured with fusion-specific \u03b3-ray diagnostics. Additional energy-resolved \u03b3-ray diagnostics might be able to study a selection of specific behaviors during fusion burn. Present ICF yields greater that 1013 neutrons are sufficient to demonstrate the basic methods that underlie the new techniques. As ICF yields increase, the diagnostics designs can be adjusted accordingly in order to provide clear and specific data on fusion burn performance.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/451792",
"title": "Nuclear diagnostics in support of inertial confinement fusion experiments (invited)",
"year_published": 1997,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Gamma ray detection",
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"abstract": "The numerical tools typically used to model the evolution of fluid instabilities in inertial confinement fusion hydrodynamics codes are examined, and some are found to have properties which would seem to be incompatible with the accurate modeling of small-amplitude perturbations, i.e., perturbations in the linear stage of evolution. In particular a \u201cdifferentiability condition\u201d which is satisfied by the physics in such situations is not necessarily satisfied by the numerical algorithms in typical use. It is demonstrated that it is possible to remove much of the nondifferentiability in many cases, and that substantial improvement in one\u2019s ability to accurately model the evolution of small-amplitude perturbations can result. First a simple example involving a nondifferentiable radiation transport algorithm is shown, and then the nondifferentiabilities introduced by the use of upwind and \u201chigh resolution\u201d hydrodynamics algorithms are analyzed.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.1885004",
"title": "Modeling fluid instabilities in inertial confinement fusion hydrodynamics codes",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Physics",
"Statistical physics",
"Amplitude",
"Differentiable function",
"Simple (abstract algebra)",
"Linear stage",
"High resolution",
"Numerical analysis",
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"first_author": "S.T. Zalesak",
"scholarly_citations_count": 19,
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"abstract": "A neutron imaging system is required to diagnose ignition implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Such a system is required to be able to resolve features in the imploded target core as small as 5\u03bcm. The system will use a pinhole-camera-type geometry with a nonideal coded aperture and will employ image restoration techniques. The choice of image reconstruction method will be important in recovering the best possible source images from the recorded data. Monte Carlo transport simulations with MCNP5 make it possible to estimate the performance of the neutron imaging system based on calculated energy-dependent image edits of a failed inertial confinement fusion implosion. Simulations of the recorded neutron images include specific aperture designs, a pixelated energy- and time-dependent scintillator array, and an intensified gated charge coupled device camera for recording the images. An initial series of simulations used a source that was binned into 1MeV increments from 6to18MeV, an imaging aperture ...",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/20861252-image-reconstruction-algorithms-inertial-confinement-fusion-neutron-imaging",
"title": "Image reconstruction algorithms for inertial confinement fusion neutron imaging",
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"sentence": "Monte Carlo transport simulations with MCNP5 make it possible to estimate the performance of the neutron imaging system based on calculated energy-dependent image edits of a failed inertial confinement fusion implosion.",
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"abstract": "In the imploding pellet of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability caused by the accelerating compression takes place at various places of the pellet. The effects of the nonuniform compression and the intrinsic nonuniformity of the pellet are investigated for the R-T instability. The analysis shows that the growth rate of the R-T instability remains unchanged within the first order of the ratio between the scale length of perturbations and of the nonuniformity.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.20.l91",
"title": "Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Nonuniform Pellet of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
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"abstract": "A method for inertial confinement fusion driven by powerful long wavelength electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), such as laser pulses or high power microwave pulses, is proposed. Due to the high efficiency of generating such long wavelength electromagnetic pulses, this method is especially important for the future fusion electricity power Special fuel targets are designed to overcome the shortcomings of the long wavelength electromagnetic pulses.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/high-power-laser-science-and-engineering/article/inertial-confinement-fusion-driven-by-long-wavelength-electromagnetic-pulses/4A4C83FD82583859B7A9D0A09F135596",
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"abstract": "Abstract We propose an approach to Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) that could potentially lead to high levels of thermonuclear burn in the laboratory. The proposal is based upon the concept of pulsed power X ray driven hohlraums together with indirectly-driven ICF capsule designs that are scaled up in size from those typically used in laser indirect-drive ICF experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We propose that near-term NIF experiments can be used to explore some important aspects of the X ray driven hohlraum ICF concept.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020HEDP...3600749O/abstract",
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"abstract": "A novel technique has been developed to coat a thick layer (15\u201350 \u03bcm) of polymer materials on inertial\u2010confinement\u2010fusion (ICF) targets. In this technique, the target and the coating material are independently positioned and manipulated. The coating material is first dissolved in an appropriate solvent to form a polymer solution. The solution is then atomized, transported, and allowed to coalesce into a droplet in a stable acoustic levitating field. The ICF target mounted on a stalk is moved into the acoustic field by manipulating a three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) positioner to penetrate the surface membrane of the droplet and thus the target is immersed in the levitated coating solution. The 3\u2010D coordinates of the target inside the droplet are obtained using two orthogonally placed television cameras. The target is positioned at the geometric center of the droplet and maintained at that location by continuously manipulating the 3\u2010D device until the coating layer is dried. Tests of this technique using a polymer solution have been highly successful.",
"URL": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830063398",
"title": "A technique for thick polymer coating of inertial-confinement-fusion targets",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Deposition (phase transition)",
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"Materials science",
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"abstract": "The interaction mechanism between the plasma and magnetic field in a tokamak does not provide complete magnetic confinement as is usually imagined. Also, the toroidal geometry itself is not particularly well suited for containing a hot plasma. Qualitative arguments reveal an intrinsic superiority of the inertial confinement spherical geometry over any geometry of magnetic confinement for fusion purposes. Moreover, from the point of view of applications, spherical devices such as the inertial electrostatic confinement device and the inertial confinement fusion-spherical pinch are giving immediate spin-offs of industrial interest. 12 refs., 1 fig.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_30385",
"title": "A Critical Comparison between Magnetic and Inertial Confinement Schemes and Their Geometries",
"year_published": 1995,
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"Inertial electrostatic confinement",
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"abstract": "A new code, bimc, is under development to determine if a beam of heavy ions can be focused to the necessary spot-size radius of about 2 mm within an inertial confinement reactor chamber where the background gas densities are on the order of 10{sup 14}--10{sup 15} cm{sup {minus}3} Lithium (or equivalent). Beam transport is expected to be strongly affected by stripping and collective plasma phenomena; however, if propagation is possible in this regime, it could lead to simplified reactor designs. The beam is modeled using a 2 1/2 D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code coupled with a Monte Carlo (MC) method for analyzing collisions. The MC code follows collisions between the beam ions and neutral background gas atoms that account for the generation of electrons and background gas ions (ionization), and an increase of the charge state of the beam ions (stripping). The PIC code models the complete dynamics of the interaction of the various charged particle species with the self generated electromagnetic fields. Details of the code model and preliminary results are presented.",
"URL": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc622664/",
"title": "Heavy ion beam transport in an inertial confinement fusion reactor",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Physics",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Ionization",
"Electromagnetic field",
"Charged particle",
"Plasma"
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"abstract": "The path to successful inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires to observe and control the micro balloon deformations. This will be achieved using X-ray microscope among other diagnostics. A high resolution, high energy X-ray microscope involving state-of-the-art toroidal mirrors and multilayer coatings is described. Years of experiments and experience have led to a small-scale X-ray plasma imager that proves the feasibility of all the features required for a LMJ diagnostic: spatial resolution of 5\u03bcm, broad bandwidth, millimetric field of view (FOV). Using the feedback given by this diagnostic, a prototype for the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) experiments has been designed. The experimental results of the first diagnostic and the concepts of the second are discussed.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8505E..0GD/abstract",
"title": "High resolution imaging systems for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Field of view",
"Image resolution",
"Laser M\u00e9gajoule",
"Laser",
"Microscope",
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"abstract": "The experimental evidence for multiple-beam laser-plasma instabilities of relevance to laser driven inertial confinement fusion at the ignition scale is reviewed, in both the indirect and direct-drive approaches. The instabilities described are cross-beam energy transfer (in both indirectly driven targets on the NIF and in direct-drive targets), multiple-beam stimulated Raman scattering (for indirect-drive), and multiple-beam two-plasmon decay instability (in direct drive). Advances in theoretical understanding and in the numerical modeling of these multiple beam instabilities are presented.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21e5501M/abstract",
"title": "Multiple-beam laser\u2013plasma interactions in inertial confinement fusiona)",
"year_published": 2014,
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "indirect-drive approach"
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "direct-drive approach"
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]
},
{
"sentence": "The instabilities described are cross-beam energy transfer in both indirectly driven targets on the NIF and in direct-drive targets, multiple-beam stimulated Raman scattering for indirect-drive, and multiple-beam two-plasmon decay instability in direct drive.",
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"entity": "stimulated Raman scattering"
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "two-plasmon decay instability"
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{
"sentence": "Advances in theoretical understanding and in the numerical modeling of these multiple beam instabilities are presented.",
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
"entity": "theoretical understanding"
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{
"abstract": "The Saturn pulsed power accelerator [R. B. Spielman et al., in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Dense Z-pinches, Laguna Beach, CA, 1989, edited by N. R. Pereira, J. Davis, and N. Rostoker (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989), p. 3] at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Nova laser [J. T. Hunt and D. R. Speck, Opt. Eng. 28, 461 (1989)] at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have been used to explore techniques for studying the behavior of ablator material in x-ray radiation environments comparable in magnitude, spectrum, and duration to those that would be experienced in National Ignition Facility (NIF) hohlraums [J. D. Lindl, Phys. Plasmas 2, 3933 (1995)]. The large x-ray outputs available from the Saturn pulsed-power-driven z pinch have enabled us to drive hohlraums of full NIF ignition scale size at radiation temperatures and time scales comparable to those required for the low-power foot pulse of an ignition capsule. The high-intensity drives available in t...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhPl....4.1818O/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion ablator physics experiments on Saturn and Nova",
"year_published": 1997,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Particle accelerator",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Z-pinch",
"Hohlraum",
"Saturn (rocket family)"
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"first_author": "R. E. Olson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 30,
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{
"abstract": "The preparation of beryllium hydride materials is described and the structure and the physical and chemical properties are analyzed in the paper.Its application in inertial confinement fusion is analyzed.The beryllium hydride materials are mainly produced by pyrolysis of di-tert-butyl beryllium and by CVD from elements.The structure of amorphous beryllium hydride is a network structure of corner-sharing BeH_4 tetrahedron.Amorphous beryllium hydride can reduce the probability of Raighley-Taylor instability and diminish preheating of a DT-mixture by introduction of heavy-elements.Amorphous beryllium hydride,as ablator,can increase conversion from laser to X-rays.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY200601020.htm",
"title": "Preparation and application of beryllium hydride materials in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Materials science",
"Beryllium hydride",
"Network structure",
"Pyrolysis",
"Chemical engineering",
"Beryllium",
"Laser",
"Amorphous solid"
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"first_author": "Tang Yongjian",
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"sentence": "Amorphous beryllium hydride,as ablator,can increase conversion from laser to X-rays.",
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{
"abstract": "Current inertial confinement fusion experiments require large numbers of well\u2010characterized microballoon targets. Microballoons are batch\u2010produced, and balloons of target quality are selected based on several parameters: outside diameter, wall thickness, and wall concentricity. Selection and characterization of these targets is a labor intensive process. We have developed a computer\u2010controlled microballoon selection system that allows us to select microballoons five times faster than our previous methods with less operator fatigue and with less emphasis on operator skill.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JVST....8.3324I/abstract",
"title": "Computer\u2010assisted microballoon selection for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Acoustics",
"Computer control",
"Plasma confinement",
"Selection system",
"Wall thickness",
"Computer science",
"Selection (genetic algorithm)",
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"first_author": "C. K. Immesoete",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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},
{
"abstract": "A comparison with flames sheds new light on the dynamics of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The mathematical formulation of the problem in ICF is the same as for flames propagating upwards. The difference concerns the Froude number Fr, yielding a different order of magnitude for the nondimensional wave number of the marginally stable disturbances. When the thermal conductivity varies strongly, as is the case in ICF, a wide range of characteristic (diffusive) lengths is involved across the wave structure. For disturbances with intermediate wavelengths, a \u201cuniversal\u201d diffusive relaxation rate of thermal waves is exhibited with no dependence on the heat conductivity. This is a key point for describing the dynamics of strongly accelerated ablation fronts whose marginally stable wavelength is much shorter than the total wave thickness. The coupling of hydrodynamics and heat conduction is analyzed in a way similar to flame theory, through the derivation of a kinematic relation for the abla...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhPl...11..690C/abstract",
"title": "Instabilities of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion: A comparison with flames",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Wavenumber",
"Physics",
"Order of magnitude",
"Thermal conduction",
"Thermal",
"Froude number",
"Mechanics",
"Wavelength",
"Classical mechanics",
"Thermal conductivity"
],
"first_author": "Paul Clavin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 51,
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{
"abstract": "The GEKKO XII is the twelve beam laser of 30kJ, 50TW in red and 20kJ, 35TW in green with two target chambers. The direct and the indirect implosion experiments, including the Cannonball targets and the cryogenic targets have been performed. The computer simulation of implosion processes has been fully compared with the experimental data. As for the drivers, different kinds of wavelength laser 0.25/sigma phi/m to 10.6/sigma phi/m as well as the ion beam are provided. They are used to investigate the various coupling processes in plasmas. The ignition condition of inertial confinement fusion has been discussed and a design concept for the laser fusion reactor is presented.",
"URL": "https://ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_40044",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Research by GEKKO XII Glass Laser",
"year_published": 1985,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Ion beam",
"Laser",
"Wavelength",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "C. Yamanaka",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"sentence": "As for the drivers, different kinds of wavelength laser 0.25sigma phim to 10.6sigma phim as well as the ion beam are provided.",
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"sentence": "The ignition condition of inertial confinement fusion has been discussed and a design concept for the laser fusion reactor is presented.",
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"entity": "laser fusion reactor"
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},
{
"abstract": "The different behaviours of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) in the hot spot of marginally igniting cryogenic DT inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) targets are investigated with an ion Fokker-Planck model. With respect to an equivalent single-species model, a higher density and a higher temperature are found for T in the stagnation phase of the target implosion. In addition, the stagnating hot spot is found to be less dense but hotter than in the single-species case. As a result, the fusion reaction yield in the hot spot is significantly increased. Fusion neutron diagnostics of the implosion find a larger ion temperature as deduced from DT reactions than from DD reactions, in good agreement with NIF experimental results. ICF target designs should thus definitely take ion-kinetic effects into account.",
"URL": "https://epljournal.edpsciences.org/articles/epl/abs/2014/18/epl16548/epl16548.html",
"title": "Species separation and modification of neutron diagnostics in inertial-confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Atomic physics"
],
"first_author": "Aurelie Inglebert",
"scholarly_citations_count": 38,
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{
"abstract": "Numerical analyses show that a 40% mixing inhomogeneity of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T) concentrations in a DT pellet still gives a sufficient fusion energy output in DT inertial confinement fusion (ICF), as long as the D and T total amounts are equal. This new result means that fusion energy output is rather insensitive to the inhomogeneous fuel mixing in the DT ICF pellet.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/inhomogeneous-mixing-of-d-and-t-fuels-in-inertial-confinement-fusion/5041235B5D9A7A8860E7188BCBAA4133",
"title": "Inhomogeneous mixing of D and T fuels in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1995,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Mixing (physics)",
"Lawson criterion",
"Pellet",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium"
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"first_author": "Shigeo Kawata",
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{
"abstract": "Rocket efficiencies as high as 15% are possible using short wavelength lasers and moderately high aspect ratio pellet designs. These designs are made possible by two recent breakthroughs in physics constraints. First is the development of the induced spatial incoherence (ISI) technique, which allows uniform illumination of the pellet and relaxes the constraint of thermal smoothing, permitting the use of short wavelength laser light. Second is the discovery that the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor growth rate is considerably reduced at short laser wavelengths. By taking advantage of the reduced constraints imposed by nonuniform laser illumination and Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability, pellets using (1)/(4) \u03bcm laser light and initial aspect ratios of about 10 (with in flight aspect ratios of about 150\u2013200) may produce energy gains as high as 200\u2013250.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/7081959",
"title": "High\u2010efficiency targets for high\u2010gain inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1986,
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"sentence": "First is the development of the induced spatial incoherence ISI technique, which allows uniform illumination of the pellet and relaxes the constraint of thermal smoothing, permitting the use of short wavelength laser light.",
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"sentence": "Second is the discovery that the RayleighTaylor growth rate is considerably reduced at short laser wavelengths.",
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"sentence": "By taking advantage of the reduced constraints imposed by nonuniform laser illumination and RayleighTaylor instability, pellets using 14 \u03bcm laser light and initial aspect ratios of about 10 with in flight aspect ratios of about 150200 may produce energy gains as high as 200250.",
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"abstract": "Here we report direct experimental evidence of interspecies ion separation in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion experiments on the OMEGA laser facility. These experiments, which used plastic capsules with D2/Ar gas fill (1% Ar by atom), were designed specifically to reveal interspecies ion separation by exploiting the predicted, strong ion thermo-diffusion between ion species of large mass and charge difference. Via detailed analyses of imaging x-ray-spectroscopy data, we extract Ar-atom-fraction radial profiles at different times, and observe both enhancement and depletion compared to the initial 1%-Ar gas fill. The experimental results are interpreted with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that include recently implemented, first-principles models of interspecies ion diffusion. Finally, the experimentally inferred Ar-atom-fraction profiles agree reasonably, but not exactly, with calculated profiles associated with the incoming and rebounding first shock.",
"URL": "https://epljournal.edpsciences.org/articles/epl/abs/2016/18/epl18142/epl18142.html",
"title": "Observation of interspecies ion separation in inertial-confinement-fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Diffusion (business)",
"Ion",
"Atom",
"Materials science",
"Omega",
"Molecular physics",
"Laser",
"Shock (mechanics)",
"Atomic physics"
],
"first_author": "Scott Hsu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 21,
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"abstract": "Considerations are presented on the wall protection of inertial confinement fusion reactors by means of a falling cylindrical curtain of liquid metal that is intermittently contricted into a string...",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnst1964/18/4/18_4_241/_article",
"title": "Constricted Liquid Metal Curtain for Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Optics",
"String (physics)",
"Chemistry",
"Liquid metal",
"Falling (sensation)",
"Computer simulation",
"Mechanics"
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"first_author": "Yasuyuki Itoh",
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"abstract": "Pre-magnetisation of inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility has the potential to raise current high-performing targets into the ignition regime [Perkins et al. \u201cThe potential of imposed magnetic fields for enhancing ignition probability and fusion energy yield in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion,\u201d Phys. Plasmas 24, 062708 (2017)]. A key concern with this method is that the application of a magnetic field inherently increases asymmetry. This paper uses 3-D extended-magnetohydrodynamics Gorgon simulations to investigate how thermal conduction suppression, the Lorentz force, and \u03b1-particle magnetisation affect three hot-spot perturbation scenarios: a cold fuel spike, a time-dependent radiation drive asymmetry, and a multi-mode perturbation. For moderate magnetisations (B0 = 5 T), the single spike penetrates deeper into the hot-spot, as thermal ablative stabilisation is reduced. However, at higher magnetisations (B0 = 50 T), magnetic tension acts to stabilise the spike. While magnetisation of \u03b1-particle orbits increases the peak hot-spot temperature, no impact on the perturbation penetration depth is observed. The P4-dominated radiation drive asymmetry demonstrates the anisotropic nature of the thermal ablative stabilisation modifications, with perturbations perpendicular to the magnetic field penetrating deeper and perturbations parallel to the field being preferentially stabilised by increased heat-flows. Moderate magnetisations also increase the prevalence of high modes, while magnetic tension reduces vorticity at the hot-spot edge for larger magnetisations. For a simulated high-foot experiment, the yield doubles through the application of a 50\u2009T magnetic field-an amplification which is expected to be larger for higher-performing configurations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.5085498",
"title": "Perturbation modifications by pre-magnetisation of inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Thermal conduction",
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"abstract": "The basic principle and feature of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) are discussed. On these bases the burn-up fraction and energy gain of pellet plasma have been derived and calculated, and the fast ignition physics are discussed furthermore .",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KXJS200517016.htm",
"title": "The Burn-up Fraction and Energy Gain of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Fraction (chemistry)",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "LI Zengqiang",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "We present the first Thomson scattering measurements of local plasma conditions in ignition-relevant, gas-filled, inertial-confinement-fusion hohlraums. The experimental data provide a benchmark for two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations using LASNEX, which is presently in use to predict the performance of future megajoule laser-driven hohlraums of the National Ignition Facility. The data are consistent with modeling using significantly inhibited heat transport at the peak of the drive. Further, we find that stagnating plasma regions on the hohlraum axis are well described by the calculations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.1277",
"title": "THOMSON SCATTERING FROM INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT-FUSION HOHLRAUM PLASMAS",
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "The first successful fabrication of a cryogenic foam target is reported. Detailed techniques to ensure accurate fuel loading in the foam shell are described. This target has been used for implosion experiments with the Gekko XII glass laser.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1116/1.575490",
"title": "Fabrication of a cryogenic foam target for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Fabrication",
"Cryogenics",
"Microsphere",
"Implosion",
"Laser beams",
"Plasma confinement",
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"abstract": "Abstract Material equation-of-state (EOS) models, generally providing the pressure and internal energy for a given density and temperature, are required to close the equations of hydrodynamics. As a result they are an essential piece of physics used to simulate inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. Historically, EOS models based on different physical/chemical pictures of matter have been developed for ICF relevant materials such as the deuterium (D2) or deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel, as well as candidate ablator materials such as polystyrene (CH), glow-discharge polymer (GDP), beryllium (Be), carbon (C), and boron carbide (B4C). The accuracy of these EOS models can directly affect the reliability of ICF target design and understanding, as shock timing and material compressibility are essentially determined by what EOS models are used in ICF simulations. Systematic comparisons of current EOS models, benchmarking with experiments, not only help us to understand what the model differences are and why they occur, but also to identify the state-of-the-art EOS models for ICF target designers to use. For this purpose, the first Equation-of-State Workshop, supported by the US Department of Energy\u2019s ICF program, was held at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester on 31 May\u20132nd June, 2017. This paper presents a detailed review on the findings from this workshop: (1) 5\u201310% model-model variations exist throughout the relevant parameter space, and can be much larger in regions where ionization and dissociation are occurring, (2) the D2 EOS is particularly uncertain, with no single model able to match the available experimental data, and this drives similar uncertainties in the CH EOS, and (3) new experimental capabilities such as Hugoniot measurements around 100\u00a0Mbar and high-quality temperature measurements are essential to reducing EOS uncertainty.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HEDP...28....7G/abstract",
"title": "A Review of Equation-of-State Models for Inertial Confinement Fusion Materials",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Ionization",
"Laboratory for Laser Energetics",
"Single model",
"Internal energy",
"Temperature measurement",
"Parameter space",
"Compressibility"
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"first_author": "Jim Gaffney",
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"abstract": "The effects of large-angle scattering, important for plasmas for which the Coulomb logarithm is of order 1, have been properly treated in calculating the range (R) and the \\ensuremath{\\rho}R (the fuel-areal density) of inertial confinement fusion plasmas. This new calculation, which also includes the important effects of plasma ion stopping, collective plasma oscillations, and quantum effects, leads to an accurate estimate, not just an upper limit of \\ensuremath{\\rho}R. For example, 3.5 MeV \\ensuremath{\\alpha}'s from D-T fusion reactions are found to directly deposit \\ensuremath{\\simeq}47% of their energy into 20 keV deuterons and tritons. Consequently the \\ensuremath{\\alpha} range (R) and \\ensuremath{\\rho}R are reduced by about 60% from the case of pure electron stopping.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3059",
"title": "Charged-particle stopping powers in inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Stopping power (particle radiation)",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Order (ring theory)",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Charged particle",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Chikang Li",
"scholarly_citations_count": 189,
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"abstract": "Fusion has the potential to be a safe, clean and abundant energy source for producing electrical power in the next century-perhaps just as fossil fuel becomes scarce and its adverse environmental effects become significant. A program to develop concepts for inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) power plants that produce electricity was initiated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory {approximately}10 yr ago. Studies have been completed on a number of ICF reactor concepts used in these power plants and are now evaluating two additional reactor concepts. Two of the concepts that have already been evaluated, HYLIFE and Cascade, are particularly attractive. This paper compares the advantages of HYLIFE and Cascade with the two reactors currently being evaluated. 3 refs.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6474435",
"title": "Comparison of four concepts for an inertial-confinement-fusion power plant",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Electricity",
"Energy source",
"National laboratory",
"Cascade",
"Environmental science",
"Electric power",
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"abstract": "Abstract The 192-beam National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, CA, is now operational and conducting experiments. NIF, the flagship facility of the U.S. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program, will achieve high-energy-density conditions never previously obtained in the laboratory\u2014temperatures over 100 million K, densities of 1000\u00a0g/cm 3 , and pressures exceeding 100 billion atmospheres. Such conditions exist naturally only in the interiors of the stars and during thermonuclear burn. Demonstration of ignition and thermonuclear burn in the laboratory is a major NIF goal. To date, the NIF laser has demonstrated all pulse shape, beam quality, energy, and other specifications required to meet the ignition challenge. On March 10, 2009, the NIF laser delivered 1.1\u00a0MJ of ultraviolet laser energy to target chamber center, approximately 30 times more energy than any previous facility. The ignition program at NIF is the National Ignition Campaign (NIC), a national collaboration for ignition experimentation with participation from General Atomics, LLNL, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). The achievement of ignition at NIF will demonstrate the scientific feasibility of ICF and focus worldwide attention on fusion as a viable energy option. A particular energy concept under investigation is the LIFE (Laser Inertial Fusion Energy) scheme. The LIFE engine is inherently safe, minimizes proliferation concerns associated with the nuclear fuel cycle, and can provide a sustainable carbon-free energy generation solution in the 21st century. This talk will describe NIF and its potential as a user facility and an experimental platform for high-energy-density science, NIC, and the LIFE approach for clean, sustainable energy.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/968155/",
"title": "Advances in inertial confinement fusion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Fusion power",
"Laser Inertial Fusion Energy",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Laboratory for Laser Energetics",
"Environmental science",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Edward I. Moses",
"scholarly_citations_count": 48,
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"abstract": "The Omega Laser Facility is used to study inertial confinement fusion (ICF) concepts. This paper describes progress in direct-drive central hot-spot (CHS) ICF, shock ignition (SI) and fast ignition (FI) since the 2008 IAEA FEC conference. CHS cryogenic deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) target implosions on OMEGA have produced the highest DT areal densities yet measured in ICF implosions (~300\u2009mg\u2009cm\u22122). Integrated FI experiments have shown a significant increase in neutron yield caused by an appropriately timed high-intensity, high-energy laser pulse.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/51/5/053010/pdf",
"title": "High-performance inertial confinement fusion target implosions on OMEGA",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Omega",
"Neutron yield",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "D. D. Meyerhofer",
"scholarly_citations_count": 33,
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"sentence": "CHS cryogenic deuteriumtritium DT target implosions on OMEGA have produced the highest DT areal densities yet measured in ICF implosions 300 mg cm2.",
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"sentence": "Integrated FI experiments have shown a significant increase in neutron yield caused by an appropriately timed high-intensity, high-energy laser pulse.",
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"abstract": "The compressible Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability of accelerated ablation front is analysed in consideration of the preheat effects, and the corresponding eigen-problem is solved numerically using the fourth-order accurate two-point compact difference scheme. Both the growth rate and perturbation profiles are obtained, and the obtained growth rate is close to the results of direct numerical simulation. Our results show that the growth rate is more reduced and the cutoff wave length becomes longer as preheat increases.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/24/8/042/meta",
"title": "Compressible Rayleigh?Taylor Instability with Preheat in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2007,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability",
"Physics",
"Direct numerical simulation",
"Instability",
"Growth rate",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "Fan Zheng-Feng",
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"abstract": "Experiments indicate that the size and shape of the final focal spot are mostly dictated by phase noise added to the beam.To diminish the static phase aberrations of large aperture lasers and promote the concentration degree of focal spot,phase corrector plate is proposed.For the technical integration line(TIL) being built in China Academy of Engineering Physics(CAEP),phase aberration of the main amplifier is the largest contributor. Considering peak fluence of the inserting places and the machining process of the phase plate,four potential locations are evaluated,and the cavity mirror is chosen to be the preferred place and is replaced by the phase plate.Numerical calculation model is established to design the corrector plate.Cut-off frequency of the glass-slab filter is discussed and 0.01 mm~(-1) is optimally chosen for the lowpass filter.The surface shape and the machining technique of the phase plate are given.Using SG99 light propagation code,simulations demonstrate that the corrector plate can effectively compensate optic finishing errors,and static phase aberration is decreased from 3.35\u03bb to 1.27\u03bb.Further more,times diffraction limit(T_(DL)) containing 95% energy of focal spot is improved from 6.21 to 3.95.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JJZZ200603004.htm",
"title": "Static Phase Control Elements for Inertial Confinement Fusion Drivers",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Phase (waves)",
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"Materials science",
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"Laser",
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"first_author": "Zhang Rui",
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"abstract": "Recent inertial confinement fusion measurements have highlighted the importance of 3D asymmetry effects on implosion performance. One prominent example is the bulk drift velocity of the deuterium\u2013tritium plasma undergoing fusion (\u201chotspot\u201d), vHS. Upgrades to the National Ignition Facility neutron time-of-flight diagnostics now provide vHS to better than 1 part in 104 and enable cross correlations with other measurements. This work presents the impact of vHS on the neutron yield, downscatter ratio, apparent ion temperature, electron temperature, and 2D x-ray emission. The necessary improvements to diagnostic suites to take these measurements are also detailed. The benefits of using cross-diagnostic analysis to test hotspot models and theory are discussed, and cross-shot trends are shown.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021RScI...92e3526S/abstract",
"title": "Three-dimensional diagnostics and measurements of inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Physics",
"Drift velocity",
"Neutron",
"Implosion",
"Electron temperature",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Computational physics",
"Asymmetry",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "David Schlossberg",
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"abstract": "The laser beam's color separation on the system of target is one of the most research content during the research of Inertial Confinement Fusion. Based on the development of the high power solid state laser facility,a number of the beam's color separation techniques are introduced,and the contrast analysis of these techniques is also introduced here,the future development direction is put forward based on these ways.And the methods and results reported are applicable to the design of high power solid laser amplifier system.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXJS200702023.htm",
"title": "The beam's color separation technique in the field of inertial confinement fusion",
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"Power (physics)",
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"abstract": "A coded aperture camera using m-sequence URA (uniformly redundant arrays) pattern has been constructed for the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) images. The URA camera is much brighter than a single pinhole camera, and then has high S/N. This URA camera has been successfully applied for the first time to take an X-ray image on a cannonball target. The tomographic capability of URA camera is improved by applying an iterative method.",
"URL": "https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.ieee-art-000004333305",
"title": "A URA Coded Aperture Camera for the Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments",
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"abstract": "Success in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires sophisticated, characterized targets. The increasing fidelity of three-dimensional (3D), radiation hydrodynamic computer codes has made it possible to design targets for ICF which can compensate for limitations in the existing single shot laser and Z pinch ICF drivers. Developments in ICF target fabrication technology allow more esoteric target designs to be fabricated. At present, requirements require new deterministic nano-material fabrication on micro scale.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/laser-targets-compensate-for-limitations-in-inertial-confinement-fusion-drivers/0FED4ACEB26CD8927D29442E51BD75E1",
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"abstract": "We report several experimental results on debris collection for radiochemistry in inertial confinement fusion research. The collection efficiency was measured by means of radioactive tracers 24 Na, 82 Br, 152m1 Eu and activatable tracer 151 Eu in glass or plastic shells. It is shown that the collection efficiency depends on the atomic weight of the tracer and the surface condition of the collector, and does not greatly depend on the initial areal density of the target, in our experimental conditions.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990RScI...61.2623N/abstract",
"title": "Experimental studies on debris collection for radiochemistry in inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) is being constructed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) with initial operation scheduled for January 1986. PBFA II is the only facility currentl...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST85-A40082",
"title": "Status of PBFA II for Inertial Confinement Fusion with light ions",
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"abstract": "Modelling and mitigation of damage are crucial for safe and economical operation of high-power laser facilities. Experiments at the National Ignition Facility use a variety of targets with a range of laser energies spanning more than two orders of magnitude (\u223c14\u00a0kJ to \u223c1.9\u00a0MJ). Low-energy inertial confinement fusion experiments are used to study early-time x-ray load symmetry on the capsule, shock timing, and other physics issues. For these experiments, a significant portion of the target is not completely vaporized and late-time (hundreds of ns) simulations are required to study the generation of debris and shrapnel from these targets. Damage to optics and diagnostics from shrapnel is a major concern for low-energy experiments. We provide the first full-target simulations of entire cryogenic targets, including the Al thermal mechanical package and Si cooling rings. We use a 3D multi-physics multi-material hydrodynamics code, ALE-AMR, for these late-time simulations. The mass, velocity, and spatial distribution of shrapnel are calculated for three experiments with laser energies ranging from 14 to 250\u00a0kJ. We calculate damage risk to optics and diagnostics for these three experiments. For the lowest energy re-emit experiment, we provide a detailed analysis of the effects of shrapnel impacts on optics and diagnostics and compare with observations of damage sites.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/53/11/113037/pdf",
"title": "Modelling debris and shrapnel generation in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2013,
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"abstract": "The stability of a charge and current neutralized electron\u2010ion beam propagating between two planar boundaries is investigated. For equipotential boundaries the beam is, as originally shown by Pierce, electrostatically unstable for electron current densities above a certain limiting value. If, however, the electric field at the upstream boundary is required to vanish, there is no instability. An intermediate case, in which the two boundaries are electrically connected with a finite conductivity plasma, corresponds to the proposed use of neutralized light and heavy ion beams for inertial confinement fusion drivers. Results indicate such beams can propagate either stably or with zero\u2010frequency Pierce instability growth rates which are probably insignificant. lectric currents; boundary conditions; current density; electric fields; plasma;",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.331275",
"title": "The Pierce instability in neutralized inertial confinement fusion ion beams",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Electric current",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Current density",
"Instability",
"Electric charge",
"Electric field",
"Plasma",
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"abstract": "Experiments on the National Ignition Facility show that multi-dimensional effects currently dominate the implosion performance. Low mode implosion symmetry and hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by capsule mounting features appear to be two key limiting factors for implosion performance. One reason these factors have a large impact on the performance of inertial confinement fusion implosions is the high convergence required to achieve high fusion gains. To tackle these problems, a predictable implosion platform is needed meaning experiments must trade-off high gain for performance. LANL has adopted three main approaches to develop a one-dimensional (1D) implosion platform where 1D means measured yield over the 1D clean calculation. A high adiabat, low convergence platform is being developed using beryllium capsules enabling larger case-to-capsule ratios to improve symmetry. The second approach is liquid fuel layers using wetted foam targets. With liquid fuel layers, the implosion convergence can be controlled via the initial vapor pressure set by the target fielding temperature. The last method is double shell targets. For double shells, the smaller inner shell houses the DT fuel and the convergence of this cavity is relatively small compared to hot spot ignition. However, double shell targets have a different set of trade-off versus advantages. Details for each of these approaches are described.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S2095471916000438",
"title": "Developing one-dimensional implosions for inertial confinement fusion science",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Liquid fuel",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Beryllium"
],
"first_author": "John Kline",
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"abstract": "The deceleration stage of inertial confinement fusion implosions is modeled in detail using three-dimensional simulations designed to match experiments at the National Ignition Facility. In this final stage of the implosion, shocks rebound from the center of the capsule, forming the high-temperature, low-density hot spot and slowing the incoming fuel. The flow field that results from this process is highly three-dimensional and influences many aspects of the implosion. The interior of the capsule has high-velocity motion, but viscous effects limit the range of scales that develop. The bulk motion of the hot spot shows qualitative agreement with experimental velocity measurements, while the variance of the hot spot velocity would broaden the DT neutron spectrum, increasing the inferred temperature by 400\u2013800\u2009eV. Jets of ablator material are broken apart and redirected as they enter this dynamic hot spot. Deceleration stage simulations using two fundamentally different rad-hydro codes are compared and the flow field is found to be in good agreement.",
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"abstract": "Pinhole imaging of the neutron production in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments can provide important information about the performance of various capsule designs. This requires the development of systems capable of spatial resolutions on the order of 5 \u03bcm or less for source strengths of 1015 and greater. We have initiated a program which will lead to the achievement of such a system to be employed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) facility. Calculated neutron output distributions for various capsule designs will be presented to illustrate the information which can be gained from neutron imaging and to demonstrate the requirements for a useful system. We will describe the lines-of-sight available at NIF for neutron imaging and explain how these can be utilized to reach the required parameters for neutron imaging. We will describe initial development work to be carried out at the Omega facility and the path which will lead to systems to be implemented at NIF. Beginning this year, preliminary experiments will be aimed at achieving resolutions of 30\u201360 \u03bcm for direct-drive capsules with neutron outputs of about 1014. The main thrust of these experiments will be to understand issues related to the fabrication and alignment of small diameter pinhole systems as well as the problems associated with signal-to-background ratios at the image plane. Subsequent experiments at Omega will be described. These efforts will be aimed at achieving resolutions of about 10 \u03bcm. Proposed developments for new imaging systems as well as further refinement of pinhole techniques will be presented.",
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"abstract": "A diagnostic is developed for determining the hotspot mix in inertial confinement fusion experiments. A multi-channel pinhole camera measures Bremsstrahlung emissions from implosion capsules ranging from 6\u2009keV to 30\u2009keV and records an image of the hotspot. Meanwhile, a planar crystal spectrometer measures Ar line emissions used to deduce the electron density of the hotspot. An X-ray streaked camera records the burn duration. With the Bremsstrahlung spectrum, electron density, hotspot volume, and burn duration, the mix quantity is determined by solving a pair of linear equations. This inferred mix amount has an uncertainty due to the uncertainty of the electron density, but with the help of the measured neutron product, the most likely mix quantity value can be determined. This technique is applied to experimental images to infer the quantity of CH ablator mix into the hotspot.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23g2708H/abstract",
"title": "Diagnostic for determining the mix in inertial confinement fusion capsule hotspot",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron density",
"Hotspot (geology)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
"Pinhole camera",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Bremsstrahlung"
],
"first_author": "Shibei He",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"sentence": "This inferred mix amount has an uncertainty due to the uncertainty of the electron density, but with the help of the measured neutron product, the most likely mix quantity value can be determined.",
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},
{
"abstract": "In indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the incident laser beam could excite laser plasma instabilities (LPI) such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and two plasmon decay (TPD) besides gently heat the hohlraum through collisional absorption. These instabilities would largely reduce the X-ray conversion and degrade the drive symmetry of the radiation environment. In addition, when the amplitude of parametric instability increases to a certain level, there would be interplay between different instabilities, which makes LPI complicated and unpredictable. Therefore, LPI has become one of the major challenge in achieving ignition. LPI research during recent few years made great strides in identifying, understanding, and controlling instabilities in the context of laser fusion. This paper reviews the progress in this important field according to laser (L), plasma (P), and instability (I). Prospects for the application of our improved understanding for indirect drive ICF and some exciting research opportunities are also discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.sciengine.com/doi/10.1360/SSPMA2018-00056",
"title": "Laser plasma instability in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasmon",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Instability",
"Context (language use)",
"Brillouin scattering",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Dong Yang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"sentence": "This paper reviews the progress in this important field according to laser L, plasma P, and instability I. Prospects for the application of our improved understanding for indirect drive ICF and some exciting research opportunities are also discussed.",
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}
]
},
{
"abstract": "The HYLIFE-II inertial fusion power plant design study uses a liquid fall, in the form of jets, to protect the first structural wall from neutron damage, x rays, and blast to provide a 30-y lifetime. HYLIFE-I used liquid lithium. HYLIFE-II avoids the fire hazard of lithium by using a molten salt composed of fluorine, lithium, and beryllium (Li 2BeF4) called\" Flibe\". Access for heavy-ion beams is provided. Calculations for assumed heavy-ion beam performance show a nominal gain of 70 at 5 MJ, producing 350 MJ, about 5.2 times less yield than the 1.8 GJ from a driver energy of 4.5 MJ with gain of 400 for HYLIFE-I. The nominal 1 gigawatt electrical (GWe) of power can be maintained by increasing the repetition rate by a factor of about 5.2, from 1.5 to 8 Hz. A higher repetition rate requires faster re-establishment of the jets after a shot, which can be accomplished in part by decreasing the jet fall height and increasing the jet flow velocity. Multiple chambers may be required. In addition, although not adequately considered for HYLIFE-I, there is undoubtedly liquid splash that must be forcibly cleared because gravity is too slow, especially at high repetition rates. Splash removal can be accomplished by either pulsed or oscillating jet flows. The cost of electricity is estimated to be 0.09 $/kWh in constant 1988 dollars, about twice that offuture coal and light-water-reactor nuclear power. The driver beam cost is about one-halfthe total cost.",
"URL": "http://cds.cern.ch/record/1054761",
"title": "Hylife-II inertial confinement fusion power plant design",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Jet (fluid)",
"Physics",
"Inertial fusion power plant",
"FLiBe",
"Splash",
"Power station",
"Lithium",
"Cost of electricity by source"
],
"first_author": "Ralph W. Moir",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"sentence": "Multiple chambers may be required.",
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"sentence": "In addition, although not adequately considered for HYLIFE-I, there is undoubtedly liquid splash that must be forcibly cleared because gravity is too slow, especially at high repetition rates.",
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]
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"sentence": "Splash removal can be accomplished by either pulsed or oscillating jet flows.",
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"sentence": "The cost of electricity is estimated to be 0.09 kWh in constant 1988 dollars, about twice that offuture coal and light-water-reactor nuclear power.",
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"category": "Time reference",
"entity": "1988"
},
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}
]
},
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"sentence": "The driver beam cost is about one-halfthe total cost.",
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},
{
"abstract": "The CO2 laser driven implosion study is reported. We observed the high energy truncation in the hot electron energy distribution of the Cannonball target with inner pellet irradiation type. The results of implosion experiment agree with the simulation result including the high energy tail truncation. The implosion properties of 100 kJ laser irradiated pellet are also presented.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40004208966",
"title": "High-power CO2 Laser Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1988,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Irradiation",
"Physics",
"Power (physics)",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Hot electron",
"Co2 laser",
"Truncation",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "Hiroyuki Daido",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
"abstract": "A new technique that uses inertial confinement implosions for measuring low-energy nuclear reactions important to nuclear astrophysics is described. Simultaneous measurements of n\u2013D and n\u2013T elastic scattering at 14.1\u00a0MeV using deuterium\u2013tritium gas-filled capsules provide a proof of principle for this technique. Measurements have been made of D(d,p)T (dd) and T(t,2n)4He (tt) reaction yields relative to the D(t,n)4He (dt) reaction yield for deuterium\u2013tritium mixtures with f\n T\n /f\n D\n between 0.62 and 0.75 and for a wide range of ion temperatures to test our understanding of the implosion processes. Measurements of the shape of the neutron spectrum from the T(t,2n)4He reaction have been made for each of these target configurations.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013FBS....54.1599B/abstract",
"title": "T-T Neutron Spectrum from Inertial Confinement Implosions",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Nucleon",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Scattering",
"Elastic scattering",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Nuclear astrophysics"
],
"first_author": "A. D. Bacher",
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"abstract": "Neural networks have become the method of choice in surrogate modeling because of their ability to characterize arbitrary, high-dimensional functions in a data-driven fashion. This paper advocates for the training of surrogates that are 1) consistent with the physical manifold, resulting in physically meaningful predictions, and 2) cyclically consistent with a jointly trained inverse model; i.e., backmapping predictions through the inverse results in the original input parameters. We find that these two consistencies lead to surrogates that are superior in terms of predictive performance, are more resilient to sampling artifacts, and tend to be more data efficient. Using inertial confinement fusion (ICF) as a test-bed problem, we model a one-dimensional semianalytic numerical simulator and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",
"URL": "https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/117/18/9741.full.pdf",
"title": "Improved surrogates in inertial confinement fusion with manifold and cycle consistencies",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Algorithm",
"Inverse",
"Sampling artifacts",
"Computer science",
"Artificial neural network",
"Manifold (fluid mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "Rushil Anirudh",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments have been conducted in a polymer capsule in which nuclear products were located. To vary the mechanical properties of polyimide, various polyimide blends and copolymers have been prepared and compared. In the first case, polyimide blends are obtained by mixing different poly(amic acid) solutions (PMDA-ODA and PMDA-PDA) in NMP. In the second case, dianhydride (PMDA) and various diamines (ODA and PDA) are directly mixed in the polymerization medium to form a copolymer in NMP solution. The Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion have been measured for the various polyimide film specimens. It is shown that the mechanical properties of a polyimide strongly depend on its composition. The effect of the poly(amic acid) preparation process (blends or copolymers) on the mechanical properties is not significant, and the blending of poly(amic acid) solutions leads to a copolymer.",
"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0126(200009)49:9%3C1021::AID-PI522%3E3.0.CO;2-D/full",
"title": "High\u2010performance aromatic polyimides for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Copolymer",
"Composite material",
"Polymer blend",
"Materials science",
"Diamine",
"Polyimide",
"Polymerization",
"Thermal expansion",
"Polymer"
],
"first_author": "Didier Marsacq",
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{
"abstract": "\"Preface: Special Issue on KrF Lasers for Inertial Confinement Fusion.\" Fusion Technology, 11(3), pp. 479\u2013480",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Preface: Special Issue on KrF Lasers for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1987,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Laser",
"Materials science",
"Fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Fusion power",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Plasma",
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"abstract": "A series of high convergence indirectly driven implosions has been done with the Nova Laser Fusion facility. These implosions were well characterized by a variety of measurements; computer models are in good agreement. The imploded fuel areal density was measured using a technique based on secondary neutron spectroscopy. At capsule convergences of 24:1, comparable to what is required for the hot spot of ignition scale capsules, these capsules achieved fuel densities of 19 g/cm[sup 3]. Independent measurements of density, burn duration, and ion temperature gave [ital n][tau][theta]=1.7[plus minus]0.9[times]10[sup 14] keV s/cm[sup 3].",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6836318-indirectly-driven-high-convergence-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
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"abstract": "Recently, it was proposed to use energetic (up to 31 MeV) tertiary protons produced during the final stage of inertial confinement fusion implosions to measure the fuel areal density of compressed deuterium\u2013tritium (DT). The method is based on seeding the fuel with 3He. The reaction of 3He ions with the energetic knock-on deuterons, produced via the elastic scattering of 14.1 MeV neutrons, is a source of very energetic protons capable of escaping from very large areal density targets. This work presents results of detailed time-dependent Monte Carlo simulations of the nuclear processes involved in producing and transporting these protons through imploding targets proposed for direct-drive experiments on OMEGA [D. K. Bradley et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 1870 (1998)] and the National Ignition Facility [S. W. Haan et al., Phys. Plasmas 2, 2480 (1995)].",
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"abstract": "Due to their cost, experiments for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) heavily rely on numerical simulations to guide design. As simulation technology progresses, so too can the fidelity of models used to plan for new experiments. However, these high-fidelity models are by themselves insufficient for optimal experimental design, because their computational cost remains too high to efficiently and effectively explore the numerous parameters required to describe a typical experiment. Therefore, traditionally, ICF design has relied on low-fidelity modeling to initially identify potentially interesting design regions, which are then subsequently explored via selected high-fidelity modeling. In this paper, we demonstrate that this two-step approach can be insufficient: even for simple design problems, a two-step optimization strategy can lead high-fidelity searching toward incorrect regions and consequently waste computational resources on parameter regimes far away from the true optimal solution. We reveal that a primary cause of this behavior in ICF design problems is the presence of low-fidelity optima in different regions of the parameter space far away from high-fidelity optima. To address this issue, we propose an iterative multifidelity Bayesian optimization method based on Gaussian Process Regression that leverages both low- and high-fidelity models simultaneously. We demonstrate, using both two- and eight-dimensional ICF test problems, that our algorithm can effectively utilize both low-fidelity and high-fidelity models to refine the designs. This approach proves to be more efficient than relying solely on high-fidelity modeling for optimization.",
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"abstract": "A key feature of current inertial\u2010confinement fusion (ICF) experiments is the incorporation of dopant atoms into the thin polymer microshell which, in a finished ICF capsule, forms its inner wall. These dopants provide a spectroscopic signal during the implosion that can be used to diagnose the degree of mix at the capsule\u2013fuel interface. The high\u2010Z dopants can also be used to directly image the fuel\u2013pusher interface. The current status of doped mandrel development is reviewed, with a focus on the mandrel surface smoothness. With the development of unique surface mapping characterization tools which will be described, it has been discovered that mandrel surface smoothness is a function of the polymers used to form the mandrels. In this report it will be shown that Cl\u2010doped mandrels produced from a blend of polystyrene and poly(p\u2010chlorostyrene) are rough on a length scale of 10\u2019s of microns with amplitudes of as much as a 100 nm. The origin of this roughness will be discussed, and it will be shown that thi...",
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"title": "Production and characterization of doped mandrels for inertial-confinement fusion experiments",
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"abstract": "Neutron-imaging systems are being considered as an ignition diagnostic for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Hogan et al., Nucl. Fusion 41, 567 (2001)]. Given the importance of these systems, a neutron-imaging design tool is being used to quantify the effects of aperture fabrication and alignment tolerances on reconstructed neutron images for inertial confinement fusion. The simulations indicate that alignment tolerances of more than 1mrad would introduce measurable features in a reconstructed image for both pinholes and penumbral aperture systems. These simulations further show that penumbral apertures are several times less sensitive to fabrication errors than pinhole apertures.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.2839023",
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"abstract": "We report on direct, radiographic measurement of the stagnation phase of a magnetically driven liner implosion. The liner is filled with liquid deuterium and imploded to a minimum radius of 440\u2009\u03bcm (radial convergence ratio of 7.7) over 300\u2009ns, achieving a density of \u224810\u2009g/cm3. The measured confinement time is \u224814 ns, compared to 16\u2009ns from 1D simulations. A comparison of measured density profiles with 1D and 2D simulations shows a deviation in the reflected shock trajectory and the liner areal density. Additionally, the magneto Rayleigh-Taylor instability causes enhanced compression with shorter confinement in the bubble region compared to the spikes. These effects combine to reduce the pressure-confinement time product, P\u03c4, by 25% compared to the simulations.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24d2708K/abstract",
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"abstract": "Fast transient growth of hydrodynamic perturbations due to non-modal effects is shown to be possible in an ablation flow relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Likely to arise in capsule ablators with material inhomogeneities, such growths appear to be too fast to be detected by existing measurement techniques, cannot be predicted by any of the methods previously used for studying hydrodynamic instabilities in ICF, yet could cause early transitions to nonlinear regimes. These findings call for reconsidering the stability of ICF flows within the framework of non-modal stability theory.",
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"sentence": "Likely to arise in capsule ablators with material inhomogeneities, such growths appear to be too fast to be detected by existing measurement techniques, cannot be predicted by any of the methods previously used for studying hydrodynamic instabilities in ICF, yet could cause early transitions to nonlinear regimes.",
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"abstract": "A conceptual model is developed for typical inertial confinement fusion implosion conditions that integrates available diagnostic information to determine the stagnation properties of the interior fill and surrounding shell. Assuming pressure equilibrium at peak compression and invoking radiative and equation-of-state relations, the pressure, density, and electron temperature are obtained by optimized fitting of the experimental output to smooth, global functional forms. Typical observational data that may be used includes x-ray self-emission, directional neutron time-of-flight signals, neutron yield, high-resolution x-ray spectra, and radiographic images. This approach has been validated by comparison with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, producing semi-quantitative agreement. Model results implicate poor kinetic energy coupling to the hot core as the primary cause of the observed low thermonuclear burn yields.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4802196",
"title": "Integrated diagnostic analysis of inertial confinement fusion capsule performancea)",
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"abstract": "We present measurements of ice-ablator mix at stagnation of inertially confined, cryogenically layered capsule implosions. An ice layer thickness scan with layers significantly thinner than used in ignition experiments enables us to investigate mix near the inner ablator interface. Our experiments reveal for the first time that the majority of atomically mixed ablator material is \"dark\" mix. It is seeded by the ice-ablator interface instability and located in the relatively cooler, denser region of the fuel assembly surrounding the fusion hot spot. The amount of dark mix is an important quantity as it is thought to affect both fusion fuel compression and burn propagation when it turns into hot mix as the burn wave propagates through the initially colder fuel region surrounding an igniting hot spot. We demonstrate a significant reduction in ice-ablator mix in the hot-spot boundary region when we increase the initial ice layer thickness.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Measurement of Dark Ice-Ablator Mix in Inertial Confinement Fusion.",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "In recent 10 years, a number of conceptual design studies of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) reactors have been carried out to examine the engineering feasibility and to find technological problems. Typical types of ICF reactor are reviewed in section 2, including the guidance to the new current. The characteristics of the ICF plasma core are described in section 3. Renewable liquid wall is employed in the waterfall or wet wall ICF reactor. The features of liquid wall/blanket are shown in section 4. Finally the technological problems to be studied are discussed in section 5.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/50/1/50_1_3/_pdf",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactor Design and Its Technological Problems",
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"abstract": "We discuss the development of the tabular equation of state (EOS) models for ablator materials in current use at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in simulations of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the National Ignition Facility. We illustrate the methods with a review of current models for ablator materials and discuss some of the challenges in performing hydrocode simulations with high-fidelity multiphase models. We stress the importance of experimental data, as well as the utility of ab initio electronic structure calculations, in regions where data is not currently available. We illustrate why Hugoniot data alone is not sufficient to constrain the EOS models. These cases illustrate the importance of experimental EOS data in multi-megabar regimes, and the vital role they play in the development and validation of EOS models for ICF simulations.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012082/pdf",
"title": "Equations of State for Ablator Materials in Inertial Confinement Fusion Simulations",
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"abstract": "A quasi-analytic general model is developed for determination of temperature response and displacement damage in materials exposed to bursts of thermonuclear radiations. Temperature response can be determined for any time or position. Materials are assessed, using the model, which might be employed for dry first walls, collectors, laser mirrors, or other exposed reactor components. The resulting magnitude and temporal distribution of temperature and displacement production show that effects on material micro-structure must be treated in a dynamic fashion. (RME)",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5182227-temperature-displacement-transients-inertial-confinement-fusion-first-walls",
"title": "Temperature and displacement transients in inertial confinement fusion first-walls",
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"abstract": "Research on the use of nuclear fusion for energy production is carried out at ENEA mainly in the Frascati Research Center with laboratories dedicated to the study of magnetic confinement (Tokamak FTU) and inertial confinement (ABC). This paper summarizes the on going experimental programs and diagnostic development related to the studies of laser produced plasmas.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:46080640",
"title": "Research activity in the laboratory for inertial confinement fusion in ENEA - Frascati",
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"abstract": "A method to assemble thermonuclear fuel for fast ignition with high densities, high pR, and a small size hot spot is presented. Massive cryogenic shells can be imploded with a low implosion velocity V l on a low adiabat \u03b1 using the relaxation-pulse technique. While the low V 1 yields a small hot spot, the low \u03b1 leads to large peak values of the density and areal density. It is shown that a 750-kJ laser can assemble fuel with V 1 \u00b7 1.7 x 10 7 cm/s, \u03b1 \u00b70.7, \u03c1 400 g/cc, \u03c1R 3 g/cm 2 , and hot-spot volume less than 10% of the compressed core. If ignited, this fuel assembly can produce yields up to 5 x 10 19 of interest to IFE applications.",
"URL": "https://jp4.journaldephysique.org/en/articles/jp4/abs/2006/02/jp4133076/jp4133076.html",
"title": "Low-adiabat implosions for fast-ignition inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "A new technique of applying a high frequency discharge for redistribution of solid deuterium\u2013deuterium (D2) or deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel in a laser fusion target is proposed for future reactor\u2010class targets. This technique can enhance the beta decay technique which has a long time constant for redistribution of the fuel far below the triple point. A plasma initiated in the central void of the target by glow discharge uniformly heats the inner surface of the fuel ice, and the target is located in an isothermal cooling medium. Resultant higher temperatures at a thicker fuel ice area induce sublimation of the thick fuel ice and condensation of the vapor on a thinner, cold area. This technique is applicable to deuterium fuel in a shell for current implosion experiments. A proof of principle was demonstrated by using krypton gas and liquid nitrogen as substitutes for the D2 or DT fuel and liquid helium, respectively. A smooth solid krypton layer was formed in a glass shell with a gas feeder.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1116/1.578763",
"title": "Redistribution of solid fuel in inertial confinement fusion target by plasma",
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"abstract": "The latitude problem of the continuous type large aperture phase elements used for the inertial confinement fusion driver is analyzed in the paper.The influences of the incident light wave with certain band width and random phase light intensity distortion on the uniform illuminance of the target are simulated with computer.The simulating results show that the designed phase elements have a larger adaptability and they can fully meet the demands of the engineering applications.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GDGC199905013.htm",
"title": "Analysis for the Latitude of Phase Elements Used for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1999,
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"first_author": "Wang Wei",
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"abstract": "The physics of thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is presented in the familiar frame of a Lawson-type criterion. The product of the plasma pressure and confinement time P\u03c4 for ICF is cast in terms of measurable parameters and its value is estimated for cryogenic implosions. An overall ignition parameter \u03c7 including pressure, confinement time, and temperature is derived to complement the product P\u03c4. A metric for performance assessment should include both \u03c7 and P\u03c4. The ignition parameter and the product P\u03c4 are compared between inertial and magnetic-confinement fusion. It is found that cryogenic implosions on OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] have achieved P\u03c4\u223c1.5\u2002atm\u2009s comparable to large tokamaks such as the Joint European Torus [P. H. Rebut and B. E. Keen, Fusion Technol. 11, 13 (1987)] where P\u03c4\u223c1\u2002atm\u2009s. Since OMEGA implosions are relatively cold (T\u223c2\u2002keV), their overall ignition parameter \u03c7\u223c0.02\u20130.03 is \u223c5\u00d7 lower than in JET (\u03c7\u223c0.13), where the average temp...",
"URL": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Po_Yu_Chang/publication/234995816_Thermonuclear_ignition_in_inertial_confinement_fusion_and_comparison_with_magnetic_confinement/links/54009e270cf2bba34c1a4ed2.pdf",
"title": "Thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion and comparison with magnetic confinement",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Tokamak",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Electron temperature",
"Joint European Torus",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
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"sentence": "It is found that cryogenic implosions on OMEGA have achieved P\u03c41.5 atm comparable to large tokamaks such as the Joint European Torus where P\u03c41 atm .",
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"abstract": "An analytical model for the energy gain of a spherical shell target is developed. Realistic ignition profiles are calculated in a consistent way, taking into account the implosion phase. The restrictions on the hot spot size posed by the symmetry requirements are included in the model, and scaling relations for the fuel and the implosion parameters are obtained. The target gain is found to be strongly dependent on the ratio between the hot spot size and the initial target radius, whereas the preheating effects by radiation or hot electrons are seen to be less deleterious in this model than in previous models The presence of a relatively heavy layer around the fuel, which acts as a pusher during the implosion phase, has multiple effects on the energy gain",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992NucFu..32..933P/abstract",
"title": "Energy gain of spherical shell targets in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1992,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Spherical shell",
"Phase (waves)",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Symmetry (physics)",
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"first_author": "A. R. Piriz",
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"abstract": "High-resolution spectrometry of charged particles from inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) experiments has become an important method of studying plasma conditions in laser-compressed capsules. In experiments at the 60-beam OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], utilizing capsules with D2, D3He, DT, or DTH fuel in a shell of plastic, glass, or D2 ice, we now routinely make spectral measurements of primary fusion products (p, D, T, 3He, \u03b1), secondary fusion products (p), \u201cknock-on\u201d particles (p, D, T) elastically scattered by primary neutrons, and ions from the shell. Use is made of several types of spectrometers that rely on detection and identification of particles with CR-39 nuclear track detectors in conjunction with magnets and/or special ranging filters. CR-39 is especially useful because of its insensitivity to electromagnetic noise and its ability to distinguish the types and energies of individual particles, as illustrated here by detailed calibrations of its response to 0.1\u201313.8 MeV protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator and to p, D, T, and \u03b1 from ICF experiments at OMEGA. A description of the spectrometers is accompanied by illustrations of their operating principles using data from OMEGA. Sample results and discussions illustrate the relationship of secondary-proton and knock-on spectra to capsule fuel and shell areal densities and radial compression ratios; the relationship of different primary fusion products to each other and to ion temperatures; the relationship of deviations from spherical symmetry in particle yields and energies to capsule structure; the acceleration of fusion products and the spectra of ions from the shell due to external fields; and other important physical characteristics of the laser-compressed capsules.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/74/2/10.1063/1.1518141",
"title": "Spectrometry of charged particles from inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Van de Graaff generator",
"Spectrometer",
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"first_author": "Fredrick Seguin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 223,
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"abstract": "AbstractIndirect drive converts high power laser light into x-rays using small high-Zcavities called hohlraums. X-rays generated at the hohlraum walls drive a capsule filled with deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel to fusion conditions. Recent experiments have produced fusion yields exceeding 50 kJ where alpha heating provides ~3\u00d7\u2009\u2009increase in yield over PdV work. Closing the gaps toward ignition is challenging, requiring optimization of the target/implosions and the laser to extract maximum energy. The US program has a three-pronged approach to maximize target performance, each closing some portion of the gap. The first item is optimizing the hohlraum to couple more energy to the capsule while maintaining symmetry control. Novel hohlraum designs are being pursued that enable a larger capsule to be driven symmetrically to both reduce 3D effects and increase energy coupled to the capsule. The second issue being addressed is capsule stability. Seeding of instabilities by the hardware used to mount the capsule and fill it with DT fuel remains a concern. Work reducing the impact of the DT fill tubes and novel capsule mounts is being pursed to reduce the effect of mix on the capsule implosions. There is also growing evidence native capsule seeds such as a micro-structure may be playing a role on limiting capsule performance and dedicated experiments are being developed to better understand the phenomenon. The last area of emphasis is the laser. As technology progresses and understanding of laser damage/mitigation advances, increasing the laser energy seems possible. This would increase the amount of energy available to couple to the capsule, and allow larger capsules, potentially increasing the hot spot pressure and confinement time. The combination of each of these focus areas has the potential to produce conditions to initiate thermo-nuclear ignition.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ab1ecf/pdf",
"title": "Progress of indirect drive inertial confinement fusion in the United States",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics"
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"first_author": "John Kline",
"scholarly_citations_count": 39,
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"abstract": "In order to determine the fusion energy gain in a target due to inertial confinement fusion, it is necessary to solve hydrodynamic equations governed on plasma behavior during confinement time. To compress spherical multilayer targets having fuel in the central part, they are irradiated by laser or heavy ion beams. A suitable mass ratio of a pusher is used to ignite the central part of the target. When compression is maximum, fuel density exceeds from 500 to 1000 times of the cold density. Temperature in the cold fuel region rises rapidly and cause the plasma and fusion reaction to take place. Calculations of density, temperature and pressure profiles in the plasma are necessary to obtain the energy flux of neurons, electrons and radiations coming out from the target. Using numerical solutions for continuity, the momentum and energy equations based on a defined continuity equation we prepared a computer program to calculate density, temperature and pressure profiles. The gain of the target as output to input energy is determined. Using this procedure to a designed target with deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel derived by heavy ion beams gives an energy gain over 400.",
"URL": "https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_621.html?lang=en",
"title": "ENERGY GAIN OF IGNITABLE TARGETS IN INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION (ICF)",
"year_published": 2002,
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"Physics",
"Electron",
"Fusion",
"Continuity equation",
"Atomic physics",
"Fusion power",
"Energy flux",
"Mechanics",
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"abstract": "Results are presented for the first implementation of pinhole imaging of inertial confinement fusion-produced neutrons. Raw images are shown, together with mathematical reconstructions of the source objects, for both spherical and asymmetric implosions. These reconstructions are considerably sharpened with respect to the raw images. They rely on the accurate calculation of the point-spread function, including neutron penetration into the material defining the pinhole. Proton recoil in the scintillator material and irregularity in scintillator fiber packing must be considered. The statistics of the system are inferred, which allows the use of simulations to demonstrate the robustness of the reconstructions to noise.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RScI...74.2690C/abstract",
"title": "First results of pinhole neutron imaging for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Scintillation",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Iterative reconstruction",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Scintillator",
"Tomography",
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"abstract": "The validity of single-fluid model in inertial confinement fusion simulations is studied by comparing the results of the multi- and single-fluid models. The multi-fluid model includes the effects of collision and interpenetration between fluid species. By simulating the collision of fluid species, steady-state shock propagation into the thin DT gas and expansion of hohlraum Au wall heated by lasers, the results show that the validity of single-fluid model is strongly dependent on the ratio of the characteristic length of the simulated system to the particle mean free path. When the characteristic length L is one order larger than the mean free path \u03bb, the single-fluid model's results are found to be in good agreement with the multi-fluid model's simulations, and the modeling of single-fluid remains valid. If the value of L/\u03bb is lower than 10, the interpenetration between fluid species is significant, and the single-fluid simulations show some unphysical results; while the multi-fluid model can describe well the interpenetration and mix phenomena, and give more reasonable results.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CoTPh..61..370G/abstract",
"title": "Studying Validity of Single-Fluid Model in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Collision",
"Mean free path",
"Characteristic length",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "Gu Jian-Fa",
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"abstract": "Measuring gamma rays emitted from nuclear reactions gives insight into their nuclear structure. Notably, there are several nuclear reactions that produce gamma rays at \u223c1 MeV-3 MeV energies such as T(4He, \u03b3)7Li, 4He(3He, \u03b3)7Be, and 12C(p, \u03b3)13N, which may solve questions lingering about big-bang nucleosynthesis and stellar nucleosynthesis. To observe 1 MeV-3 MeV gamma rays in an inertial confinement fusion system, a new style of the Cherenkov detector was developed using aerogel and fused silica as a Cherenkov medium. Utilizing the OMEGA laser facility, both aerogel and fused silica media were compared with the existing gas-medium Cherenkov detector to validate the concept. Gamma ray measurements from high yield inertial confinement fusion implosions (deuterium-tritium and deuterium-3He) demonstrated that aerogel and fused silica were viable Cherenkov media, paving the way for a potential optimized detector to make these cross section measurements on OMEGA or the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0002874",
"title": "Solid Cherenkov detector for studying nucleosynthesis in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Physics",
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"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "At the third International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, we presented computational results which suggested that breakeven'' experiments in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) may be possible with existing driver technology. Our computations used a simple zero-dimensional model to survey the parameter space available for magnetized fuel. The survey predicted the existence of a totally new region in parameter space where significant thermonuclear fuel burn-up can occur. The new region is quite remote from conventional'' parameter space and is characterized by very low fuel densities, very low implosion velocities, and, most importantly, driver requirements reduced by orders of magnitude. Whereas our initial computations considered only the yield from a hot, magnetized central fuel, we have extended our simple model to include a cold fuel'' layer. In the same spirit as our earlier work, our extended model is intended to provide a starting point for more comprehensive investigations. Our extended model predicts that it is possible to obtain a large cold fuel burn-up fraction, leading to very high gain, and once again, the optimum parameter space is quite remote from that of conventional high gain targets. Although conventional drivers optimized for conventional targets are probably not optimum for magnetized fuel atmore\u00a0\u00bb its extremes, there is a continuum between the conventional parameter space between the conventional parameter space and the new parameter space, suggesting a possible role for conventional drivers. However, it would appear that magnetized fuel warrants a complete rethinking of the entire driver/target configuration.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1091685/",
"title": "The promise of magnetized fuel: High gain in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Computation",
"Mechanics",
"High-gain antenna",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
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"first_author": "Irvin R. Lindemuth",
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"abstract": "For the past four decades, scientists throughout the world have pursued the dream of controlled thermonuclear fusion. The attraction of this goal is the enormous energy that is potentially available in fusion fuels and the view of fusion as a safe, clean energy source. The fusion reaction with the highest cross section uses the deuterium and tritium isotopes of hydrogen, and D\u2010T would be the fuel of choice for the first generation of fusion reactors. (See the article by J. Geoffrey Cordey, Robert J. Goldston and Ronald R. Parker, January, page 22.)",
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"abstract": "We investigate the atomic recombination of stopped muons in dense plasmas of potential \u03bc-catalysis concern. It is shown that in addition to the usual two-body radiative \u03bc-ion recombination R2 highlighting low excited states and moderate plasma temperature T, a novel three-body process R3 involving ion\u2013ion correlations could deliver a contribution several order of magnitudes above R2, steadily increasing with atomic excitation and T. It thus appears possible to explore the feasibility of \u03bc catalysis in less dense Z or MTF plasmas but with longer lifetimes than laser-produced inertial confinement relevance ones.",
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"abstract": "Hot electrons generated by the two-plasmon-decay instability in direct-drive targets are a preheat concern. A mitigation strategy that employs a layered ablator [V. N. Goncharov et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056315 (2014)] has been investigated both numerically and experimentally. The numerical simulations described here predict reduced hot-electron production compared with similar targets using either a solid CH or Be ablator. These findings are shown to be consistent with experimental observations",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.717a2040M/abstract",
"title": "Laser-plasma interaction in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "One of the most dangerous losses in ICF plasma is the loss due to an electron heat conductivity. It is shown that if the processes of a plasma heating develop under blowup regime then these losses can be eliminated due to an effect of heat localization.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995IJMPB...9.1797K/abstract",
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"abstract": "Abstract An analysis of thermal and mechanical loads acting on an inertial confinement fusion (or fusion/fission) reactor is presented. It is shown that, as a result of the pulsed mode of operation, quasi-steady-state temperatures and stresses can be separated into static and dynamic components. Numerical results are presented for a specific design of a spherical fusion/fission reactor with a lithium-wetted wall. For the purpose of scaling, materials selection, and fatigue damage assessment, approximate formulas for temperatures and stresses are also given.",
"URL": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01495738008926988",
"title": "A GENERALIZED ANALYSIS OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL LOADS IN INERTIAL CONFINEMENT REACTORS",
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"abstract": "Stimulated Raman scattering from multiple laser beams arranged in a cone sharing a common daughter wave is investigated for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) conditions in a inhomogeneous plasma. It is found that the shared electron plasma wave (EPW) process, where the lasers collectively drive the same EPW, can lead to an absolute instability when the electron density reaches a matching condition dependent on the cone angle of the laser beams. This mechanism could explain recent experimental observations of hot electrons at early times in ICF experiments, at densities well below quarter critical when two plasmon decay is not expected to occur.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.055003",
"title": "Multibeam Stimulated Raman Scattering in Inertial Confinement Fusion Conditions",
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"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "Design features of a laser fusion reactor concept SENRI-II are reviewed and discussed. A conceptual design study of the ICF reactor SENRI-II (an advanced design of SENRI-I) has been carried out over 2 years in the Research Committee of ICF Reactors, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University. While the ICF reactor SENRI-I utilized a magnetic field to guide and control an inner liquid lithium flow, SENRI-II is designed to use porous metal as the liquid lithium flow guide. In the design of SENRI-II, a metal porous lithium blanket serves as the protection of a wall against fusion products and as wall per se. Because of the separation of these two functions, a high power density can be attained.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_22967",
"title": "Conceptual design study on inertial confinement reactor ''SENRI-II''",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Porous medium",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Conceptual design",
"Hydraulics",
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"abstract": "The viability of inertial confinement fusion depends crucially on implosion symmetry. A spherical three-dimensional hydrocode called plato has been developed to model the growth in asymmetries during an implosion. Results are presented in the deceleration phase which show indistinguishable linear growth rates, but greater nonlinear growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability than is found in two-dimensional cylindrical simulations. The three-dimensional enhancement of the nonlinear growth is much smaller than that found by Sakagami and Nishihara.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1863",
"title": "Three-dimensional simulations of the implosion of inertial confinement fusion targets.",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Nonlinear system",
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"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
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"abstract": "A simple, zero-dimensional model describing the temporal behaviour of an imploding-shell, magnetized fuel inertial confinement fusion target is formulated. The model includes effects not normally considered in inertial confinement fusion such as magnetic back-pressure on the imploding shell, magnetic reduction of thermal conductivity, magnetic diffusion, and Ohmic heating. The model is simple enough to permit a survey of the parameter space available for magnetized fuel by computing the behaviour of thousands of targets. The survey predicts the existence of a totally new region in parameter space where significant thermonuclear fuel burn-up can occur. The new region is characterized by very low fuel densities, very low implosion velocities, and,most important, driver requirements reduced by several orders of magnitude, suggesting that \"break-even\" experiments may be possible with existing inertial confinement fusion drivers. The computed results are in reasonable agreement with more complete two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/23/3/001",
"title": "Parameter space for magnetized fuel targets in inertial confinement fusion",
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"Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion",
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"abstract": "In past years, the Research Center of Laser Fusion (RCLF) at the China Academy of Engineering Physics has developed many facilities and technologies in the field of ultrahigh-intensity lasers, physical diagnoses, and target fabrications for ICF experiments. This paper briefly reports some of the latest advances achieved and future plans at RCLF.",
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"title": "Research Progress on Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion at RCLF in China",
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"abstract": "Recent experiments in the study of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the United States have reached the so-called alpha-heating regime1\u20133, in which the self-heating by fusion products becomes dominant, with neutron yields now exceeding 1\u2009\u00d7\u20091016 (ref. 4) However, there are still challenges on the path towards ignition, such as minimization of the drive asymmetry, suppression of laser-plasma instabilities, and mitigation of fabrication features5. In addition, in the current cylindrical-hohlraum indirect drive schemes for ICF, a strong limitation is the inefficient (\u226410%) absorption of the laser-produced hohlraum X-rays by the capsule as set by relative capsule-to-hohlraum surface areas. Here we report an experiment demonstrating ~30% energy coupling to an aluminium capsule in a rugby-shaped6, gold hohlraum. This high coupling efficiency can substantially increase the tolerance to residual imperfections and improve the prospects for ignition, both in mainline single-shell hot-spot designs and potential double-shell targets. High coupling efficiency between laser-induced hohlraum X-rays and targets is essential for reaching long-sought regimes for viable inertial confinement fusion. Experiments with a rugby hohlraum shape and an improved capsule now allow demonstration of more than 30%.",
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"title": "Enhanced energy coupling for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion",
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"Fusion",
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"abstract": "Potential commercial applications of inertial fusion include the production of electricity and fissile and chemical fuels. In all these applications, a significant amount of high\u2010temperature heat will be produced and converted to electricity. Most of the implications for fusion pellets are common to all applications; the emphasis in this discussion is on central station electric power plants. The requirements and constraints on fusion pellets for power plant applications include: survivability in hostile reaction chamber environments, the ability to withstand large acceleration forces encountered in high\u2010velocity injection, sufficiently large energy releases for economic power production, and high\u2010rate automated manufacture at costs whch are not a large fraction of the value of the fusion energy released.",
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"Nuclear engineering",
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"Electricity",
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"URL": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850058237",
"title": "Polyvinyl alcohol coating of polystyrene inertial confinement fusion targets",
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"abstract": "Fusion neutron diagnostics are important to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) because they characterize fusion performance and help to provide the understanding that is needed to develop higher-yield sources. Present yields in excess of 1012 deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) neutrons now can be measured with a proton-recoil detector. This technique, which has not been practical with lower yields, is desirable because it provides prompt, accurate, and unambiguous results. The PROTEX is a proton-recoil detector which features a compact coaxial cylindrical geometry for maximum sensitivity, in situ simultaneous measurement of background signals, and an ab initio calculated absolute sensitivity. The calculated sensitivity has an estimated absolute accuracy of 6%. With simple adjustments, PROTEX can provide absolute measurement of yield for the National Ignition Facility, the Laser Megajoule Facility, or for any ICF source having a yield greater than 1012 DT neutrons.",
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"abstract": "Considerations are presented on the wall protection of inertial confinement fusion reactors by means of a falling cylindrical curtain of liquid metal that is intermittently contricted into a string of closed envelopes by the action of a series of cusped fields generated around the falling liquid cylinder. The formation of a liquid metal envelope in free space is discussed and the motion of the liquid curtain during constriction is numerically analyzed under the assumption of infinitesimally small curtain thickness and infinitely large conductivity. The single-turn cusp-field driver coils are assumed to have a circular cross section. The calculations indicate that the energy required for the driving field is quite small compared with the thermonuclear energy produced per pulse, and that an adequate electromagnetic force is generated by the coils for a 1 m radius cylindrical curtain of liquid lithium if it is constricted into closed envelopes within an interval of 30 ms.",
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"abstract": "In this paper we study the linear stability of planar travelling waves for a scalar reaction\u2013diffusion equation with nonlinear anisotropic diffusion. The mathematical model is derived from the full thermo-hydrodynamical model describing the process of inertial confinement fusion. We show that solutions of the Cauchy problem with physically relevant initial data become planar exponentially fast with the rate s(e\u2032, k)\u00a0>\u00a00, where e\u2032\u00a0=\u00a0(Tmin/Tmax)\u00a0\u226a\u00a01 is a small temperature ratio and k\u00a0\u226b\u00a01 is the transversal wrinkling wavenumber of perturbations. We rigorously recover in some particular limit (e\u2032, k)\u00a0\u2192\u00a0(0, +\u221e) a dispersion relation s(e\u2032, k)\u00a0\u223c\u00a0\u03b30k\u03b1 previously computed heuristically and numerically in some physical models of inertial confinement fusion.",
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"sentence": "We show that solutions of the Cauchy problem with physically relevant initial data become planar exponentially fast with the rate se, 0, where TminTmax 1 is a small temperature ratio and 1 is the transversal wrinkling wavenumber of perturbations.",
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"sentence": "We rigorously recover in some particular limit , 0, a dispersion relation se, \u03b30k\u03b1 previously computed heuristically and numerically in some physical models of inertial confinement fusion.",
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"abstract": "Cost\u2010effective and safe containment of high\u2010yield inertial confinement fusion (ICF) microexplosions in near\u2010term laboratory microfusion facilities (LMF) and longer\u2010term reactors requires an understanding of the interaction of target\u2010generated x rays and ionic debris with surrounding buffer gases and the first solid surface that faces the target. The microfireball plasma created when a target explodes in a gas atmosphere of 1\u201310 Torr is not in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The plasma state must be determined by coupling the radiation field to the atomic level population calculation in order to correctly predict the surface emission of the plasma. Conditions similar to those predicted for ICF target chambers can be simulated using the SATURN x\u2010ray simulator facility [Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Dense Z\u2010Pinches, AIP Conf. Proc. 195 (AIP, New York, 1989), p. 3]. Aluminum and graphite samples that represent possible first wall materials were tested in SATURN. Coated aluminum samples a...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhFlB...3.2324M/abstract",
"title": "Analysis and experiments in support of inertial confinement fusion reactor concepts",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Nuclear engineering",
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"abstract": "A model for the computation of the minimum ignition energy and of the fuel gain of D-T targets which are isobaric at ignition is formulated, making use of the relevant ignition criterion. Scaling relations for the limiting gain curves, as functions of the energy delivered to the fuel, the fuel mass and the isentrope parameter, are given and illustrated by several examples.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/23/8/011/pdf",
"title": "Energy gain of D-T targets for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Isobaric process",
"Ignition system",
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"first_author": "Stefano Atzeni",
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"abstract": "The application of laser micro-machining technology is introduced, which could be used in inertial confinement fusion to manufacture the pinhole, slit, component of the target and so on. The quality control and influence factors are analyzed. The improving method is suggested for the further study.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KXJS200510011.htm",
"title": "The Application of Laser Micro-machining Technology in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "Deuterated polystyrene as a target material offers several advantages over other polymers because of the following: (1) it is chemically and physically stable at ordinary conditions, (2) it can be easily formed into spherical shells, and (3) it has a very high fraction of D2/H2 (above \u223c99%). As in our previous studies, the fabrication method was basically a utilization of the emulsion technique. This method is well suited to mass\u2010producing the polymer targets without microprocessing techniques. We have developed a fabrication method for single shell targets and an extension of this technique also enables us to fabricate double shell targets. This new method is faster and less labor intensive than previous techniques. The development of ICF experiments requires multilayer structure targets; we have developed, moreover, a new fabrication technique called the multicoating method. The polymer coating can be fabricated by the application of an emulsion technique. On the other hand, with metal coating, a nonelectroplating method was used, and nickel was employed as the coating metal. The thickness of the polymer coating layer can be controlled with the rotational speed of a stirrer in the emulsion. In the case of nickel coating, it is achieved by controlling the plating bath temperature and immersion time during the plating process. The experiment resulted in the development of a new technique for the fabrication of multilayer targets and low density, thick polymer\u2010layer\u2010coated targets.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1116/1.573424",
"title": "Development of a coating technique for inertial confinement fusion plastic targets",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Composite material",
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"abstract": "The impact to fusion energy production due to the radiative loss from a localized mix in inertial confinement implosions using high density carbon capsule targets has been quantified. The radiative loss from the localized mix and local cooling of the reacting plasma conditions was quantified using neutron and x-ray images to reconstruct the hot spot conditions during thermonuclear burn. Such localized features arise from ablator material that is injected into the hot spot from the Rayleigh-Taylor growth of capsule surface perturbations, particularly the tube used to fill the capsule with deuterium and tritium fuel. Observations, consistent with analytic estimates, show the degradation to fusion energy production to be linearly proportional to the fraction of the total emission that is associated with injected ablator material and that this radiative loss has been the primary source of variations, of up to 1.6 times, in observed fusion energy production. Reducing the fill tube diameter has increased the ignition metric ${\\ensuremath{\\chi}}_{\\mathrm{no}\\text{ }\\ensuremath{\\alpha}}$ from 0.49 to 0.72, 92% of that required to achieve a burning hot spot.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.145001",
"title": "Impact of Localized Radiative Loss on Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions.",
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"first_author": "Arthur Pak",
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"abstract": "Presented at the 2nd International Topical . Conference on High Power Electron and Ion Beam Research and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, October 3 - 5, 1977 LBL-6768 ACCELERATION SYSTEMS FOR HEAVY-ION BEAMS FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION A. Fa1tens, D. L. Judd, and D. Keefe PECEIVED LA V.lr~E~\u00b73CE f,lr:f'\u00b7:\u00b7n.~v LABORATORY DEC '1 3 1977 October 3, 1977 LIBRARY AND DOCUMENTS SECTION Prepared for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract W-740S-ENG-48 TWO-WEEK LQAN COpy This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Dioision, Ext. 5716 I",
"URL": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8p87q53d.pdf",
"title": "ACCELERATION SYSTEMS FOR HEAVY-ION BEAMS FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Acceleration",
"Physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "The gamma reaction history (GRH) diagnostic is a multichannel, time-resolved, energy-thresholded \u03b3-ray spectrometer that provides a high-bandwidth, direct-measurement of fusion reaction history in inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments. 16.75 MeV deuterium+tritium (DT) fusion \u03b3-rays, with a branching ratio of the order of 10\u22125\u03b3/(14\u2002MeV\u2009n), are detected to determine fundamental burn parameters, such as nuclear bang time and burn width, critical to achieving ignition at the National Ignition Facility. During the tritium/hydrogen/deuterium ignition tuning campaign, an additional \u03b3-ray line at 19.8 MeV, produced by hydrogen+tritium fusion with a branching ratio of unity, will increase the available \u03b3-ray signal and may allow measurement of reacting fuel composition or ion temperature. Ablator areal density measurements with the GRH are also made possible by detection of 4.43 MeV \u03b3-rays produced by inelastic scatter of DT fusion neutrons on C12 nuclei in the ablating plastic capsule material.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22058656-diagnosing-inertial-confinement-fusion-gamma-ray-physics-invited",
"title": "Diagnosing inertial confinement fusion gamma ray physics (invited).",
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"Neutron generator",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "We have developed a microscope capable of imaging x-ray emission from inertial confinement fusion targets in the range of 7\u20139 keV. Imaging is accomplished with a Kirkpatrick-Baez type, four-image microscope coated with a WB4C multilayer having a 2d period of 140 A. This microscope design (a standard used on the University of Rochester\u2019s OMEGA laser system) is capable of 5 \u03bcm resolution over a region large enough to image an imploded target (\u223c400 \u03bcm). This design is capable of being extended to \u223c40 keV if state-of-the-art, short-spacing, multilayer coatings are used (\u223c25 A), and has been configured to obtain 3 \u03bcm resolution with the appropriate choice of mirror size. As such, this type of microscope could serve as a platform for multiframe, hard x-ray imaging on the National Ignition Facility. Characterization of the microscope and laboratory measurements of the energy response made with a cw x-ray source will be shown.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/295636-high-energy-ray-microscope-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "A high-energy x-ray microscope for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1999,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Microscopy",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Characterization (materials science)",
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"abstract": "The performance of Inertial Confinement Fusion targets relies on the symmetric implosion of highly compressed fuel. X-ray area-backlit imaging is used to assess in-flight low mode 2D asymmetries of the shell. These time-resolvedimages of the shell exhibit features that can be related to the lift-off position of the membranes used to hold the capsule within the hohlraum. Here, we describe a systematic study of this membrane or \u201ctent\u201d thickness and its impact on the measured low modes for in-flight and self-emission images. The low mode amplitudes of the shell in-flight shape (P2 and P4) are weakly affected by the tent feature in time-resolved, backlit data. By contrast, time integrated self-emission images along the same axis exhibit a reversal in perceived P4 mode due to growth of a feature seeded by the tent, which can explain prior inconsistencies between the in-flight P4 and core P4, leading to a reevaluation of optimum hohlraum length. Simulations with a tent-like feature normalized to match the feature seen in the backlit images predict a very large impact on the capsule performance from the tent feature.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4907179",
"title": "Effect of the mounting membrane on shape in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Position (vector)",
"Implosion",
"Core (optical fiber)",
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"Plasma diagnostics",
"Hohlraum",
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"abstract": "Shock ignition is a two-step inertial confinement fusion concept where a strong shock wave is launched at the end of the laser pulse to ignite the compressed core of a low-velocity implosion. Initial shock-ignition technique experiments were performed at the OMEGA Laser Facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] using 40-\u03bcm-thick, 0.9-mm-diam, warm surrogate plastic shells filled with deuterium gas. The experiments showed a significant improvement in the performance of low-adiabat, low-velocity implosions compared to conventional \u201chot-spot\u201d implosions. High areal densities with average values exceeding \u223c0.2g\u2215cm2 and peak areal densities above 0.3g\u2215cm2 were measured, which is in good agreement with one-dimensional hydrodynamical simulation predictions. Shock-ignition technique implosions with cryogenic deuterium and deuterium-tritium ice shells produced areal densities close to the 1D prediction and achieved up to 12% of the predicted 1D fusion yield.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhPl...15e6306T/abstract",
"title": "Initial experiments on the shock-ignition inertial confinement fusion concept",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
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"Computational physics",
"Laser",
"Deuterium",
"Shock wave",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellet center burnup of fission reactor waste, namely, 14-MeV neutron fission of the very long-lived actinides that post storage problems, is calculated for realistic target designs. A major advantage of pellet center burnup is safety: Only milligram quantities of highly toxic and active material need to be present in the fusion chamber, whereas blanket burnup requires the continued presence of tons of actinides in a small volume. One ICF plant can transmute the actinide waste of up to ten power equivalent fission reactors, i.e., large-scale development appears to provide a foreseeable-future technology that greatly reduces the necessity of high integrity waste storage (burial) time: from 10/sup 7/ to just over 10/sup 2/ yr.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/nse/a_19963",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion and Long-Term Nuclear Waste Management",
"year_published": 1979,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Fission",
"Neutron",
"Burnup",
"Blanket",
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"Environmental science",
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"abstract": "This paper presents recent experimental results that clearly demonstrate the complex interplay between parametric instabilities in a laser-produced plasma. These results include: (a) the interplay between ion acoustic waves (IAW) and electron plasma waves (EPW) associated with stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), (b) the interplay between IAW from two independent SBS decays when two interaction beams are present and (c) the observation of a secondary process, the Langmuir decay instability (LDI), which is the further decay of EPWs driven by SRS, into an IAW and a secondary EPW.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PPCF...39A..51B/abstract",
"title": "Interplay between parametric instabilities in the context of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1997,
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"Physics",
"Electron",
"Raman scattering",
"Atomic physics",
"Acoustic wave",
"Instability",
"Context (language use)",
"Brillouin scattering",
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"first_author": "H A Baldis",
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"abstract": "Low-mode asymmetries have emerged as one of the primary challenges to achieving high-performing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. In direct-drive ICF, an important potential seed of such asymmetries is the capsule stalk mount, the impact of which has remained a contentious question. In this paper, we describe the results from an experiment on the OMEGA laser with intentional offsets at varying angles to the capsule stalk mount, which clearly demonstrates the impact of the stalk mount on implosion dynamics. The angle between stalk and offset is found to significantly impact observables. Specifically, a larger directional flow is observed in neutron spectrum measurements when the offset is toward rather than away from the stalk, while an offset at 42\u00b0 to the stalk gives minimal directional flow but still generates a large flow field in the implosion. No significant directional flow is seen due to stalk only. Time-integrated x-ray images support these flow observations. A trend is also seen in implosion yield, with lower yield obtained for offsets with a smaller angle than with a larger angle toward the stalk. Radiation hydrodynamic simulations using 2D DRACO and 2D/3D Chimera not including the stalk mount and using 2D xRAGE including the stalk mount are brought to bear on the data. The yield trend, the minimal directional flow with stalk only, and the larger flow enhancement observed with the offset toward the stalk are all reproduced in the xRAGE simulations. The results strongly indicate that the stalk impact must be considered and mitigated to achieve high-performing implosions.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27c2704G/abstract",
"title": "Impact of stalk on directly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "Accurate knowledge about the equation of state (EOS) of deuterium is critical to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Low-adiabat ICF implosions routinely access strongly coupled and degenerate plasma conditions. Using the path integral Monte Carlo method, we have derived a first-principles EOS (FPEOS) table of deuterium. It is the first ab initio EOS table which completely covers typical ICF implosion trajectory in the density and temperature ranges of $\\ensuremath{\\rho}=0.002--1596\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{g}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and $T=1.35\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{eV}--5.5\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{keV}$. Discrepancies in internal energy and pressure have been found in strongly coupled and degenerate regimes with respect to SESAME EOS. Hydrodynamics simulations of cryogenic ICF implosions using the FPEOS table have indicated significant differences in peak density, areal density ($\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$), and neutron yield relative to SESAME simulations.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvL.104w5003H/abstract",
"title": "Strong coupling and degeneracy effects in inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Elementary particle",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Nucleon",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Hadron",
"Path integral Monte Carlo",
"Equation of state"
],
"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 139,
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"abstract": "AbstractThe recirculating power fraction of a laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor can be reduced by using laser diodes to pump a neodymium solid-state laser. To overcome the high costs of two-dimensional arrays of laser diodes, two types of superresonators are proposed: a terrestrially based one and an extraterrestrially based one on a geostationary orbit. Both are designed in such a way that a sequence of short laser pulses (10 to 20 ns wide), each with an energy of 5 to 10 MJ and a frequency of 10 Hz, are produced to trigger a deuterium-tritium ICF reactor. The terrestrial superresonator needs a much smaller number of two-dimensional laser diode arrays than a conventionally pumped \u201conce-through\u201d solid-state laser system, and the extraterrestrial resonator is pumped by means of concentrated solar radiation. In practice, at least an order of magnitude fewer laser diodes and crystalline calcium fluoride gain media are needed to meet the requirements of a laser driver for an ICF reactor. ...",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST92-A29700",
"title": "Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Superresonators as Drivers for an Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactor",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Laser power scaling",
"Fusion power",
"Laser diode",
"Solid-state laser",
"Laser",
"Neodymium",
"Diode"
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"first_author": "Walter Seifritz",
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"sentence": "In practice, at least an order of magnitude fewer laser diodes and crystalline calcium fluoride gain media are needed to meet the requirements of a laser driver for an ICF reactor....",
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{
"abstract": "The deposition of antiprotons in and subsequent fission of uranium or plutonium has been proposed as a method to assist the driver of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellet and as a spark init...",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST91-A11946980",
"title": "Initial Investigation of the Feasibility of Antiproton-Catalyzed Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fission",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Materials science",
"Antiproton",
"Plutonium",
"Uranium"
],
"first_author": "Denis Beller",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "A novel rugby-ball shaped hohlraum is designed in the context of the indirect-drive scheme of inertial-confinement fusion (ICF). Experiments were performed on the OMEGA laser and are the first use of rugby hohlraums for ICF studies. Analysis of experimental data shows that the hohlraum energetics is well understood. We show that the rugby-ball shape exhibits advantages over cylinder, in terms of temperature and of symmetry control of the capsule implosion. Simulations indicate that rugby hohlraum driven targets may be candidates for ignition in a context of early Laser MegaJoule experiments with reduced laser energy.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.065004",
"title": "Prolate-spheroid (\"rugby-shaped\") hohlraum for inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Implosion",
"Context (language use)",
"Laser M\u00e9gajoule",
"Laser",
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"first_author": "M. Vandenboomgaerde",
"scholarly_citations_count": 61,
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{
"abstract": "For a non-spherical ellipsoidal or conical implosion with an eccentricity of e\u224310 the minimum implosion velocity is computed to be less than 100km sec \u22121 .",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-plasma-physics/article/minimum-nonspherical-implosion-velocity-for-inertial-confinement-fusion/C6DD885A3A3592AFEB5A5AEEE20340E1",
"title": "Minimum non-spherical implosion velocity for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1979,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Conical surface",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Eccentricity (behavior)",
"Implosion",
"Radial velocity",
"Ellipsoid",
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"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Friedwardt Winterberg",
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},
{
"abstract": "A new technique that uses inertial confinement implosions for measuring low-energy nuclear reactions important to nuclear astrophysics is described. Simultaneous measurements of n\u2013D and n\u2013T elastic scattering at 14.1 MeV using deuterium\u2013tritium gas-filled capsules provide a proof of principle for this technique. Measurements have been made of D(d,p)T (dd) and T(t,2n)4He (tt) reaction yields relative to the D(t,n)4He (dt) reaction yield for deuterium\u2013tritium mixtures with fT/fD between 0.62 and 0.75 and for a wide range of ion temperatures to test our understanding of the implosion processes. Measurements of the shape of the neutron spectrum from the T(t,2n)4He reaction have been made for each of these target configurations.",
"URL": "http://absimage.aps.org/image/APR14/MWS_APR14-2014-000871.pdf",
"title": "T-T Neutron Spectrum from Inertial Confinement Implosions",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Elastic scattering",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Range (particle radiation)",
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{
"abstract": "The use of quantum analysis in neutron detection is quite important in the development of inertial confinement fusion reactors.The three-dimensional Monte Carlo N-particle code(MCNP) was used to analyze the relative sensitivity of DT neutrons with various leadshielding thicknesses and to numerically simulate neutron penumbral imaging.The relative sensitivity results agree well with previous experimental results while the neutron imaging results can support the design of inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QHXB2007S1021.htm",
"title": "Use of MCNP to simulate nuclear detection of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2007,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Sensitivity (control systems)",
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"first_author": "PU Yikang",
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{
"abstract": "BWR ( Benedict-Webb-Rubin) formula, we have studied the relationships between the required inner pressure at 500 K, 400 K, 300 K, 77 K, 35 K, respectively, in the micro balloon's diameter of 100 \u03bcm, 200 \u03bcm, 400 \u03bcm, 520 \u03bcm, respectively, and the thickness of liquid layer in the target at 22 K . We found that the fuel pressure at low temperature is much more lower than that at room temperature.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HJSU200408016.htm",
"title": "Dependence of filling parameters for inertial confinement fusion target on temperature",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Chemistry",
"Liquid layer",
"Inner pressure",
"Molecular physics"
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"first_author": "Jiang Chao",
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"abstract": "A mix of contaminant mass is a known, performance-limiting factor for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF). It has also recently been shown that the contaminant mass is not necessarily in thermal equilibrium with the deuterium-tritium plasma [B. M. Haines et\u00a0al., Nat. Commun. 11, 544 (2020)]. Contaminant mass temperature is one of the dominant uncertainties in contaminant mass estimates. The MixIT diagnostic is a new and potentially transformative diagnostic, capable of spatially resolving ion temperature. The approach combines principles of neutron time-of-flight and neutron imaging diagnostics. The information from the MixIT diagnostic can be used to optimize ICF target and laser drive designs as well as provide key constraints on ICF radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that are critical to contaminant mass estimates. This work details the design and optimization of the major components of the MixIT diagnostic: the neutron aperture, the neutron detector (scintillator), and the recording system.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Instrument design for an inertial confinement fusion ion temperature imager.",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Nuclear engineering",
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"first_author": "N Birge",
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"abstract": "In previous studies of transport processes in inertial confinement fusion target chambers, the radiative properties of the background plasma were calculated under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In this paper, the authors present a study of the equation of state and the radiative properties of high temperature, low-to-moderate density ( 1021 cm\u22123) plasmas for the determination of the conditions under which non-LTE effects become important and for an assessment of the importance of non-LTE processes in target chambers during high yield inertial fusion target explosions. For this purpose, two-body (radiative and dielectronic) and three-body (collisional) recombination and de-excitation processes are considered in calculating the steady state ionization and excitation populations. The results of this study indicate that non-LTE processes generally become important at temperatures of 1, 10 and 100 eV for plasma densities of 1018, 1019 and 1021 cm\u22123, respectively. Radiation hydrodynamic simulations utilizing the equation of state and the opacities for a non-LTE argon plasma were performed to study the response of a background gas to an inertial fusion target explosion. These calculations indicate that non-LTE processes are often the dominant atomic processes in the background plasma and that they can strongly affect the radiative and shock properties as energy is transported away from the point of the target explosion.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/29/1/003",
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"abstract": "First 14 MeV neutron images of imploded microballoons have been obtained at the Phebus laser facility at CEL\u2010V in 1992 [Garconnet et al. Laser Part Beams 11, 3 (1994)]. The sizes of the neutron source have been measured by using a coded\u2010aperture imaging system and a scintillator array as a detector. The threshold of the experimental setup was typically 2\u00d71010 neutrons/shot. 600\u2013800 \u03bcm source sizes in direct drive experiments have been measured with a 130 \u03bcm two\u2010point resolution. In 1993 we improved the sensitivity of the camera by increasing the light collection efficiency. It can now work at a neutron yield as small as a few 108. Thanks to this improvement some images in indirect drive experiments have been recorded in the range 3\u00d7108\u20135\u00d7109 with a 56 \u03bcm two\u2010point resolution. Wiener filter, homomorphic Wiener filter, and Nugent\u2019s \u2018\u2018comb filter\u2019\u2019 methods have been used and compared to deconvolve the penumbral images. Design of the camera and numerical method performances will be discussed.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RScI...66.1205D/abstract",
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"abstract": "By means of highly resolved one-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations, we provide an understanding of the burn process in inertial-confinement-fusion baseline targets. The cornerstone of the phenomenology of propagating burn in such laser-driven capsules is shown to be the transition from a slow unsteady reaction-diffusion regime of thermonuclear combustion (some sort of deflagration) to a fast detonative one. Remarkably, detonation initiation follows the slowing down of a shockless supersonic reaction wave driven by energy redeposition from the fusion products themselves. Such a route to detonation is specific to fusion plasmas.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15600681",
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"abstract": "Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) research has been extensively advanced with the increase of the focusable power on target by the development of glass laser technology and its higher harmonic generation (Yamanaka & Kato et al. 1981) and by CO2 lasers (Yamanaka & Nakai et al. 1981) which cover the wavelength range from 10 \u03bcm to 0\u00b725 \u03bcm and power densities up to 1017 W/cm2. With improved understanding of the implosion in the fuel pellet, breakeven conditions, or ignition, are expected to be achieved within the 1980's with the construction of lasers in the region of 100 kJ and 100 TW output power.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0263034600000203",
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"abstract": "Fuel\u2013ablator mix has been established as a major performance degrading effect in the burning plasma regime of recent inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. As such, the study of fuel\u2013ablator mix with experiments and simulations can provide valuable insight for our understanding of these experiments and establish a path for even higher yields and increased robustness. We present a novel high-yield experimental ICF design that is motivated by recent experiments measuring ice\u2013ablator mix with a CH ablator instead of a high-density carbon (HDC) ablator [B. Bachmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 275001 (2022)]. We review these experiments in more detail and describe the modeling assumptions and parameters used to obtain agreement with the data from implosion and burn simulations with mix. Using this mix model calibrated a posteriori to the experimental data, we design an implosion that uses a CH ablator that is predicted to achieve better performance than a recent experiment that achieved net target gain of 1.5 in HDC. Because hydrodynamic instabilities are greatly reduced with this new design, we also expect a high reproducibility at the same implosion adiabat as current record yield experiments.",
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"abstract": "A super high voltage system (SHVS) is investigated as a driver of ion beam inertial confinement fusion. We have estimated the limitations and efficiency of the system. The results show SHVS is available for medium Z ion acceleration for inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001968220",
"title": "Super High Voltage System for Ion Beam Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Magnetic confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n High-power laser drivers are located in huge laser facilities built for inertial confinement fusion, and have achieved important progresses in the past decade; however, many unconventional optical elements implemented still cannot be accurately measured. To solve this problem, the ptychographic iterative engine (PIE), which is a recently developed technique that can detect both the phase and modulus of the light field simultaneously, is adopted to measure the transmission function of these optical elements and then to accurately characterize their key parameters. The distinctive advantage of PIE over other traditional metrology techniques in measuring large optical elements is demonstrated in this paper by detecting the focal length of a lens array and the surface profile of a continuous phase plate.",
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"abstract": "The gas filling and retention of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hohlraum is an important issue in ICF studies. In this study, a theoretical model of gas filling and leaking processes for ICF hohlraum is developed based on the unified flow theory. The effects of the fill tube size and the filling pressure on the gas filling and leaking performance are investigated. The results indicate that an increase in the variation rate of the filling/leaking pressure leads to a larger maximum pressure difference between the inside and outside of the ICF hohlraum during the filling/leaking process. The critical pressure difference of the filling process is nearly equal to that of the leaking process. Increase in fill tube diameter and decrease in its length both lead to a lower probability of the rupture of polymeric films at two ends of the hohlraum, and thus increases the security of the hohlraum. In addition, a departure in cross sectional shape of fill tube from circle to rectangle triggers an increase in pressure difference between the inside and outside of the ICF hohlraum, which raises the risk of polymeric films rupture and decreases the security of the hohlraum structure.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/10/3763/pdf",
"title": "Theoretical Investigation of Gas Filling and Leaking in Inertial Confinement Fusion Hohlraum",
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"abstract": "At the recently completed National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the initial set of diagnostics to be deployed are focused on measuring neutrons and \u03b3's generated by d(t,n)\u03b1 reactions in the imploded capsule. Although valuable for understanding pre-ignition experiments, this abbreviated diagnostic suite provides an incomplete picture of the plasma conditions obtained. Prompt radiochemical techniques, based on induced neutron and charged particle reactions within the imploded target, provide a novel and interesting new perspective. To enable these techniques requires the collection and assay of activated target material. In Nov. 2008, experiments were performed using the Omega Laser at the University of Rochester to study the efficiency of collecting debris from directly driven targets. Results from these experiments indicate that target debris was successfully collected, and the debris thermalization and transport scheme enhanced the debris collection up to 347% over direct collection.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhCS.244c2046G/abstract",
"title": "Target debris collection studies for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Neutron",
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"Debris",
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"Plasma confinement",
"National laboratory",
"Charged particle"
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"abstract": "The complex nature of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments results in a very large number of experimental parameters which, when combined with the myriad physical models that govern target evolution, make the reliable extraction of physics from experimental campaigns very difficult. We develop an inference method that allows all important experimental parameters, and previous knowledge, to be taken into account when investigating underlying microphysics models. The result is framed as a modified ?2 analysis which is easy to implement in existing analyses, and quite portable. We present a first application to a recent convergent ablator experiment performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and investigate the effect of variations in all physical dimensions of the target (very difficult to do using other methods). We show that for well characterized targets in which dimensions vary at the 0.5% level there is little effect, but 3% variations change the results of inferences dramatically. Our Bayesian method allows particular inference results to be associated with prior errors in microphysics models; in our example, tuning the carbon opacity to match experimental data (i.e. ignoring prior knowledge) is equivalent to an assumed prior error of 400% in the tabop opacity tables. This large error is unreasonable, underlining the importance of including prior knowledge in the analysis of these experiments.",
"URL": "https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/1302.5745/",
"title": "Development of a Bayesian method for the analysis of inertial confinement fusion experiments on the NIF",
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"abstract": "Analysis and numerical simulations of the smoothing of the speckled illumination of a direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target are presented. In particular, the spatial spectrum of the integrated target fluence is compared across smoothing methods. Two categories of smoothing methods are considered. In one method spatially incoherent light is amplified and directed onto the target, whereas in the other the light is phase modulated and spectrally dispersed before being amplified and then focused through a random phase plate onto the target. The dependence of the smoothed spatial spectrum on the characteristics of phase modulation and dispersion is examined for both sinusoidal and more general phase modulation. It is shown that smoothing with nonsinusoidal phase modulation can result in spatial spectra that are substantially identical to that obtained with the incoherent light method in which random phase plates are present in both methods and identical beam divergence is assumed.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/531751",
"title": "Comparison of beam-smoothing methods for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "In this paper, a six-cylinder-port hohlraum is proposed to provide high symmetry flux on capsule. It is designed to ignite a capsule with 1.2-mm radius in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Flux symmetry and laser energy are calculated by using three-dimensional view factor method and laser energy balance in hohlraum. Plasma conditions are analyzed based on the two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. There is no Y lm (l \u2264 4) asymmetry in the six-cylinder-port hohlraum when the influences of laser entrance holes (LEHs) and laser spots cancel each other out with suitable target parameters. A radiation drive with 300 eV and good flux symmetry can be achieved by using a laser energy of 2.3 MJ and peak power of 500 TW. According to the simulations, the electron temperature and the electron density on the wall of laser cone are high and low, respectively, which are similar to those of outer cones in the hohlraums on National Ignition Facility (NIF). And the laser intensity is also as low as those of NIF outer cones. So the backscattering due to laser plasma interaction (LPI) is considered to be negligible. The six-cyliner-port hohlraum could be superior to the traditional cylindrical hohlraum and the octahedral hohlraum in both higher symmetry and lower backscattering without supplementary technology at an acceptable laser energy level. It is undoubted that the hohlraum will add to the diversity of ICF approaches.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1056/25/8/085202",
"title": "A new ignition hohlraum design for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"first_author": "Xin Li",
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"abstract": "Abstract The major material requirements for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactors and an indication of the research and development required to meet them are presented. These requirements are defined and analyzed by first describing the environment created in the process of generating energy with ICF, and then analyzing the laser ICF reactor concepts which have been designed to cope with this hostile environment. In this paper we discuss several ICF materials related problems. However, because of the large role given liquid lithium in most conceptual designs we have placed particular emphasis on describing the problems associated with flowing and containing liquid lithium In the pulsed radiation environment of ICF reactors.",
"URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022311579904677",
"title": "The material implications of design and system studies for inertial confinement fusion systems",
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"abstract": "Results from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments performed at the Omega laser facility suggest the potential role of kinetic effects in plasmas during implosion. Recent theoretical and numerical work has indicated the importance of diffusion effects in the presence of multiple ion species as well as the importance of ion viscosity. This provides the motivation to adequately develop multi-fluid plasma models capable of capturing kinetic physics including concentration diffusion and ion species separation driven by the ion concentration gradient, the ion pressure gradient, the electron and ion temperature gradients, and the electric field. Benchmarks between the newly developed code and analytical results are presented for multi-fluid plasma shocks.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.717a2054S/abstract",
"title": "Multi-fluid studies of plasma shocks relevant to inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "To transport a spacecraft to distances far beyond the solar heliosphere and around the planets of other stars will require advanced space propulsion systems that go beyond the existing technological state of the art. The release of fusion energy from the interaction of two low mass atomic nuclei that are able to overcome the Coulomb barrier offers the potential for \u223c1011J/g specific energy release and implies that robotic missions to the nearby stars to distances of \u223c5\u201310 ly may be possible in trip durations of the order of \u223c50\u2013100 years, travelling at cruise speeds of the order of \u223c0.05\u20130.15 c. Such missions would be characterised with \u223ckN-MN thrust levels, \u223cGW-TW jet powers, \u223ckW/kg-MW/kg specific powers. One of the innovative methods by which fusion reactions can be ignited is via the impingement of laser beams onto an inertial confinement fusion capsule, imploding it to a thermonuclear state. This paper gives an overview of the physics of inertial confinement fusion and the interaction of a laser beam with a capsule to include the simulation of a 1D particle-in-cell code calculation to illustrate the effects. In the application to deep space missions, various spacecraft concepts from the literature are discussed, and the range of values assumed for the pulse frequency, burn fraction and areal density appropriate for the mission are presented. It is concluded that advanced space propulsion via inertial confinement fusion is a plausible part of our future, provided that experimental validation of ignition is on the horizon and numerical models for feasibility concepts are developed to high fidelity and on a consistent basis.",
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"abstract": "Aurora is the Los Alamos National Laboratory short-pulse, high-power, KrF laser system. It serves as an end-to-end technology demonstration for large-scale ultraviolet laser systems of interest for...",
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"abstract": "Escape of \u03b1-particles from a burning or an ignited burning deuterium-tritium (DT) hot-spot with temperature up to more than tens of kilo-electron-volts is very important in inertial confinement fusion, which can significantly influence not only the hot-spot dynamics but also the energy gain. In this paper, we study the \u03b1-particle escape from a burning or an ignited burning DT hot-spot by considering the modifications, including the \u03b1-particle stopping by both DT ions and electrons with their Maxwellian average stopping weights, the relativity effect on electron distribution, and the modified Coulomb logarithm of the DT-\u03b1 particle collisions. As a result, the escape effect from our modified model is obviously stronger than those from the traditional models. A fitted expression is presented to calculate the escape factor, which can be applied to a burning hot-spot with a temperature of 1\u2013150\u2009keV and an areal density of 0.04\u20133\u2009g/cm2 with an accuracy within \u00b10.02. Finally, we discuss the \u03b1-particle escape effect on hot-spot dynamics and thermonuclear energy gain by comparing the results with escape factors from different models.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhPl...26l2701L/abstract",
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"abstract": "Despite the recent successes of nuclear energy researchers, the scientific community still remains some distance from being able to create controlled, self-sustaining fusion reactions. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) techniques represent one possible option to surpass this barrier, with scientific simulation playing a leading role in guiding and supporting their development. The simulation of such techniques allows for safe and efficient investigation of laser design and pulse shaping, as well as providing insight into the reaction as a whole. The research presented here focuses on the simulation code EPOCH, a fully relativistic particle-in-cell plasma physics code concerned with faithfully recreating laser-plasma interactions at scale.A significant challenge in developing large codes like EPOCH is maintaining effective scientific delivery on successive generations of high-performance computing architecture. To support this process, we adopt the use of mini-applications \u2013 small code proxies that encapsu...",
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"abstract": "The products of fusion reactions have unique properties which can be used for direct energy conversion. These products are neutrons and ions. Neutrons can be transported very long distances through solid materials and can interact with certain elements which have a very high absorption cross section. Ions on the other hand have a very short transport length even in a gaseous medium. It is possible to utilize these products in an inertial confinement fusion reactor with two different direct energy conversion devices: a nuclear-pumped laser using neutrons from the fusion reaction; a photon generator material combined with a photovoltaic converter using the ionic fusion products.It will be argued that a nuclear-pumped laser can be more efficient than a conventional laser. It will also be shown that an advanced energy conversion concept based on photon production and photovoltaics can produce ICF system efficiencies of 56%.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/synergism-in-inertial-confinement-fusion-a-total-direct-energy-conversion-package/9995B722E9DE8A6A696EB5DB780ED710",
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"abstract": "The coordinate interrelation technique for three dimensional imaging in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is studied in this paper. First, it is confirmed that three dimensional imaging for ICF is necessary. Then the reconstruction methods suited for ICF are summarized. Finally, the coordinate interrelation technique through optical intensity center of optical intensity is put forward. The problem that accurate interrelation among pinhole cameras must be made is thorougghly solved.",
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"abstract": "This paper is devoted to the simulation of inertial confinement fusion for target design. An arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation based on discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods is proposed. It is totally different from Wilkins' scheme used in traditional ICF codes. The objective here is to test the robustness of the method on non-uniform moving grids. The emphasis is put on the preservation of the spherical symmetry. Copyright \u00a9 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
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"abstract": "The first indirect drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments on the Laser Megajoule facility were carried out with approximately 150\u2009kJ of laser energy distributed on 48 beams (12 quads) arranged in two cones. The target consisted of a gold vacuum rugby-shaped hohlraum and a plastic capsule located at its center, filled with deuterium gas fuel. The arrangement of the 12 quads is such that the laser irradiation on the wall generated a three-dimensional (3D) x-ray flux around the capsule creating 3D deformations on the imploding plastic shell. This constraint forced the design of a robust target (relatively thin ablator, around 40\u2009\u03bcm) driven by a short laser pulse (3\u2009ns) that delivered about 1011 neutrons. Full-integrated 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulations allowed both the target definition and the data interpretation (mainly radiation temperature, x-ray images, and neutron yield). 3D calculations and experiments compare well.",
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"title": "First indirect drive inertial confinement fusion campaign at Laser Megajoule",
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"abstract": "A method based on binocular vision servoing for positioning of a diagnostic package in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments is presented. The general diagnostic instrument manipulator will provide precision three dimension positioning and alignment-to-target capability in ICF experiments. In this work, we focus on the final precise automatic positioning with a binocular vision system. A three dimension image projection vector (IPV), which has an almost linear relationship with the target position in 3D space under the condition of weak perspective, is introduced to extract target position information from binocular image. The difference of the IPV between the current image and the desired image will be used as the input of servo controller. A differential motion model was found for the hybrid manipulator with three degrees of freedom. With this model and the said IPV, the servo strategy will be dramatically simplified compare with general image based visual servo in which the image Jacobian matri...",
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"Artificial intelligence",
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"abstract": "A new set of capabilities has been implemented in the HYDRA 2D/3D multiphysics inertial confinement fusion simulation code. These include a Monte Carlo particle transport library. It models transport of neutrons, gamma rays and light ions, as well as products they generate from nuclear and coulomb collisions. It allows accurate simulations of nuclear diagnostic signatures from capsule implosions. We apply it to here in a 3D simulation of a National Ignition Facility (NIF) ignition capsule which models the full capsule solid angle. This simulation contains a severely rough ablator perturbation and provides diagnostics signatures of capsule failure due to excessive instability growth. 1. INTRODUCTION Simulations of indirect drive ignition target designs for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) must model asymmetries originating from a wide variety of sources. These include intrinsic drive asymmetries due to the illumination geometry, and extrinsic asymmetries resulting from pointing and power balance errors between the beams. Roughness on the shell surfaces seed hydrodynamic instabilities which can also degrade capsule performance. These include discrete features such as ice grooves, dust grains, unusually large isolated bumps and the fill tube used to inject fuel into the capsule. The growth factors due to hydrodynamic instabilities are sufficiently large that perturbations progress into the nonlinear saturated regime. Experiments and simulations have established that larger saturation amplitudes are obtained by symmetric 3D perturbation shapes (1-10). In addition the various asymmetries can combine in a capsule implosion so that accurate treatment of the phases between them is essential. Treating accurately the effects of these asymmetries on capsule performance and their manifestation in simulated diagnostics requires 3D simulation (11). Previously we reported results from 3-D integrated simulations of the full ignition target and high resolution simulations of a capsule over a limited solid angle (12-14). Here we report the first high resolution 3D simulation of a full implosion of a NIF ignition capsule carried out over the full 4 solid angle. The simulation includes a Monte Carlo treatment of the burn product transport, enabling simulation of neutron diagnostics.",
"URL": "https://epjwoc.epj.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2013/20/epjconf_ifsa2011_06001/epjconf_ifsa2011_06001.html",
"title": "Advances in HYDRA and its applications to simulations of inertial confinement fusion targets",
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"Optics",
"Physics",
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"Solid angle",
"Monte Carlo method",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract\n\t On behalf of all at High Power Laser Science and Engineering we would like to congratulate the team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) on demonstrating fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility. This major scientific achievement was realized on the 5 December 2022 at the LLNL and announced at a press briefing on the 13 December 2022 by the United States Department of Energy\u2019s National Nuclear Security Administration. This was a historic milestone and the culmination of decades of effort.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/561C1548B5F98BDCCE6F70215D477E1B/S2095471923000385a.pdf/div-class-title-inertial-confinement-fusion-ignition-achieved-at-the-national-ignition-facility-an-editorial-div.pdf",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion ignition achieved at the National Ignition Facility \u2013 an editorial",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Nuclear physics",
"Physics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Engineering",
"Engineering physics",
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"first_author": "C. N. Danson",
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"sentence": "Abstract On behalf of all at High Power Laser Science and Engineering we would like to congratulate the team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL on demonstrating fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility.",
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"abstract": "A pulse-power-driven, heavy-ion beam, ignition and inertial confinement system for thermonuclear microexplosions is proposed. The proposed method depends on already developed and tested techniques and has the potential of a high repetition rate, one of the requirements for a thermonuclear microexplosion reactor. In the proposed method, a space charge neutralized ion beam of modest intensity is projected into a long drift tube where it is radially confined by an applied axial magnetic field and axially compressed by a programmed variation of the diode voltage with time. Because the beam consists of a space charge neutralized flow of heavy ions, it behaves like a high atomic number plasma and, as such, rapidly looses internal energy by radiation during its axial compression. The axial compression proceeds isothermally until the beam becomes optically opaque where it reaches its maximum density. The axial beam compression greatly amplifies the final beam power over its initial value at the beam producing diode. In typical cases the initial beam power is \u2243 10 10 W, and in a drift tube \u2243 100 meters long can be amplified \u2243 10 4 fold up to \u2243 10 14 W; but much larger beam powers are also possible. The accelerating voltage is typically in the range of several 10 6 V and the diode current several 10 3 A. Because the collision mean free path in the beam is smaller than the beam length, some unavoidable deviation from the programmed diode voltage will not lead to a dispersion of the beam. For typical cases the beam has, at its maximum compression, an atomic number density of \u2243 10 18 cm \u22123 and a radius of \u2243 1 cm. After being compressed to its final maximum density the beam can, from there on, be easily focused on to the thermonuclear target. The use of singly ionized heavy ions in combination with an accelerating voltage of several 10 6 V has the further advantage that the ion velocities are of the order of several 10 8 cm sec \u22121 , ideally matching the required optimal implosion velocity for the microexplosion target and thus implying a high beam energy conversion efficiency for ignition and confinement. For a final beam power of \u2243 10 14 W the diode cross-section is \u2243 10 2 cm 2 . With a diode cross-section \u2243 10 3 times larger, that is \u2243 10 m 2 , final beam powers up to \u2243 10 17 W will be possible, opening the prospect for igniting the DD and perhaps the HB 11 thermonuclear reactions.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-plasma-physics/article/div-classtitlegeneration-of-ultra-itense-heavy-ion-beams-for-inertial-confinement-fusiondiv/20EC9F593AD0FB0831C411189953F240",
"title": "Generation of ultra-itense heavy ion beams for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1979,
"fields_of_study": [
"Space charge",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Acceleration voltage",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Ion beam",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Friedwardt Winterberg",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"sentence": "The axial beam compression greatly amplifies the final beam power over its initial value at the beam producing diode.",
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"sentence": "In typical cases the initial beam power is 10 10 W, and in a drift tube 100 meters long can be amplified 10 4 fold up to 10 14 W but much larger beam powers are also possible.",
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"sentence": "The accelerating voltage is typically in the range of several 10 6 V and the diode current several 10 3 A. Because the collision mean free path in the beam is smaller than the beam length, some unavoidable deviation from the programmed diode voltage will not lead to a dispersion of the beam.",
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"sentence": "The use of singly ionized heavy ions in combination with an accelerating voltage of several 10 6 V has the further advantage that the ion velocities are of the order of several 10 8 cm sec 1, ideally matching the required optimal implosion velocity for the microexplosion target and thus implying a high beam energy conversion efficiency for ignition and confinement.",
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{
"sentence": "For a final beam power of 10 14 W the diode cross-section is 10 2 cm 2.",
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"sentence": "With a diode cross-section 10 3 times larger, that is 10 2, final beam powers up to 10 17 W will be possible, opening the prospect for igniting the DD and perhaps the HB 11 thermonuclear reactions.",
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"entity": "deuterium"
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{
"abstract": "A linear perturbation analysis based on velocity potentials is adapted to include the regional, average-ion charge states (Z) in an imploding, inertial-confinement-fusion capsule and shown to lead to superclassical Rayleigh-Taylor growth following deceleration onset. The added instability is ascribed to an inverted ion-entropy gradient driven by the stepwise ionization mismatch {delta}Z across the fuel-pusher interface and is predicted to principally occur in low Atwood-number (<0.5) implosions associated with low-Z pushers. Similar instability enhancement may pertain to supernovae phenomena and ionization fronts in H II protostellar regions.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18851291",
"title": "Effects of ionization gradients on inertial-confinement-fusion capsule hydrodynamic stability.",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Hydrodynamic stability",
"Physics",
"Supernova",
"Atomic physics",
"Protostar",
"Ionization",
"Instability",
"Capsule",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability"
],
"first_author": "Peter Amendt",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"sentence": "The added instability is ascribed to an inverted ion-entropy gradient driven by the stepwise ionization mismatch Z across the fuel-pusher interface and is predicted to principally occur in low Atwood-number 0.5 implosions associated with low-Z pushers.",
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"sentence": "Similar instability enhancement may pertain to supernovae phenomena and ionization fronts in H II protostellar regions.",
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"abstract": "We report on our continued development of high resolution monochromatic x-ray imaging system based on spherically curved crystals. This system can be extensively used in the relevant experiments of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) program. The system is currently used, but not limited to diagnostics of the targets ablatively accelerated by the Nike KrF laser. A spherically curved quartz crystal (2d=6.687\u200903\u2009A, R=200\u2009mm) has been used to produce monochromatic backlit images with the He-like Si resonance line (1865 eV) as the source of radiation. Another quartz crystal (2d=8.5099\u2009A, R=200\u2009mm) with the H-like Mg resonance line (1473 eV) has been used for backlit imaging with higher contrast. The spatial resolution of the x-ray optical system is 1.7 \u03bcm in selected places and 2\u20133 \u03bcm over a larger area. A second crystal with a separate backlighter was added to the imaging system. This makes it possible to make use of all four strips of the framing camera. Time resolved, 20\u00d7 magnified, backlit monochromatic...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1149352",
"title": "X-ray crystal imagers for inertial confinement fusion experiments (invited)",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Backlight",
"Image resolution",
"Monochromatic color",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Crystal"
],
"first_author": "Yefim Aglitskiy",
"scholarly_citations_count": 34,
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"sentence": "This system can be extensively used in the relevant experiments of the inertial confinement fusion ICF program.",
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"sentence": "The system is currently used, but not limited to diagnostics of the targets ablatively accelerated by the Nike KrF laser.",
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"entity": "Nike KrF laser"
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"sentence": "A spherically curved quartz crystal 2d6.687 03",
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"sentence": "A, R200 mm has been used to produce monochromatic backlit images with the He-like Si resonance line 1865 eV as the source of radiation.",
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"sentence": "Another quartz crystal 2d8.5099 A, R200 mm with the H-like Mg resonance line 1473 eV has been used for backlit imaging with higher contrast.",
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"entity": "quartz crystal"
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"sentence": "The spatial resolution of the -ray optical system is 1.7 \u03bcm in selected places and 23 \u03bcm over a larger area.",
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"sentence": "A second crystal with a separate backlighter was added to the imaging system.",
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"sentence": "This makes it possible to make use of all four strips of the framing camera.",
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"sentence": "Time resolved, 20 magnified, backlit monochromatic...",
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{
"abstract": "Proton emission imaging cameras, in combination with proton spectrometers and a proton temporal diagnostic, provide a great deal of information about the spatial structure and time evolution of inertial-confinement fusion capsule implosions. When used with D3He-filled capsules, multiple proton emission imaging cameras measure the spatial distribution of fusion burn, with three-dimensional information about burn symmetry. Simultaneously, multiple spectrometers measure areal density as a function of angle around the imploded capsule. Experiments at the OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] have already proven the utility of this approach. An introduction to the hardware used for penumbral imaging, and algorithms used to create images of the burn region, are provided here along with simple scaling laws relating image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio to characteristics of the cameras and the burn region.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1788892",
"title": "D3He-proton emission imaging for inertial-confinement-fusion experiments (invited)",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Proton emission",
"Image resolution",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Proton",
"Image sensor"
],
"first_author": "Fredrick Seguin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 46,
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{
"abstract": "The ablation material used during the National Ignition Campaign, a glow- discharge polymer (GDP), does not couple as efficiently as simulations indicated to the multiple- shock inducing radiation drive environment created by laser power profile [1]. We investigate the performance of two other ablators, boron carbide (B4C) and high-density carbon (HDC) and compare with GDP under the same hohlraum conditions. Ablation performance is determined through measurement of the shock speed produced in planar samples of the ablator subjected to the identical multiple-shock inducing radiation drive environments that are similar to a generic three-shock ignition drive. Simulations are in better agreement with the off-Hugoniot performance of B4C than either HDC or GDP.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:49029366",
"title": "Off-Hugoniot characterization of alternative inertial confinement fusion ablator materials.",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Radiation",
"Ignition system",
"Materials science",
"Laser power scaling",
"Boron carbide",
"Hohlraum",
"Carbide",
"Shock (mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "Alastair Moore",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"entity": "laser power profile"
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"sentence": "Simulations are in better agreement with the off-Hugoniot performance of B4C than either HDC or GDP.",
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{
"abstract": "Pulsed-electric-power drivers might be an efficient, low-tech alternative to lasers in the quest for an inertial-confinement thermonuclear reactor.",
"URL": "https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1603065",
"title": "Inertial-Confinement Fusion Driven by Pulsed Power Yields Thermonuclear Neutrons",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Thermonuclear reactor",
"Laser",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Pulsed power"
],
"first_author": "Bertram Schwarzschild",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"entity": "thermonuclear reactor"
},
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "pulsed-electric-power drivers"
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"entity": "lasers"
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}
]
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{
"abstract": "The mixing of cold, high-density shell plasma with the low-density, hot spot plasma by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion is experimentally shown to correlate with the calculated perturbation feedthrough from the ablation surface to the inner shell surface. A fourfold decrease in the density of shell material in the mix region of direct drive implosions of gas filled spherical plastic shells having predicted convergence ratios approximately 15 was observed when laser imprint levels were reduced and the initial shell was thicker, corresponding to a reduction in the feedthrough rms level by a factor of 6. Shell mix is also shown to limit the spherical compression of the implosion.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..92r5002R/abstract",
"title": "Dependence of shell mix on feedthrough in direct drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Amplitude",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Feedthrough",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Susan Regan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 30,
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"sentence": "A fourfold decrease in the density of shell material in the mix region of direct drive implosions of gas filled spherical plastic shells having predicted convergence ratios approximately 15 was observed when laser imprint levels were reduced and the initial shell was thicker, corresponding to a reduction in the feedthrough rms level by a factor of 6.",
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"entity": "shell mix"
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{
"abstract": "Mixing of plastic ablator material, doped with Cu and Ge dopants, deep into the hot spot of ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion implosions by hydrodynamic instabilities is diagnosed with x-ray spectroscopy on the National Ignition Facility. The amount of hot-spot mix mass is determined from the absolute brightness of the emergent Cu and Ge K-shell emission. The Cu and Ge dopants placed at different radial locations in the plastic ablator show the ablation-front hydrodynamic instability is primarily responsible for hot-spot mix. As a result, low neutron yields and hot-spot mix mass between 34(\u201313,+50) ng and 4000(\u20132970,+17 160) ng are observed.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23931375/",
"title": "Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets.",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron",
"Ignition system",
"Mixing (process engineering)",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Spectroscopy",
"Doping"
],
"first_author": "Sean Regan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 139,
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{
"abstract": "The placement of liquid metals (lithium, lead, and a Pb--Li eutectic Pb/sub 4/Li) between the first wall and the source of neutrons has been considered as a mechanism for extending first wall lifetimes in inertial confinement fusion reactors. This scheme is called the Internal Spectral Shifter and Energy Converter (ISSEC). All three liquid metals have been shown to reduce the radiation damage in the Type 316 stainless-steel structural first wall and thus increase the first wall lifetime. An overall conclusion of the study is that the Pb--Li eutectic ISSEC has better characteristics than both pure lead and lithium ISSECs, and for best results it should be used at thicknesses ranging from 45 to 65 cm.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979NucTe..44..333A/abstract",
"title": "The Effect of Liquid-Metal Protection Schemes in Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 1979,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron",
"Radiation damage",
"Eutectic system",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Liquid metal",
"Lead Metal",
"Molecular physics",
"Lithium",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Halil I. Avci",
"scholarly_citations_count": 15,
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{
"abstract": "Proton radiography of the spatial structure and temporal evolution of plasma blowing off from a hohlraum wall reveals how the fill gas compresses the wall blow-off, inhibits plasma jet formation and impedes plasma stagnation in the hohlraum interior. The roles of spontaneously generated electric and magnetic fields in hohlraum dynamics and capsule implosions are demonstrated. The heat flux is shown to rapidly convect the magnetic field due to the Nernst effect, which is shown to be ?10 times faster than convection by the plasma fluid from expanded wall blow-off (vN???10v). This leads to inhibition of heat transfer from the gas region in the laser beam paths to the surrounding cold gas, resulting in a local plasma temperature increase. The experiments show that interpenetration of the two materials (gas and wall) occurs due to the classical Rayleigh?Taylor instability as the lighter, decelerating ionized fill gas pushes against the heavier, expanding gold wall blow-off. This experiment provides physics insight into the effects of fill gas on x-ray-driven implosions, and would impact the ongoing ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:44122354",
"title": "Proton imaging of hohlraum plasma stagnation in inertial-confinement-fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Convection",
"Heat flux",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Electron temperature",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "C. K. Li",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"entity": "wall blow-off"
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"sentence": "This experiment provides physics insight into the effects of fill gas on -ray-driven implosions, and would impact the ongoing ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "National Ignition Facility"
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{
"abstract": "Aurora is a complex krypton fluoride excimer research laser supported by a computerized control and data acquisition system. Aurora's requirements for control, data aquisition, and data analysis are met with specific application of minicomputer and microcomputer capabilities coupled with internally developed custom hardware and software. A control system that provides an operator with the ability to charge and fire the integrated laser system safely and remotely is described. A data aquisition system that acquires, stores, and processes laser system data is also described. This data acquisition system provides the experimentalists with support tools for better understanding the laser system.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_25038",
"title": "Aurora inertial confinement fusion laser control and data acquisition system",
"year_published": 1987,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Microcomputer",
"Data acquisition",
"Minicomputer",
"Control system",
"Control (management)",
"Software",
"Computer science",
"Laser",
"Computer hardware"
],
"first_author": "P. Stuart Bowling",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"sentence": "A control system that provides an operator with the ability to charge and fire the integrated laser system safely and remotely is described.",
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{
"abstract": "A highly uniform thermal x-radiation field for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions may be obtained by irradiating a four-hole, tetrahedral geometry, spherical hohlraum with all 60 Omega laser beams. Implosion studies and calculations [J. M. Wallace et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3807 (1999)] indicate a drive uniformity comparable to that expected for the National Ignition Facility [J. A. Painser et al., Laser Focus World 30, 75 (1994)]. With 60 beams distributed over the cavity wall, tetrahedral hohlraums have a natural insensitivity to power balance and pointing errors. Standard, smooth Nova capsules imploded with this drive indicate that moderate convergence-ratio implosions, Cr\u223c18, have measured-neutron yield to calculated-clean-one-dimensional-neutronyield ratios similar to those previously investigated using the comparatively poor drive uniformity of Nova cylindrical hohlraums. This may indicate that a nonsymmetry-related neutron yield degradation mechanism, e.g., hydrodynamic mixing of cold, dense ablator material with the hot-spot region or some combination of nonsymmetry effects, is dominating in this Cr regime.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhPl....7.2594B/abstract",
"title": "Moderate-convergence inertial confinement fusion implosions in tetrahedral hohlraums at Omega",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Tetrahedral molecular geometry",
"Nova (laser)",
"Neutron emission",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Hohlraum"
],
"first_author": "G. R. Bennett",
"scholarly_citations_count": 20,
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{
"abstract": "Light ion beams for the energy drive for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research have been studied on a super high voltage generation system (SHVS) using an inductive voltage adder system. A simple analysis implied the capability of the output voltage of several tens of MV. This system has a feasibility of acceleration of ions heavier than proton. The two-stage charge stripping ion diode is considered a SHVS diode. This diode reduces the size of the induction adder module and extends the possible power range in operation. We have constructed a prototype SHVS, which consists of eight stages of induction cavities (4MV, 40kA, 100ns) powered by a Reiden IV pulse power machine. The first ion diode experiments on the induction adder were performed with the beam extraction type ion diode (Br applied magnetic field). The injection plasma ion source was used to control the diode impedance and then the diode voltage. The time delay of ion current turn-on was reduced from 15\u201320 ns to less than 5 ns by this ion source.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989LPB.....7..687M/abstract",
"title": "Studies of light ion beam for inertial confinement fusion by induction adder",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Ion",
"Adder",
"Ion source",
"Materials science",
"Ion current",
"Ion beam",
"Diode",
"High voltage"
],
"first_author": "Shuji Miyamoto",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"abstract": "The impact of fuel-ion diffusion in inertial confinement fusion implosions is assessed using nuclear reaction yield ratios and reaction histories. In T3He-gas-filled (with trace D) shock-driven implosions, the observed TT/T3He yield ratio is \u223c2\u00d7 lower than expected from temperature scaling. In D3He-gas-filled (with trace T) shock-driven implosions, the timing of the D3He reaction history is \u223c50 ps earlier than those of the DT reaction histories, and average-ion hydrodynamic simulations cannot reconcile this timing difference. Both experimental observations are consistent with reduced T ions in the burn region as predicted by multi-ion diffusion theory and particle-in-cell simulations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5090783",
"title": "Fuel-ion diffusion in shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Diffusion (business)",
"Ion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Diffusion theory",
"Temperature scaling",
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"abstract": "The ICF (inertial confinement fusion) laser driver is a great symbol which represents the level of national security, energy and science. It is very important for the construction of the ICF laser driver to keep working constantly. Reliability is always used as a distinguished characteristic to measure the ICF laser's constantly working degree. The ICF driver's reliability can be improved and guaranteed through a series of system reliability research. In the past few years, many researchers worked in the fields of system reliability about the ICF laser driver. The article reports their research develpment, and also presents the author's train of thoughts for the future research in the field of system reliability about the ICF laser driver.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JGDJ200301002.htm",
"title": "System Reliability Research About the Inertial Confinement Fusion Laser Driver",
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"Systems engineering",
"Measure (physics)",
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"abstract": "Optimum laser configurations are presented to achieve high illumination uniformity with directly driven inertial confinement fusion targets. Assuming axisymmetric absorption pattern of individual laser beams, theoretical models are reviewed in terms of the number of laser beams, system imperfection, and laser beam patterns. Utilizing a self-organizing system of charged particles on a sphere, a simple numerical model is provided to give an optimal configuration for an arbitrary number of laser beams. As a result, such new configurations as \u201cM48\u201d and \u201cM60\u201d are found to show substantially higher illumination uniformity than any other existing direct drive systems. A new polar direct-drive scheme is proposed with the laser axes keeping off the target center, which can be applied to laser configurations designed for indirectly driven inertial fusion.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1016/j.mre.2016.12.002",
"title": "Optimization of laser illumination configuration for directly driven inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2016,
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"abstract": "The basic concepts of nuclear weapon simulation and current research on driver development and target physics are reviewed.Future prospects of nuclear simulation are briefly presented.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-WLZZ200107010.htm",
"title": "SIMULATION OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS \u2014\u2014APPLICATIONS OF INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION TO NUCLEAR WEAPONS",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n The pursuing of controlled fusion energy has been continuously developed for more than half a century. Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is one of two major approaches to actualize controlled fusion. Here, we systematically reviewed several typical forms of ICF on the part of their physical principles and encountering technical barriers currently. Besides, some great simulation results of the implosion for each ICF scheme are shown, and the simulation algorithm of Vlasov-Fokker-Planck (VFP) is introduced. In addition, several instabilities in the fusion process are analyzed. These results offer a guideline for future ICF research.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2108/1/012095",
"title": "Recent progress for different inertial confinement fusion schemes: a systematical review",
"year_published": 2021,
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"abstract": "A multi-institutional study HAPL (High Average Power Laser) is investigating a relatively near term conceptual design of a laser driven inertial confinement reactor. A primary focus of the study is the protection of the first wall (FW) from the target emanations. This paper gives a brief analysis of one of several possible blankets that can be integrated with the chosen FW protection scheme. The structural material is conventional ferritic steel (FS) F82H cooled with liquid lithium. The maximum average temperature is constrained to 550 deg. C. The chamber radius is 6.5 m at midplane, tapering to 2.5 m at the ends, and is surrounded by a cylindrical vacuum vessel. The first wall (FW) is 0.35 cm FS, which has a 0.1 cm thick layer of tungsten bonded to it facing the target. The FW is cooled with Li admitted at the bottom of the blanket, flows through a gap between 0.25-0.5 cm to the top, then returns through the center of the blanket channel to the bottom. There are 60 laser beam ports situated around the chamber. The tritium breeding ratio (TBR) is 1.124. A Brayton cycle is envisaged with an efficiency in the range of 42-44%.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/20849918",
"title": "A Lithium Self-Cooled Blanket for the HAPL Conceptual Inertial Confinement Reactor",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Tapering",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Blanket",
"Brayton cycle",
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"first_author": "I.N. Sviatoslavsky",
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"abstract": "Investigations of the feasibility of commercial inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactors have led to studies of a variety of plasma regimes and behaviors. Presented in the paper are 1. a general ...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST81-A19939",
"title": "Plasma Behavior in Magnetically Protected Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactor Cavities",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Plasma confinement",
"Magnetic insulation",
"Light nucleus",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Ihor O. Bohachevsky",
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"abstract": "This paper mainly discusses the application of microwave plasma technology in the field of the inertial confinement fusion(ICF) target fabrication, including films preparation, reactive ion beam etching(RIBE) and focused ion beam(FIB) etching, as well as the nano-metal particles synthesis and its surface polymer-coated modification. This technology is very useful to solve the problem occurred in ICF target fabrication and improve the quality of the ICF target produced.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY200408018.htm",
"title": "Application of microwave plasma technology to inertial confinement fusion target fabrication",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Surface modification",
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"abstract": "A few basic atomic problems are associated with the stopping of nonrelativistic pointlike ions in dense and hot matter. First, the free electron contribution is considered, taken in random phase approximation with an exact dynamic dielectric function, valid at any temperature. Stopping power and straggling can thus be obtained for any projectile velocity. The temperature dependence is of special relevance for a projectile energy <5 MeV/am..mu... The mean excitation energies of bound electrons are then considered and found to be smaller than in cold matter. The projectile effective charge in hot targets is also investigated. Experiments involving a heavy-ion beam produced by a standard accelerator and interacting with an independently produced coronal plasma are described.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5418555-heavy-ion-hot-target-interactions-inertial-confinement-fusion-interest",
"title": "Heavy-ion/hot target interactions of inertial confinement fusion interest",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Physics",
"Random phase approximation",
"Effective nuclear charge",
"Stopping power (particle radiation)",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Charged particle",
"Projectile",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Claude Deutsch",
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"abstract": "Although laser fusion has been the subject of research since the early 1960s, it has only been intensively studied for about 14 years. During that time, substantive advances have been made in our understanding of the complex physics of laser\u2010heated plasmas, in the development of sophisticated diagnostic instrumentation, and in the technology of fusion targets and inertial fusion drivers. These advances will be reviewed. Of equal importance are the lessons learned in the economic and political arenas. These lessons may be of greater significance for scientific endeavors in other fields of research. The economic and political issues surrounding inertial fusion research will be discussed. Possible future directions for inertial fusion development will be presented.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.573417",
"title": "An historic overview of inertial confinement fusion: What have we learned?",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Instrumentation (computer programming)",
"Nanotechnology",
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"Systems engineering",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires a high resolution (~10 \u03bcm) neutron imaging system to observe deuterium and tritium (DT) core implosion asymmetries. A new large (150 mm entrance diameter: scaled for Laser MegaJoule [P. A. Holstein, F. Chaland, C. Charpin, J. M. Dufour, H. Dumont, J. Giorla, L. Hallo, S. Laffite, G. Malinie, Y. Saillard, G. Schurtz, M. Vandenboomgaerde, and F. Wagon, Laser and Particle Beams 17, 403 (1999)]) neutron imaging detector has been developed for such ICF experiments. The detector has been fully characterized using a linear accelerator and a (60)Co \u03b3-ray source. A penumbral aperture was used to observe DT-gas-filled target implosions performed on the OMEGA laser facility. [T. R. Boehly, D. L. Brown, R. S. Craxton, R. L. Keck, J. P. Knauer, J. H. Kelly, T. J. Kessler, S. A. Kumpan, S. J. Loucks, S. A. Letzring, F. J. Marshall, R. L. McCrory, S. F. B. Morse, W. Seka, J. M. Soures, and C. P. Verdon, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] Neutron core images of 14 MeV with a resolution of 15 \u03bcm were obtained and are compared to x-ray images of comparable resolution.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22072259",
"title": "Development of the large neutron imaging system for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Neutron source",
"Nuclear physics",
"Particle accelerator",
"Implosion",
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"abstract": "The effect of perturbations on hot spot ignition is studied using full two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations of the National Ignition Facility [J. D. Lindl, Phys. Plasmas 2, 3933 (1995)] direct drive Laboratory for Laser Energetics target design and newly derived 2D self-similar solutions for a perturbed burn wave propagation. It is shown that the required implosion velocity needed for ignition increases with the perturbation mode number and final amplitude, reaching an asymptotic value for high enough perturbation mode numbers, when the entire mixing zone no longer contributes to the ignition of the hot spot. Using the new self-similar solutions, ignition conditions for various perturbation mode numbers and amplitudes are obtained. These ignition conditions, which correspond to areal densities higher than needed for ignition in the symmetric case, are translated to a required increase in the implosion velocity needed for ignition, using the 1D Levendahl\u2013Lindl scaling, in good agreement with the full 2D numerical simulation results. Finally, using the above results, a model for predicting the gain of a perturbed targets as a function of the perturbation spectra (single-mode and multi-mode) is presented, in good agreement with full numerical simulations.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:35035675",
"title": "Ignition condition and gain prediction for perturbed inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2001,
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"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Amplitude",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Laboratory for Laser Energetics",
"Wave propagation",
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"Classical mechanics"
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"first_author": "Roy Kishony",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement approaches to fusion, the asymmetry of target implosion is a major obstacle to achieving high gain in the laboratory. A recently proposed octahedral spherical hohlraum makes it possible to naturally create spherical target irradiation without supplementary symmetry control. Before any decision is made to pursue an ignition-scale laser system based on the octahedral hohlraum, one needs to test the concept with the existing facilities. Here, we report a proof-of-concept experiment for the novel octahedral hohlraum geometry on the cylindrically configured SGIII laser facility without a symmetry control. All polar and equatorial self-emission images of the compressed target show a near round shape of convergence ratio 15 under both square and shaped laser pulses. The observed implosion performances agree well with the ideal spherical implosion simulation. It also shows limitations with using the existing facilities and adds further weight to the need to move to a spherical port geometry for future ignition laser facilities.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "First Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosion Experiment in Octahedral Spherical Hohlraum.",
"year_published": 2021,
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"first_author": "Ke Lan",
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"abstract": "Inertial confined fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility have recently entered a new regime approaching ignition. Improved modeling and exploration of the experimental parameter space were essential to deepening our understanding of the mechanisms that degrade and amplify the neutron yield. The growing prevalence of machine learning in fusion studies opens a new avenue for investigation. In this paper, we have applied the Gradient-Boosted Decision Tree machine-learning architecture to further explore the parameter space and find correlations with the neutron yield, a key performance indicator. We find reasonable agreement between the measured and predicted yield, with a mean absolute percentage error on a randomly assigned test set of 35.5%. This model finds the characteristics of the laser pulse to be the most influential in prediction, as well as the hohlraum laser entrance hole diameter and an enhanced capsule fabrication technique. We used the trained model to scan over the design space of experiments from three different campaigns to evaluate the potential of this technique to provide design changes that could improve the resulting neutron yield. While these data-driven model cannot predict ignition without examples of ignited shots in the training set, it can be used to indicate that an unseen shot design will at least be in the upper range of previously observed neutron yields.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Investigating boosted decision trees as a guide for inertial confinement fusion design",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Hohlraum",
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"Yield (engineering)",
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"abstract": "Indirect-drive hohlraum experiments at the National Ignition Facility have demonstrated symmetric capsule implosions at unprecedented laser drive energies of 0.7 megajoule. One hundred and ninety-two simultaneously fired laser beams heat ignition-emulate hohlraums to radiation temperatures of 3.3 million kelvin, compressing 1.8-millimeter-diameter capsules by the soft x-rays produced by the hohlraum. Self-generated plasma optics gratings on either end of the hohlraum tune the laser power distribution in the hohlraum, which produces a symmetric x-ray drive as inferred from the shape of the capsule self-emission. These experiments indicate that the conditions are suitable for compressing deuterium-tritium\u2013filled capsules, with the goal of achieving burning fusion plasmas and energy gain in the laboratory.",
"URL": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/327/5970/1228.full.pdf",
"title": "Symmetric inertial confinement fusion implosions at ultra-high laser energies.",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Radiation",
"Laser power scaling",
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"first_author": "Siegfried Glenzer",
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"sentence": "These experiments indicate that the conditions are suitable for compressing deuterium-tritiumfilled capsules, with the goal of achieving burning fusion plasmas and energy gain in the laboratory.",
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"abstract": "A linear Rayleigh-Taylor instability theory of double ablation (DA) fronts is developed for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Two approaches are discussed: an analytical discontinuity model for the radiation dominated regime of very steep DA front structure, and a numerical self-consistent model that covers more general hydrodynamic profiles behaviours. Dispersion relation results are compared to 2D simulations.",
"URL": "https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2013/20/epjconf_ifsa2011_04008/epjconf_ifsa2011_04008.html",
"title": "Modeling hydrodynamic instabilities of double ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Statistical physics",
"Radiation",
"Dispersion relation",
"Front (oceanography)",
"Discontinuity (linguistics)",
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"abstract": "First 14 MeV neutron images of imploded microballoons have been obtained on the Phebus laser facility at CEL\u2010V in 1992 [Garconnet et al. Laser Part Beams 11, 3 (1994)]. The sizes of the neutron source have been measured by using a coded\u2010aperture imaging system and a scintillator array as a detector. The threshold of the experimental setup was typically 2\u00d71010 neutrons/shot. 600\u2013800 \u03bcm source sizes in direct drive experiments have been measured with a 130 \u03bcm two\u2010point resolution. In 1993 we improved the sensitivity of the camera by increasing the light collection efficiency. It can now work at a neutron yield as small as a few 108. Thanks to this improvement some images in indirect drive experiments have been recorded in the range 3\u22c5108\u20135\u22c5109 with a 56 \u03bcm two\u2010point resolution. Wiener filter, homomorphic Wiener filter, and Nugent\u2019s \u2018\u2018comb filter\u2019\u2019 methods have been used and compared to deconvolve the penumbral images. Design of the camera and numerical method performances will be discussed.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1146256",
"title": "Neutron penumbral imaging of inertial confinement fusion targets at Ph\u00e9bus (abstract)a)",
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"abstract": "The generation of strong, self-generated electric fields (108\u2013109\u2009V\u2009m\u22121) in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion capsules has been reported (Li et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 225001). Various models are considered herein to explain the observed electric field evolution, including the potential roles of electron pressure gradients near the fuel\u2013pusher interface and plasma polarization effects that are predicted to occur across shock fronts (Zel'dovich and Raizer 2002 Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (Mineola, NY: Dover) p 522). In the latter case, strong fields in excess of 1010\u2009V\u2009m\u22121 and localized to 10\u2013100\u2009nm may be consistent with the data obtained from proton radiography. Such field strengths are similar in magnitude to the criterion for runaway electron generation that could lead to plasma kinetic effects and potential shock-front broadening. The observed electric field generation may also be partly due to plasma ionization gradients localized near the fuel\u2013pusher interface. A model is proposed that allows for differing electron- and ion-density gradient scale lengths in the presence of ionization gradients while preserving overall charge neutrality. Such a redistribution of electrons compared with standard, charge-neutral, single-fluid radiation-hydrodynamics modelling may affect the interpretation of imploded-core x-ray diagnostics as well as alter alpha particle deposition in the thermonuclear fuel.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124048/meta",
"title": "Electric field and ionization-gradient effects on inertial-confinement-fusion implosions",
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"abstract": "Estimation of maximum possible energy gain for a given energy of driver has always become a key point in inertial confinement fusion. It has direct impact on the cost of produced electricity. Here, we employ a hydrodynamics model to assess energy gain in the case of a symmetrical hydrodynamics implosion where a narrow fuel shell consisting of deuterium\u2013tritium (DT), can experience an isentropic compression in a self-similar regime. Introducing a set of six state parameters {Hhs, Ths, Uimp, \u03b1c, \u03behs and \u03bchs}, the final fuel state close to ignition is fully described. It enables us to calculate energy gain curves for specific set of these state variables. The envelope of the energy gain family curves provide a limiting gain curve . Next, we took into account the inertial of cold surrounding fuel on the ignition process. It changes the limiting gain curve slope to 0.41. Finally, the analytical model results assessed and validated using numerical simulation code.",
"URL": "https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218301314500669",
"title": "Energy gain of a thin DT shell target in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"State variable",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
"Computer simulation",
"Mechanics",
"Envelope (mathematics)"
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"first_author": "S. Khoshbinfar",
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"abstract": "Experiments performed on an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) platform offer a unique opportunity to study nuclear reactions, including reaction branches that are useful for diagnostic applications in ICF experiments as well as several that are relevant to nuclear astrophysics. In contrast to beam-accelerator experiments, experiments performed on an ICF platform occur over a short time scale and produce a plasma environment with physical parameters that are directly relevant to big bang and/or stellar nucleosynthesis. Several reactions of interest, such as D(T,\u03b3)5He, H(D,\u03b3)3He, H(T,\u03b3)4He, and T(3He,\u03b3)6Li produce high-energy gamma rays. S factors or branching ratios for these four reactions have recently been studied using various temporally-resolved Cherenkov detectors at the Omega laser facility. This work describes these detectors as well as the current standard technique for performing these measurements. Recent results for reactions D(T,\u03b3)5He, H(D,\u03b3)3He, H(T,\u03b3)4He, and T(3He,\u03b3)6Li are reviewed and compared to accelerator-based measurements. Limitations associated with implosion experiments and use of the current standard gamma detectors are discussed. A basic design for a gamma spectrometer for use at ICF facilities is briefly outlined.",
"URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.944339/pdf",
"title": "Gamma-based nuclear fusion measurements at inertial confinement fusion facilities",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Detector",
"Spectrometer",
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"Engineering"
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"first_author": "Z. L. Mohamed",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "Interferometric fiber-optic links used in pulsed-power experiments are evaluated for accuracy in the presence of radiation fields which alter fiber transmission. Amplitude-modulated format (e.g., Mach-Zehnder) and phase-modulated formats are compared.",
"URL": "http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ieee-000004395060",
"title": "Accuracy of Analog Fiber-Optic Links for Inertial Confinement Fusion Diagnostics",
"year_published": 2007,
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"Physics",
"Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer",
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"first_author": "E. K. Miller",
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"abstract": "Successful ignition of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellet is calculated to require that several megajoules of energy be deposited in the pellet's centimeter-sized shell within 10 ns. This implies a driver power of several hundreds of terawatts and power density around 100 TW/cm2 . The Sandia ICF approach is to deposit the energy with beams of 30 MV lithium ions. The first accelerator capable of producing these beams (PBFA II, 100 TW) will be used to study beam formation and target physics on a single pulse basis. To utilize this technology for power production, repetitive pulsing at rates that may be as high as 10 Hz will be required. This paper will overview the technologies being studied for a repetitively pulsed ICF accelerator. As presently conceived, power is supplied by rotating machinery providing 16 MJ in 1 ms. The generator output is transformed to 3 MV, then switched into a pulse compression system using laser triggered spark gaps. These must be synchronized to about 1 ns. Pulse compression is performed with saturable inductor switches, the output being 40 ns, 1.5 MV pulses. These are transformed to 30 MV in a self-magnetically insulated cavity adder structure. Space charge limited ion beams are drawn from anode plasmas with electron counter streaming being magnetically inhibited. The ions are ballistically focused into the entrances of guiding discharge channels for transport to the pellet. The status of component development from the prime power to the ion source will be reviewed.",
"URL": "http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ieee-000004333659",
"title": "Repetitive Pulse Accelerator Technology for Light Ion Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1985,
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"Pulse compression",
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"abstract": "The minimum energy needed to ignite an inertial confinement fusion capsule is of considerable interest in the optimization of an inertial fusion driver. Recent computational work investigating this minimum energy has found that it depends on the capsule implosion history, in particular, on the capsule drive pressure. This dependence is examined using a series of LASNEX simulations to find ignited capsules which have different values of the implosion velocity, fuel adiabat and drive pressure. It is found that the main effect of varying the drive pressure is to alter the stagnation of the capsule, changing its stagnation adiabat, which, in turn, affects the energy required for ignition. To account for this effect a generalized scaling law has been devised for the ignition energy, Eign \u221d \u03b1if1.88\u00b10.05v-5.89\u00b10.12P-0.77\u00b10.03. This generalized scaling law agrees with the results of previous work in the appropriate limits.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/41/1/308",
"title": "A generalized scaling law for the ignition energy of inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2001,
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"abstract": "Large-angle Coulomb collisions affect the rates of energy and momentum exchange in a plasma, and it is expected that their effects will be important in many plasmas of current research interest, including in inertial confinement fusion. Their inclusion is a long-standing problem, and the first fully self-consistent method for calculating their effects is presented. This method is applied to \u201cburn\u201d in the hot fuel in inertial confinement fusion capsules and finds that the yield increases due to an increase in the rate of temperature equilibration between electrons and ions which is not predicted by small-angle collision theories. The equilibration rate increases are 50%\u2013100% for number densities of 10 30 m \u22123 and temperatures around 1 keV.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvL.112x5002T/abstract",
"title": "Effects of Large-Angle Coulomb Collisions on Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas",
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"first_author": "Arthur Turrell",
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"abstract": "Understanding of the thermonuclear burn in an inertial confinement fusion implosion requires knowledge of the local deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel density. Neutron imaging of the core now provides this previously unavailable information. Two types of neutron images are required. The first is an image of the primary 14-MeV neutrons produced by the D\u2009+\u2009T fusion reaction. The second is an image of the 14-MeV neutrons that leave the implosion hot spot and are downscattered to lower energy by elastic and inelastic collisions in the fuel. These neutrons are measured by gating the detector to record the 6\u201312\u2009MeV neutrons. Using the reconstructed primary image as a nonuniform source, a set of linear equations is derived that describes the contribution of each voxel of the DT fuel region to a pixel in the downscattered image. Using the measured intensity of the 14-MeV neutrons and downscattered images, the set of equations is solved for the density distribution in the fuel region. The method is validated against test problems and simulations of high-yield implosions. The calculated DT density distribution from one experiment is presented.Understanding of the thermonuclear burn in an inertial confinement fusion implosion requires knowledge of the local deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel density. Neutron imaging of the core now provides this previously unavailable information. Two types of neutron images are required. The first is an image of the primary 14-MeV neutrons produced by the D\u2009+\u2009T fusion reaction. The second is an image of the 14-MeV neutrons that leave the implosion hot spot and are downscattered to lower energy by elastic and inelastic collisions in the fuel. These neutrons are measured by gating the detector to record the 6\u201312\u2009MeV neutrons. Using the reconstructed primary image as a nonuniform source, a set of linear equations is derived that describes the contribution of each voxel of the DT fuel region to a pixel in the downscattered image. Using the measured intensity of the 14-MeV neutrons and downscattered images, the set of equat...",
"URL": "https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/77927",
"title": "Density determination of the thermonuclear fuel region in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
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"abstract": "A formalism for the analysis of the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability in the multi-structured solid or shell targets is presented. The formulation covers both the plane and the curved geometry targets. A generalized eigenvalue equation for the exponential growth rate of the instability is derived along with the necessary boundary conditions. Analytical solutions for the growth rate are presented for some elementary density profiles and a comparative study is made between the plane, cylindrical and spherical targets. The solution for the step function density profile is generalized for any number N of zones forming an arbitrary density profile. This general formulation is illustrated with the explicit calculations for N = 3 and 4. A qualitative treatment of the effects of the ablative flow is also presented. This study predicts a stabilizing effect of the ablative flow on the growth of the instability. Further, a dynamic analysis of the instability growth rate is presented for a representative inertial confinement fusion spherical solid target driven by the laser beams. This study demonstrates that an approximate analysis of the instability with the time independent initial density profile gives the conservative results for the instability growth rate.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989LPB.....7...27G/abstract",
"title": "Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability in multi-structured inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1989,
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"sentence": "Further, a dynamic analysis of the instability growth rate is presented for a representative inertial confinement fusion spherical solid target driven by the laser beams.",
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"abstract": "The energy leakage probability of charged particles from an ICF pellet has been estimated earlier using a small angle binary collision approximation for Coulomb scattering from electrons and ions. While this is the most predominant energy loss mechanism, elastic nuclear scattering is important for high density pellets at higher temperatures. In this paper, we generalize the calculation of energy leakage probability to include nuclear scattering, large angle Coulomb scattering and collective plasma effects. In general, these effects reduce the thermalization distance in the plasma and increase the fraction of energy deposited to ions. We also develop a simple approach for energy deposition by neutrons due to nuclear interaction with the ions. The same model is then used to re-evaluate the concept of internal tritium breeding in high density ICF pellets. It is found that tritium breeding improves significantly in comparison with earlier estimates.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NucFu..47.1176G/abstract",
"title": "Energy deposition of charged particles and neutrons in an inertial confinement fusion plasma",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Elastic scattering",
"Materials science",
"Binary collision approximation",
"Charged particle",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "K. Ghosh",
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"abstract": "An approximate formula is obtained relating the energy of a fusion alpha to the distance travelled. This formula is used to obtain the average energy of the alpha as it escapes from a plasma sphere. Applying this result to the magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion (MICF) concept the authors find that the loss of part of the potential alpha heating from the plasma core does not seriously degrade the reactor performance.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/30/8/019",
"title": "The role of fast alphas in the performance of magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1990,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Core (optical fiber)",
"Mechanics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Terry Kammash",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "Some of the diagnostics used to study ion beam composition and profiles from magnetically insulated ion diodes, developed at Sandia Laboratories through the drift section to the target, are described. The carbon activation technique, which is used to measure proton and carbon fluence and flux, is discussed. Time resolved x-ray pinhole cameras, time resolved optical spectral measurements of the anode plasma, holographic interferometry and soft x-ray, vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy are considered.",
"URL": "https://jphyscol.journaldephysique.org/articles/jphyscol/abs/1979/07/jphyscol197940C7374/jphyscol197940C7374.html",
"title": "DIAGNOSTICS PROGRAM FOR A MAGNETICALLY INSULATED ION DIODE FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION",
"year_published": 1979,
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"Optics",
"Holographic interferometry",
"Ion",
"Chemistry",
"Fluence",
"Pinhole (optics)",
"Spectrometer",
"Ion beam",
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"first_author": "E. J. T. Burns",
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"abstract": "Since 30 years already, the All-Russia Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) is engaged in investigations on the problem of inertial confinement fusion. The high-power laser facilities 'Iskra 5' (Kirillov G A et al 1990 Laser Particle Beams 8 827\u201331) and 'Luch' (Sukharev S A 3rd Int. Conf. on Solid State Lasers for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion ed W H Lowdermilk Proc. SPIE 3492 12\u201324) were created and are operating now in the framework of this programme. The main lines of the work at these facilities are the investigation of the physics of thermonuclear targets and the development of laser technologies. This work resulted in the development of a project of the new generation facility 'Iskra-6'.This report presents the main results of these works carried out at Russian Federal Nuclear Center\u2014VNIIEF in the period 1991\u20132002.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:35018338",
"title": "Investigations on inertial confinement fusion at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center\u2014VNIIEF",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Solid-state",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Engineering",
"Work (electrical)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Center (algebra and category theory)",
"Plasma confinement",
"High power lasers",
"Laser",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Sergey G Garanin",
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"abstract": "Measurements of the D(d,p)T (dd) and T(t,2n)(4)He (tt) reaction yields have been compared with those of the D(t,n)(4)He (dt) reaction yield, using deuterium-tritium gas-filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. In these experiments, carried out on the OMEGA laser, absolute spectral measurements of dd protons and tt neutrons were obtained. From these measurements, it was concluded that the dd yield is anomalously low and the tt yield is anomalously high relative to the dt yield, an observation that we conjecture to be caused by a stratification of the fuel in the implosion core. This effect may be present in ignition experiments planned on the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvL.108g5002C/abstract",
"title": "Evidence for stratification of deuterium-tritium fuel in inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron",
"Lawson criterion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium"
],
"first_author": "D. T. Casey",
"scholarly_citations_count": 62,
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"abstract": "Recent spectroscopic analysis of charged particles generated by fusion reactions in direct-drive implosion experiments at the OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] show the presence of low-mode-number asymmetries in compressed-capsule areal density (\u03c1R) at the time of fusion burn. Experiments involved the acquisition and analysis of spectra of primary (14.7 MeV) protons, from capsules filled with deuterium and helium-3, and secondary (12.6\u201317.5 MeV) protons, from cryogenic deuterium capsules. The difference between the birth energy and measured energy of these protons provides a measure of the amount of material they passed through on their way out of a capsule, so measurements taken at different angles relative to a target provide information about angular variations in capsule areal density at burn time. Those variations have low-mode-number amplitudes as large as \u00b150% about the mean (which is typically \u223c65 mg/cm2); high-mode-number structure can lead to individual pat...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhPl....9.3558S/abstract",
"title": "Measurements of \u03c1R asymmetries at burn time in inertial-confinement-fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Area density",
"Implosion",
"Omega",
"Charged particle",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "F. H. S\u00e9guin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 29,
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{
"abstract": "For inertial confinement fusion experiments, a copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene (AS) shell overcoated with a cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been fabricated in order to obtain good gas-barrier properties and resistance to beta decay of tritium. The fabrication method is based on the emulsion method using the interfacial poly-condensation reaction between water and oil phases. Cross-linked PVA with a thickness of 5 \u03bcm has been successfully overcoated on an AS shell. The surface roughness has been estimated using an atomic force microscope to be 0.5 nm (root mean square).",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/avs/journal/jvsta/15/3/10.1116/1.580801",
"title": "Fabrication of cross-linked polymer shells for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1997,
"fields_of_study": [
"Surface roughness",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Copolymer",
"Composite material",
"Nanotechnology",
"Polymer blend",
"Materials science",
"Polyvinyl alcohol",
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"first_author": "Uichi Kubo",
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{
"abstract": "A simple procedure is developed to determine the Froude number Fr, the effective power index for thermal conduction \u03bd, the ablation-front thickness L0, the ablation velocity Va, and the acceleration g of laser-accelerated ablation fronts. These parameters are determined by fitting the density and pressure profiles obtained from one-dimensional numerical simulations with the analytic isobaric profiles of Kull and Anisimov [Phys. Fluids 29, 2067 (1986)]. These quantities are then used to calculate the growth rate of the ablative Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability using the theory developed by Goncharov et al. [Phys. Plasmas 3, 4665 (1996)]. The complicated expression of the growth rate (valid for arbitrary Froude numbers) derived by Goncharov et al. is simplified by using reasonably accurate fitting formulas.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhPl....5.1446B/abstract",
"title": "Growth rates of the ablative Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Acceleration",
"Physics",
"Isobaric process",
"Thermal conduction",
"Froude number",
"Instability",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Riccardo Betti",
"scholarly_citations_count": 317,
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"abstract": "The ion beam propagation in inertial confinement fusion by light ion beam is analysed. The anomalous deceleration of the beam ion occurs, when the beam including the electron interacts with the background plasma with a comparable number density. This deceleration is caused by the two stream instability between the beam and the background plasma electrons and then becomes maximum when each density is equivalent. The anomalous deceleration rate of the beam ion is computed by using the qusilinear theory. It is shown that the anomalous deceleration which the beam ion (10 17 cm -3 ) accepts from the background plasma (10 18 cm -3 ) is equivalent to the classical one from the background plasma with solid density (10 21 cm -3 ).",
"URL": "https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000011541",
"title": "Anomalous Deceleration of Light Ion Beam in Plasma of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1980,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Two-stream instability",
"Ion beam",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Takashi Abe",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "The mix of shell material into the fuel of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions is thought to be a major cause of the failure of most ICF experiments to achieve the fusion yield predicted by computer codes. Implosion asymmetry is a simple measurable quantity that is expected to affect the mix. In order to measure the coupling of asymmetry to mix in ICF implosions, we have performed experiments on the OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 508 (1995)] that vary the energy of each of the sixty beams individually to achieve a given fraction of L2, the second-order Legendre polynomial. Prolate, symmetric, and oblate implosions resulted. Three different fill pressures were used. Simultaneous x-ray and neutron images were obtained. The experiments were modeled with a radiation/hydrodynamics code using the multi-fluid interpenetration mix model of Scannapieco and Cheng. It fits the data well with a single value of its one adjustable parameter (0.07\u00b10.01). This agreement is demonstrated by neutron yield, x-ray images, neutron images, and ion temperatures. The degree of decline of the neutron yield with asymmetry at different fill pressures provides a hard constraint on ICF mix modeling.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/11/5/10.1063/1.1690760",
"title": "The influence of asymmetry on mix in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Legendre polynomials",
"Coupling",
"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Neutron",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Computational physics",
"Asymmetry"
],
"first_author": "C. R. Christensen",
"scholarly_citations_count": 26,
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"abstract": "In the study of inertial confinement fusion physics, the characteristics, temporal and spatial evolution of kinetic effects at the plasma interfaces attract crucial interest recently because they can affect the laser energy deposition, laser plasma instabilities, radiation asymmetry and implosion performance. A successful design of inertial confinement fusion requires the accurate description of the temporal and spatial evolution of the kinetic effects at the plasma interfaces, which is also a very challenging and unresolved problem in high energy density physics. In this paper, we will review our recent researches on the kinetic effects and their influence on laser plasma instabilities and implosion performance: (1) Electrostatic field arisen in the hohlraum wall/ablator (or the low-density fill-gas) interpenetration region will result in efficient acceleration of high energy ions, which is a source of the low-mode asymmetry of the implosion capsule. (2) The mechanism for the electrostatic field generation and the anomalous mix in the interpenetration layer at the high-Z and low-Z plasma interface and its effects on the laser plasma instabilities. (3) Reconstruction of the spontaneous electric and magnetic fields through proton radiography.",
"URL": "http://www.hplpb.com.cn/en/article/doi/10.11884/HPLPB202032.200134",
"title": "Characteristic and impact of kinetic effects at interfaces of inertial confinement fusion hohlraums",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Implosion",
"Computational physics",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Electric field",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Cai Hongbo",
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"sentence": "3 Reconstruction of the spontaneous electric and magnetic fields through proton radiography.",
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{
"abstract": "The first experimental studies of pulsed electrohydrodynamics ion emission from molten lithium are reported. Ions are produced at the apices of cusps formed on the surface of liquid lithium by applying a pulsed electric field of nanosecond duration. The ion species are dominated by{sup 7}Li{sup +} and have a turn-on time of less than 10 ns as measured by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Current densities of {similar to}300 A/cm{sup 2} have been observed. Implications for the use of this ion source in light-ion inertial-confinement-fusion reactors are discussed.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhRvL..67.2175S/abstract",
"title": "Ion emission from liquid lithium for inertial-confinement-fusion applications.",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Atomic physics",
"Ion source",
"Materials science",
"Isotopes of lithium",
"Nanosecond",
"Lithium",
"Electric field"
],
"first_author": "P. R. Schwoebel",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "A study of the laser-plasma interaction processes have been performed in plasmas that are created to emulate the plasma conditions in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion targets. The plasma emulator is produced in a gas-filled hohlraum; a blue 351-nm laser beam propagates along the axis of the hohlraum interacting with a high-temperature (Te=3.5keV), dense (ne=5\u00d71020cm\u22123), long-scale length (L\u223c2mm) plasma. Experiments at these conditions have demonstrated that the interaction beam produces less than 1% total backscatter resulting in transmission greater than 90% for laser intensities less than I<2\u00d71015Wcm\u22122. The bulk plasma conditions have been independently characterized using Thomson scattering where the peak electron temperatures are shown to scale with the hohlraum heater beam energy in the range from 2keV to 3.5keV. This feature has allowed us to determine the thresholds for both backscattering and filamentation instabilities; the former measured with absolutely calibrated full aperture backsc...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhPl...14e5705F/abstract",
"title": "Laser beam propagation through inertial confinement fusion hohlraum plasmas",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Thomson scattering",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Filamentation",
"Laser",
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"first_author": "Dustin Froula",
"scholarly_citations_count": 25,
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{
"abstract": "In the dynamic-shell (DS) concept [V.\u2009N. Goncharov et al., Novel Hot-Spot Ignition Designs for Inertial Confinement Fusion with Liquid-Deuterium-Tritium Spheres, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 065001 (2020).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.065001] for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion the deuterium-tritium fuel is initially in the form of a homogeneous liquid inside a wetted-foam spherical shell. This fuel is ignited using a conventional implosion, which is preceded by a initial compression of the fuel followed by its expansion and dynamic formation of a high-density fuel shell with a low-density interior. This Letter reports on a scaled-down, proof-of-principle experiment on the OMEGA laser demonstrating, for the first time, the feasibility of DS formation. A shell is formed by convergent shocks launched by laser pulses at the edge of a plasma sphere, with the plasma itself formed as a result of laser-driven compression and relaxation of a surrogate plastic-foam ball target. Three x-ray diagnostics, namely, 1D spatially resolved self-emission streaked imaging, 2D self-emission framed imaging, and backlighting radiography, have shown good agreement with the predicted evolution of the DS and its stability to low Legendre mode perturbations introduced by laser irradiation and target asymmetries.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Proof-of-Principle Experiment on the Dynamic Shell Formation for Inertial Confinement Fusion.",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Implosion",
"Physics",
"Laser",
"Plasma",
"Spherical shell",
"Shell (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Deuterium",
"Materials science",
"Optics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Composite material"
],
"first_author": "I V Igumenshchev",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "Mechanisms that induce implosion asymmetries in ion\u2010driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets are identified and investigated by studying the two\u2010dimensional hydrodynamic response of the heavy\u2010ion\u2010driven HIBALL target [Boch, in Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 152, Washington, DC (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1986), p. 23] in planar geometry. The implosion of the multilayered, single\u2010shell target is subjected to two symmetry\u2010reducing mechanisms: (1) spatial beam intensity nonuniformities and (2) target material interface perturbations. In self\u2010consistent numerical calculations, the target implosion symmetry is found to be sensitive to spatial variations in beam energy deposition resulting from interface perturbations in the path of the beam and coherent intensity variations in the beam itself. The asymmetries in beam energy absorption perturb the flow in the target absorption layer. If the resulting fluid perturbations are seeded at the hydrodynamically unstable pusher\u2013fue...",
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"abstract": "This paper defines boundary conditions derived from the basic physics of fusion and applies them to both laser driven and acoustically driven Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). Several experimental and theoretical papers, in addition to some patents, hold open the promise of acoustically driven ICF. There are several factors common to both drivers that must be taken into account. In particular, it has been observed in laser driven ICF plasmas that criteria on the ion temperature, the confinement time, the core density, and the minimum core radius must be satisfied to achieve fusion. The relationship of these criteria to acoustically driven inertial confinement will be discussed.",
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"abstract": "The derivation of the ignition energy for fast ignition inertial confinement fusion is reviewed and one-dimensional simulations are used to produce a revised formula for the ignition energy of an isochoric central hot-spot, which accounts for variation in the radius of the hot-spot rh as well as the density \u03c1. The required energy may be as low as 1\u2009kJ when \u03c1 r h \u2248 0.36 g c m \u2212 2 , T \u2248 20 keV, and \u03c1 \u2265 700 g c m \u2212 2. Although there are many physical challenges to creating these conditions, a possible route to producing such a hot-spot is via a bright source of non-thermal soft x-rays. Further one-dimensional simulations are used to study the non-thermal soft x-ray heating of dense DT and it is found to offer the potential to significantly reduce hydrodynamic losses as compared to particle driven fast ignition due to the hotspot being heated supersonically in a layer-by-layer fashion. A sufficiently powerful soft x-ray source would be difficult to produce, but line emission from laser-produced-plasma is the most promising option.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27d2711L/abstract",
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"abstract": "High-energy charged particles are being used to diagnose x-ray-driven implosions in inertial-confinement fusion. Recent measurements with vacuum hohlraums have resulted in quantitative characterization of important aspects of x-ray drive and capsule implosions. Comprehensive data obtained from spectrally resolved, fusion-product self-emission and time-gated proton radiographs with unprecedented clarity reveal new and important phenomena. Several types of spontaneous electric fields differing by two orders of magnitude in strength are observed, the largest being on the order of one-tenth of the Bohr field ( , where a0 is the Bohr radius). The hohlraum experiments demonstrate the absence of stochastic filamentary patterns and striations around the imploded capsule, a feature common to direct-drive implosions. The views of spatial structure and temporal evolution of spontaneous electromagnetic fields, plasma flows, implosion symmetry and dynamics provide insight into the physics of x-ray driven implosions. Potential applications for the National Ignition Facility are outlined.",
"URL": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/94371",
"title": "Diagnosing indirect-drive inertial-confinement-fusion implosions with charged particles",
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"abstract": "In this paper we compare the requirements for a light ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor with the present achievements in pulsed power technology, ion diode performance, beam transport, and target physics. The largest gap exists in beam quality and repetition rate capability of high-power ion diodes. Beam quality can very likely be improved to a level sufficient for driving a single-shot ignition facility, if the potential of two-stage acceleration is used. Present schemes for repetition rate ion diodes allow either too low power densities or create too large beam divergence. On the other hand, repetitively operating pulsed-power generators meeting the requirements for an ICF reactor driver can be built with present technology. Also, a rather mature target concept has been developed for indirect drive with light ion beams.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPB....14..655B/abstract",
"title": "Light ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion: Requirements and achievements",
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"abstract": "The MHD equations are rederived without neglecting the electron inertia and new terms are obtained. The revised equations predict that strong magnetic fields are spontaneously generated even in an ideally symmetric ICF implosion in contrast to the conventional theory where an ideal ICF implosion is considered to be free of magnetic fields. The dynamics of the implosion is found to be governed by the space-time structure of the magnetic field. Departures from neutrality are taken into account and an explicit equation is obtained for the evolution of the charge density. The complexity of the implosion problem is illustrated with reference to cylindrical and spherical geometries. The existence of this effect has been verified in the case of a Z -pinch. Experiments can be devised to detect it in existing ICF installations. It is suggested that scientific breakeven may be achieved using existing installations if the targets are optimized in accordance with the present theory.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022377800011703",
"title": "New terms in MHD equations and their implications for the inertial confinement fusion concept",
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"abstract": "This paper presents an analysis of laser?plasma interaction risks of the shock ignition (SI) scheme and experimental results under conditions relevant to the corona of a compressed target. Experiments are performed on the LIL facility at the 10?kJ level, on the LULI 2000 facility with two beams at the kJ level and on the LULI 6-beam facility with 100?J in each beam. Different aspects of the interaction of the SI pulse are studied exploiting either the flexibility of the LULI 6-beam facility to produce a very high intensity pulse or the high energy of the LIL to produce long and hot plasmas. A continuity is found allowing us to draw some conclusions regarding the coupling quality and efficiency of the SI spike pulse. It is shown that the propagation of the SI beams in the underdense plasma present in the corona of inertial confinement fusion targets could strongly modify the initial spot size of the beam through filamentation. Detailed experimental studies of the growth and saturation of backscattering instabilities in these plasmas indicate that significant levels of stimulated scattering reflectivities (larger than 40%) may be reached at least for some time during the SI pulse.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/12/124034/pdf",
"title": "Interaction physics for the shock ignition scheme of inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Beam (structure)",
"Saturation (magnetic)",
"Scattering",
"Filamentation",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Sylvie Depierreux",
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"abstract": "A proton emission imaging system has been developed and used extensively to measure the nuclear burn regions in the cores of inertial confinement fusion implosions. Three imaging cameras, mounted to the 60-beam OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], use the penetrating 14.7MeV protons produced from DHe3 fusion reactions to produce emission images of the nuclear burn spatial distribution. The technique relies on penumbral imaging, with different reconstruction algorithms for extracting the burn distributions of symmetric and asymmetric implosions. The hardware and design considerations required for the imaging cameras are described. Experimental data, analysis, and error analysis are presented for a representative symmetric implosion of a fuel capsule with a 17-\u03bcm-thick plastic shell and 18atm DHe3 gas fill. The radial burn profile was found to have characteristic radius Rburn, which we define as the radius containing half the DHe3 reactions, of 32\u00b12\u03bcm (burn radii measure...",
"URL": "http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/94164/06ja009_full.pdf?sequence=1",
"title": "Proton core imaging of the nuclear burn in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Proton emission",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Helium-3",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Radius"
],
"first_author": "J. L. Deciantis",
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"abstract": "A high-power-density laser fusion reactor concept is investigated in which directed kinetic energy imparted to a large mass of liquid lithium--in which the fusion target is centrally located--is maximized. In turn, this kinetic energy is converted directly to electricity with, potentially, very high efficiency by work done against a pulsed magnetic field applied exterior to the lithium. Because the concept maximizes the blanket thickness per unit volume of lithium, neutron-induced radioactivities in the reaction chamber wall can be many orders of magnitude less than is typical of D-T fusion reactor concepts.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983tfe..meet...26L/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion with direct electric generation by magnetic flux compression",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Energy transformation",
"Magnetic flux",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Fusion power",
"Lithium",
"Direct energy conversion",
"Mechanics",
"Neutron flux"
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion, the rocket model has achieved great success in describing many important effects, including the residual mass of the shell, average implosion velocity, the motion of the ablative surface, and rocket efficiency (the ratio of the kinetic energy of the shell to absorbed energy). This model uses only the implosion parameter to describe the spherical ablative implosion dynamics under the thin-shell assumption. In this paper, we introduce a decoupled rocket model using an additional parameter that extends beyond the thin-shell assumption to describe the implosion dynamics at the same time. This provides information for the theoretical design of a thick shell by optimizing two parameters rather than only one implosion parameter. To demonstrate this, we apply these two models to design single-shell targets driven by the same radiation source. Our simulations show the decoupled rocket model can get better theoretical design results in a larger parameter space.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Decoupled rocket model of a spherical shell implosion in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"first_author": "Lulu Li",
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"abstract": "\u00a0Objective: Energy efficiency enhancement is one of the most effective ways to achieve Fast ignition (FI) in inertial confinement fusion ICF. High energy output gain is essential for ICF reactors and greater energy efficiency can reduce energy costs. The injection of Ion beam is one method used to achieve FI fusion reaction in ICF. A fusion of deuteron with lithium-6 isotope, DLi6 is reviewed in this work alongside the fusion of Deuterium \u2013 Tritium (DT), Deuterium \u2013 Deuterium (DD), Deuterium \u2013 Helium-3 (DHe3) and Proton \u2013 Boron-11 (PB11).
\nMaterials and Methods: In this work, it is proposed the projection of laser-driven deuteron beam in the FI scheme for ICF in the DLi6 plasma. Fusion occurs as the projected deuteron ion beam hits the lithium-6 target in the thermonuclear fusion reaction.
\nResults: The results show that the fusion reactions of DD, DHe3 and PB11 all require high input kinetic energy (Mega-electronvolts) for the fusion process to occur because of higher Coulomb barrier and the probability of fusion increases by increasing the input energy drive with low output energy gain. DT fusion which require low input kinetic energy of about 400 KeV with high cross section and generated considerable high output energy gain of about 17.59 MeV, However this fusion reaction require large tritium inventory and tritium does not occur naturally, therefore the need for tritium breeding. When the energy of deuteron beam is projected at 200 keV to lithium-6 isotope target, although D + Li6 has a low total cross section of about 19.409 mbarn, the stopping power of the electrons would be more than ions, nuclear stopping power is considerable at very low deuterons energies, the Coulomb interaction of deuteron and lithium-6 occurs with output energy gain of about 22.373 MeV.
\nConclusion: The investigations indicate that fusion target energy gain efficiency is independent of lithium-6 numerical density. The highest value of energy efficiency gain occurs with lower input kinetic energy of deuteron beam of about 200 KeV to lithium-target.
\nRecommendation: This findings contribute to the core mission of NIF in achieving fast ignition with low ignition energy input to achieve Lawson break-even or \"ignition\" point of the fusion fuel pellet, where it gives off 100% or more energy than it absorbs. However the simulation results were based on programmed model of Geant4 Hadr03. This results can be validated with the appropriate experimental design of the Hadr03 process.",
"URL": "https://ajpojournals.org/journals/index.php/EJPS/article/download/956/1079",
"title": "DEUTERON INDUCED FUSION REACTION TARGET FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION (ICF)",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Deuterium",
"Fusion power",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Tritium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Lithium (medication)",
"Proton",
"Fusion",
"Physics",
"Plasma",
"Medicine",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Endocrinology"
],
"first_author": "M U Ibrahim",
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"sentence": "A fusion of deuteron with lithium-6 isotope, DLi6 is reviewed in this work alongside the fusion of Deuterium Tritium DT, Deuterium Deuterium DD, Deuterium Helium-3 DHe3 and Proton Boron-11 PB11.x0D Materials and Methods In this work, it is proposed the projection of laser-driven deuteron beam in the FI scheme for ICF in the DLi6 plasma.",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Inertial confinement fusion is a promising approach to achieve controlled nuclear fusion for clean and abundant energy production. One of the key challenges in Inertial confinement fusion is achieving efficient ignition of the fusion fuel. Fast ignition offers a potential solution to this challenge by using an ultra-high intensity laser or a charged particle beam to directly ignite a pre-compressed fusion fuel. In this manuscript, we propose an approach for fast ignition in ICF, utilizing an antiproton beam to drive ignition in a deuteron-tritium fuel with a uranium-238 seed. The use of antiproton beams in Inertial confinement fusion offers unique advantages, including their ability to deposit energy deeply into the fuel, leading to enhanced energy coupling and heating. The addition of uranium-238 as a seed material in the fuel can further improve ignition conditions by enhancing energy deposition and facilitating ignition reactions. We present detailed simulations and analyses to demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits of this approach. We investigate the effects of antiproton beam parameters, such as energy, intensity, and pulse duration, on ignition conditions, as well as the impact of uranium-238 seed concentration and distribution in the fuel. Our results show that fast ignition driven by an antiproton beam in DT with uranium-238 seed has the potential to significantly improve ignition performance in Inertial confinement fusion, leading to enhanced energy output and higher gain. The use of antiproton beams allows for efficient energy deposition and heating of the fuel, while the inclusion of uranium-238 seed promotes ignition reactions and improves ignition conditions. This concept presents a promising pathway towards achieving practical and efficient ignition in Inertial confinement fusion, and could pave the way for next-generation fusion power plants.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Study of antiprotons as drivers in inertial confinement fusion by fast ignition method",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Ignition system",
"Antiproton",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"Thermodynamics"
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"first_author": "Maryam Azizi",
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"sentence": "This concept presents a promising pathway towards achieving practical and efficient ignition in Inertial confinement fusion, and could pave the way for next-generation fusion power plants.",
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"abstract": "Thermionic power production is shown to be a viable technique for increasing dry-wall inertial confinement fusion (ICF) power output. Thermionic cells produce electricity directly in a topping cycle run off the high temperatures generated at the first vacuum wall by the absorption of fusion product x rays and charged particles. The high temperatures are used to heat the thermionic emitter, which is an integral part of the first wall. The principal engineering consideration is the means of providing the emitter with a high steady-state operating temperature, while the reactor itself operates a pulsed mode with ICF events occurring at between 1 and 20/s. It is shown that several design variables, including materials selection, first-wall thickness, and target firing rate can be chosen to satisfy the emitter temperature requirements. Furthermore, heating requirements do not rely on neutron attenuation, so neutrons can be conserved to meet tritium breeding requirements in the blanket. Several other aspects of the thermionic system design and engineering are discussed. These are related to the current state of development of thermionic convertors, and to possible further advances in the technology.",
"URL": "https://ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_22779",
"title": "Thermionic Power Production for Dry-Wall Inertial Confinement Fusion Systems",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Operating temperature",
"Thermionic emission",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Staged combustion cycle",
"Blanket",
"Systems design",
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],
"first_author": "James F. Stubbins",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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{
"abstract": "This paper discusses some of the essential aspects of arms control at the research and development (R&D) stage of a project, using the example of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). This is a large R&D program with many potential military and civilian applications. Early in a project's life, it may be unclear what its military and civilian benefits will be: such ambivalence is a major obstacle to arms control at this stage of development. We investigate the feasibility of several of ICF's potential applications and outline their respective scientific requirements. It is shown that goals with civilian or military emphases lead to different paths of further R&D. Ways to determine the most probable end intentions of an \u201cambivalent\u201d R&D program are discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08929889108426369",
"title": "Arms control at the stage of research and development? \u2014The case of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Risk analysis (engineering)",
"Ambivalence",
"Stage (hydrology)",
"Obstacle",
"Computer science",
"Arms control"
],
"first_author": "Annette Schaper",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"abstract": "In the framework of the increasing need for metal-doped polymer materials for inertial confinement fusion targets, we report the preparation of low-density titanium-containing materials. For this purpose, we developed a new monomer based on hydroxyl and oxime chelation: Ti3(5-vinylsalicylaldoximato)2(Oi-Pr)8. We report here the synthesis, characterization and first results of polymerization of this new titanium-containing monomer. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"URL": "https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00949725",
"title": "Preparation of titanium\u2010containing polymeric foam for inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Monomer",
"Nanotechnology",
"Chemistry",
"Chelation",
"Oxime",
"Characterization (materials science)",
"Polymerization",
"Titanium",
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"abstract": "This paper reports that the recirculating power fraction of a laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor can be reduced substantially by using a diode-pumped neodymium solid-state laser instead of the conventional flashlamp pumping. Although laser diodes are currently rather expensive, their price will drop in the future, and the laser efficiency in an ICF reactor may increase by an order of magnitude, that being the condition for a tolerable circulating power fraction. In addition to that application in energy technology, the availability of an efficient diode-pumped neodymium laser may also trigger scientific research in other nonnuclear areas such as coherent radar, global sensing from satellites, medicine, space communication and technology, micromachining, photochemistry, environmental sciences, and spectroscopy and particle accelerator applications.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST91-A29670",
"title": "The Diode-Pumped Neodymium Laser-Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactor",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Order of magnitude",
"Surface micromachining",
"Atomic physics",
"Particle accelerator",
"Laser",
"Energy technology",
"Neodymium",
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"abstract": "It is shown that the ignition condition (Lawson criterion) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) can be cast in a form dependent on the only two parameters of the compressed fuel assembly that can be measured with existing techniques: the hot spot ion temperature (Tih) and the total areal density (\u03c1Rtot), which includes the cold shell contribution. A marginal ignition curve is derived in the \u03c1Rtot, Tih plane and current implosion experiments are compared with the ignition curve. On this plane, hydrodynamic equivalent curves show how a given implosion would perform with respect to the ignition condition when scaled up in the laser-driver energy. For 3 50keV2.6\u22c5g\u2215cm2, where \u27e8\u03c1Rtot\u27e9n and \u27e8Tih\u27e9n are the burn-averaged total areal density and hot spot ion temperature, respectively. Both quantities are calculated without accounting for the alpha-particle energy deposition. Such a criterion can be used t...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2998604",
"title": "A measurable Lawson criterion and hydro-equivalent curves for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Lawson criterion",
"Plane (geometry)",
"Atomic physics",
"Area density",
"Implosion",
"Shell (structure)",
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"Plasma"
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"first_author": "C. D. Zhou",
"scholarly_citations_count": 74,
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"abstract": "The phenomenology of thermonuclear burn with a secondary reaction is investigated by using a method of numerical simulation for a DT-DD hybrid pellet with a high density. The simulation is carried out by use of a one-dimensional hydrodynamic Lagrangian code, showing the capability of tritium breeding in the hybrid pellet. The breeding ratio in the pellet is clarified to be able to exceed unity when the following two conditions are satisfied. 1) The amount of tritium is remarkably less than the amount of deuterium initially stored in the pellet, so that the amount of tritium produced by DD reactions is beyond the initial amount of tritium. 2) The pellet has a so high temperature and a so high \u03c1 R , that the amount of tritium does not decrease anomalously through the secondary DT reaction, because the rate of DT reactions decreases as the temperature increases above 70 keV.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JPSJ...52.3400T/abstract",
"title": "Tritium Breeding in DT-DD Hybrid Pellet for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1983,
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"abstract": "Proton imaging is a recently proposed technique for diagnosis of dense plasmas, which favourably exploits the properties of protons produced by high-intensity laser-matter interaction. The technique allows the distribution of electric fields in plasmas and around laser-irradiated targets to be explored for the first time with high temporal and spatial resolution. This leads to the possibility of investigating as yet unexplored physical issues. In particular we will present measurements of transient electric fields in laser-plasmas and around laser-irradiated targets under various interaction conditions. Complex electric field structures have been observed in long-scale laser-produced plasmas, while global target charge-up and growth of electromagnetic instabilities have been detected following ultraintense interactions with solid targets.",
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"abstract": "Abstract : Mix is a critical input to hydro simulations used in modeling chemical or nuclear reaction processes in fluids. It has been identified as a possible cause of performance degradation in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. Mix contributes to numerical solution uncertainty through its dependence on turbulent transport coefficients, themselves uncertain and even controversial quantities. These coefficients are a central object of study in this paper, carried out in an Richtmyer Meshkov unstable circular two-dimensional (2D) geometry suggested by an ICF design. We study a pre-turbulent regime and a fully developed regime. The former, at times between the first shock passage and reshock, is characterized by mixing in the form of interpenetrating but coherent fingers and the latter, at times after reshock, has fully developed turbulent structures. This paper focuses on the scaling of spatial averages of turbulence coefficients under mesh refinement and under variation of molecular viscosity [i.e., Reynolds number (Re)]. We find that the coefficients scale under mesh refinement with a power of spatial grid spacing derived from the Kolmogorov 2/3 law, especially after reshock. We document the dominance of turbulent over molecular transport and convergence of the turbulent transport coefficients in the infinite Re limit. The transport coefficients do not coincide for the pre- and post-reshock flow regimes, with significantly stronger transport coefficients after reshock.",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions, the interface between the cryogenic DT fuel and the ablator is unstable to shock acceleration (the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, RM) and constant acceleration (Rayleigh-Taylor instability, RT). Instability growth at this interface can reduce the final compression, limiting fusion burnup. If the constant acceleration is in the direction of the lighter material (negative Atwood number), the RT instability produces oscillatory motion that can stabilize against RM growth. Theory and simulations suggest this scenario occurred at early times in some ICF experiments on the National Ignition Facility, possibly explaining their favorable performance compared to one-dimensional simulations. This characteristic is being included in newer, lower adiabat designs, seeking to improve compression while minimizing ablator mixing into the fuel.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Reduced mixing in inertial confinement fusion with early-time interface acceleration.",
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"abstract": "The ion beam propagation in inertial confinement fusion by light ion beam is analysed. The anomalous deceleration of the beam ion occurs, when the beam including the electron interacts with the background plasma with a comparable number density. This deceleration is caused by the two stream instability between the beam and the background plasma electrons and then becomes maximum when each density is equivalent. The anomalous deceleration rate of the beam ion is computed by using the qusilinear theory. It is shown that the anomalous deceleration which the beam ion (10 17 cm -3 ) accepts from the background plasma (10 18 cm -3 ) is equivalent to the classical one from the background plasma with solid density (10 21 cm -3 ).",
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"abstract": "A unique approach for permeation filling of nonpermeable inertial confinement fusion target capsules with deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) is presented. This process uses a permeable capsule coupled into the final target capsule with a 0.03-mm-diameter fill tube. Leak free permeation filling of glow-discharge polymerization (GDP) targets using this method have been successfully demonstrated, as well as ice layering of the target, yielding an inner ice surface roughness of 1- m rms (root mean square). Finally, the measured DT ice-thickness profile for this experiment was used to validate a thermal model\u2019s prediction of the same thickness profile.",
"URL": "https://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2959&context=article",
"title": "Permeation fill-tube design for inertial confinement fusion target capsules",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Surface roughness",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Composite material",
"Materials science",
"Tube (container)",
"Leak",
"Thermal model",
"Polymerization",
"Permeation",
"Root mean square"
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"abstract": "Neutron imaging of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets is useful for understanding the implosion conditions of deuterium and tritium filled targets at Mega-Joule/Tera-Watt scale laser facilities. The primary task for imaging ICF targets at the National Ignition Facility, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA, is to determine the asymmetry of the imploded target. The image data, along with other nuclear information, are to be used to provide insight into target drive conditions. The diagnostic goal at the National Ignition Facility is to provide neutron images with 10 \u03bcm resolution and peak signal-to-background values greater than 20 for neutron yields of ~ 1015. To achieve this requires signal multiplexing apertures with good resolution. In this paper we present results from imaging system development efforts aimed at achieving these requirements using neutron pinholes. The data were collected using directly driven ICF targets at the Omega Laser, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY., and include images collected from a 3 \u00d7 3 array of 15.5 \u03bcm pinholes. Combined images have peak signal-to-background values greater than 30 at neutron yields of ~ 1013.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPhCS.112c2078G/abstract",
"title": "Neutron imaging development for megajoule scale inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2008,
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"abstract": "We present 3D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The simulations are carried out on two shots from different NIF experimental campaigns: N130927 from the high foot series and N161023 from the ongoing high density carbon series. Applying representative perturbation sources from each implosion, synthetic nuclear diagnostics are used to post-process the simulations to infer the stagnation parameters. The underlying physical mechanisms that produce the observed signatures are then explored. We find that the radiation asymmetry and tent scar perturbations extend the nuclear burn width; this is due to an asymmetric stagnation of the shell that causes the delivery of mechanical PdV work to be extended compared to an idealised implosion. Radiation asymmetries seed directed flow patterns that can result in a difference in the inferred ion temperature ranging from 80\u2009eV to 230\u2009eV depending on the magnitude and orientation of the asymmetry considered in the simulation; the tent scar shows no such temperature difference. For N130927, radiation asymmetries dominate the yield and inferred ion temperature and the tent scar has the largest influence on the neutron burnwidth. For N161023, the fill tube decreases the burn width by injecting mix into the hot spot, leading to a smaller hot spot and increased energy losses. Both the radiation asymmetry and the fill tube generate directed flows that lead to an anisotropic inferred temperature distribution. Through existing and novel synthetic neutron imaging techniques, we can observe the hot spot and shell shape to a degree that accurately captures the perturbations present.",
"URL": "https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/65678",
"title": "Diagnostic signatures of performance degrading perturbations in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Radiation",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Asymmetry",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "K. McGlinchey",
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"abstract": "It studies numerical simulation of two-dimensional hydrodynamic instability and the laser ablative interfaces instability of the inertial confinement fusion by applying the level-set-methods and the ENO method. Numerical examples are given, which demonstrate the efficiency of the present scheme for the numerical siumlation of interfaces instability.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JSWL200403002.htm",
"title": "Numerical Simulation of Inertial Confinement Fusion Laser Ablative Interfaces Instability",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Physics",
"Level set method",
"Ablative case",
"Instability",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
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"Mechanics",
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"abstract": "This paper describes a technique for producing spherical gas bubbles in glass that can be used to make inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. A glass rod containing an irregularly shaped hole is heated to a temperature where the glass viscosity is low enough so that surface tension forms a bubble from the hole. Buoyancy forces drive the bubble upward in the glass rod as it becomes increasingly spherical. At the proper time, the rising bubble is decelerated and brought to a gradual stop by increasing the glass viscosity by slowly reducing the temperature. With the present technique, 3- to 6-mm-diam spherical bubbles with a distortion of 0.3% have been produced in Corning 7740 and Schott BK-7 glasses. Glass macroshells can be formed from the bubbles trapped in the glass by grinding the outside surface concentric with the highly spherical inner surface. These glass shells, which possess a high degree of geometrical perfection, should be adequate for ICF targets.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_29218",
"title": "Bubble preforms for producing glass macroshells for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1990,
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"Viscosity",
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"abstract": "In contradistinction to the main-stream fast ignition scenario (FIS) based on collisional stopping in the compressed deuterium tritium (DT)-fuel of relativistic electron beams (REB) in the 1-2 MeV energy range (ER) [1] we consider an ultra relativistic extension of a previous attempt [2] by using REB in the several tenths of MeV ER, and stopping them in target through turbulence. Motivations for such an endeavor is obviously two-fold. First, conditions",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011LPB....29...39D/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion fast ignition with ultra-relativistic electron beams",
"year_published": 2010,
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"abstract": "Abstract Aiming at improving performance of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets, we developed synthesis technology of diamond capsules. In direct-drive ICF for which a spherical target capsule is irradiated directly with intense laser light, laser imprinting due to irradiation non-uniformity on the capsule surface degrades symmetry of the target implosion and performance as a result. We demonstrated that material stiffness is the effective parameter for mitigation of laser imprinting [Kato, et al., Phys. Plasmas, 25, 032706 (2018)]. In this study, we fabricated polycrystalline diamond capsules as the ablator material of direct-drive ICF targets by using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition method. The capsule (diameter ~500\u202f\u03bcm) with sphericity 99.7%, film thickness",
"URL": "https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=201802217781103875",
"title": "Synthesis and characterization of diamond capsules for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Penumbral imaging of the neutron production in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiment is an important diagnostic technique. In order to meet the resolution requirement, we simulate the point spread function (PSF) under the conditions of different source-aperture distances, different thicknesses, different outer radii, and different shapes of the aperture. Base on the sharpness and the isoplanaticity of PSF, the diagnostic system can be optimized. According to the simulation results, tolerant misalignment of system is analysed: a resolution of 15 \u03bcm can be satisfied by the linear reconstruction method, and a resolution of 5 \u03bcm can be achieved by using the nonlinear reconstruction method.",
"URL": "http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=17074",
"title": "Optimization of diagnostic system for neutron penumbral imaging in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Nonlinear system",
"Aperture",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Diagnostic system",
"Point spread function",
"Resolution (electron density)"
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"first_author": "Yu Bo",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"abstract": "Collection of representative samples of debris following inertial confinement fusion implosions in order to diagnose implosion conditions and efficacy is a challenging endeavor because of the unique conditions within the target chamber such as unconverted laser light, intense pulse of x-rays, physical chunks of debris, and other ablative effects. We present collection of gas samples following an implosion for the first time. High collection fractions for noble gases were achieved. We also present collection of solid debris samples on flat plate collectors. Geometrical collection efficiencies for Au hohlraum material were achieved and collection of capsule debris (Be and Cu) was also observed. Asymmetric debris distributions were observed for Au and Be samples. Collection of Be capsule debris was higher for solid collectors viewing the capsule through the laser entrance hole in the hohlraum than for solid collectors viewing the capsule around the waist of the hohlraum. Collection of Au hohlraum material showed the opposite pattern: more Au debris was collected around the waist than through the laser entrance hole. The solid debris collectors were not optimized for minimal Cu backgrounds, which limited the conclusions about the symmetry of the Cu debris. The quality of the data limited conclusions on chemical fractionation effects within the burning, expanding, and then cooling plasma.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.3685250",
"title": "Collection of solid and gaseous samples to diagnose inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2012,
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"abstract": "The injection and mixing of contaminant mass into the fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions is a primary factor preventing ignition. ICF experiments have recently achieved an alpha-heating regime, in which fusion self-heating is the dominant source of yield, by reducing the susceptibility of implosions to instabilities that inject this mass. We report the results of unique separated reactants implosion experiments studying pre-mixed contaminant as well as detailed high-resolution three-dimensional simulations that are in good agreement with experiments. At conditions relevant to mixing regions in high-yield implosions, we observe persistent chunks of contaminant that do not achieve thermal equilibrium with the fuel throughout the burn phase. The assumption of thermal equilibrium is made in nearly all computational ICF modeling and methods used to infer levels of contaminant from experiments. We estimate that these methods may underestimate the amount of contaminant by a factor of two or more. The influence of contaminants is one of the factors hindering self-sustained thermonuclear burn in inertial confinement fusion. Here, the authors present evidence, through simulations and experiments, that contaminants do not fully reach thermal equilibrium, and thus their amount is usually underestimated.",
"URL": "https://www.scilit.net/article/1c9785d78a7f022053cfe8e9a497749b",
"title": "Observation of persistent species temperature separation in inertial confinement fusion mixtures.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Mixing (process engineering)",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Thermal equilibrium",
"Phase (matter)",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "Brian Haines",
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"abstract": "We report on our continued development of the advanced x-ray plasma diagnostics based on spherically curved crystals. The diagnostics include x-ray spectroscopy with one-dimensional (1D) spatial resolution, 2D monochromatic self-imaging, and backlighting, and can be extended to the x-ray collimating and 2D absorption and emission spectroscopy. The system is currently used, but not limited to diagnostics of the targets ablatively accelerated by the NRL Nike KrF laser. A spherically curved quartz crystal (2d=6.687\u200a03\u2002A, R=200 mm) has been used to produce monochromatic backlit images with the He-like Si resonance line (1865 eV) as the source of radiation. The spatial resolution of the x-ray optical system is 1.7 \u03bcm in selected places and 2\u20133 \u03bcm over a larger area. Another quartz crystal (2d=8.5099 A, R=200 mm) with the H-like Mg resonance line (1473 eV) has been used for backit imaging with higher contrast. Sherically curved mica (2d=9.969 A in the second order or reflection, R=200 mm) has been used for back...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RScI...72..743A/abstract",
"title": "X-ray imaging diagnostics for the inertial confinement fusion experiments (abstract)",
"year_published": 2001,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Collimated light",
"Monochromatic color",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Crystal",
"Emission spectrum"
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"abstract": "Ion inertial confinement fusion requires beam transport over distances of a few meters for isolation of the diode hardware from the target explosion and for power compression by time\u2010of\u2010flight bunching. This paper evaluates light ion beam transport in a wall\u2010stabilized z\u2010discharge channel, where the discharge azimuthal magnetic field radially confines the ion beam. The ion beam is focused onto the entrance aperture of the transport channel by shaping the diode to achieve beam convergence in a field\u2010free drift region separating the diode from the transport section. Ion orbits are studied to determine the injection efficiency (i.e., the fraction of the beam emitted from the diode which is transported) under various conditions. Ions that are focused onto the channel entrance at too large of an angle for confinement hit the wall and are lost. For a multimodular scheme (10\u201330 beams), individual transport channels are packed around the target with the exit apertures at some standoff distance from it. The fracti...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JAP....70.5292O/abstract",
"title": "Z-discharge transport of intense ion beams for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Optics",
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"Ion",
"Beam (structure)",
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"abstract": "A novel structure of array reflector mount used in inertial confinement fusion is designed with the principle of parallel mechanics,and the relationship between the adjustment orthogonality and the orthogonality of rotation axes is analyzed through coordinate transformation.Test results prove that the adjustment orthogonality consists with the analysis result,and the stability and asjustment accuracy of the reflector mount meet the specificities of the ICF facility.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GZXB200801038.htm",
"title": "A Novel Structure of Array Reflector Mount Used in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"entity": "reflector mount"
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"entity": "adjustment orthogonality"
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"entity": "stability"
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{
"abstract": "We demonstrate 325 \u03bcm spatial resolution in a 14 MeV neutron detector made with a capillary array filled with a deuterated liquid scintillator. A 10 \u03bcm source resolution in an image formed by 14 MeV neutrons is now achievable on a 25 m line-of-sight path for implosions at the Laser Mega Joule and the National Ignition Facilities. Analysis of penumbral and annular imaging techniques using this capillary array technology predicts good signal-to-noise ratios for images formed by targets yielding 1015 neutrons or more. Experimental images of individual scattered recoil ions and measurement of their resulting light distributions are presented and are well understood. Neutron imaging of deuterium-filled capsules is also found to be feasible, based on the light-yield calibration of the neutron detector.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004RScI...75.2134D/abstract",
"title": "Capillary detector with deuterated scintillator for inertial confinement fusion neutron images",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Scintillator",
"Image resolution",
"Scintillation counter",
"Neutron detection",
"Detector"
],
"first_author": "L. Disdier",
"scholarly_citations_count": 42,
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{
"abstract": "The Be-based materials with many particular properties lead to an important research subject. The investigation progresses in the fabrication technologies are introduced here, including main three kinds of Be-based materials, such as Be\u2013Cu capsule, ablator and high-purity Be material. Compared with the pioneer workgroup on Be-based materials, the differences in Be\u2013Cu target fabrication were described, and a grain refinement technique by an active hydrogen reaction for Be coating was proposed uniquely. coatings were first prepared by the DC reactive magnetron sputtering with a high deposition rate . Pure polycrystalline films with uniform microstructures, smooth surface, high density and good optical transparency were fabricated. In addition, the high-purity Be materials with metal impurities in a ppm magnitude were fabricated by the pyrolysis of organometallic Be.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/high-power-laser-science-and-engineering/article/an-investigation-progress-toward-bebased-ablator-materials-for-the-inertial-confinement-fusion/FA7D8996AACFB97781DC5A3D8C958E83",
"title": "An investigation progress toward Be-based ablator materials for the inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Crystallite",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Sputtering",
"Coating",
"Pyrolysis",
"Hydrogen",
"Microstructure"
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"first_author": "Bingchi Luo",
"scholarly_citations_count": 7,
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"abstract": "A close coupled, distributed radiator heavy ion target is presented. Close coupled refers to a decrease in the distance between the hohlraum wall and the inertial confinement fusion capsule. In two dimensional, integrated, LASNEX calculations, this target produced 436 MJ of yield from 3.27 MJ of ion beam energy for a gain of 133. To achieve these results, the hohlraum dimensions were reduced by 27% from the previous distributed radiator, heavy ion target while driving the same capsule. This reduced the beam energy required from 5.9 to 3.27 MJ. Calculations of single mode Rayleigh-Taylor growth for this capsule show that this capsule is more stable than at least one of the NIF target designs (the PT design which uses a CH ablator doped with oxygen and bromine). This means that issues regarding the Rayleigh-Taylor instability for the heavy ion driven capsule can be settled on NIF. This close coupled target can also be scaled down in size for an Engineering Test Facility; LASNEX calculations predict that a gain of 94 can be achieved from 1.75 MJ of beam energy. In addition, gain curves for distributed radiator targets with the `conventional' case to capsule ratio and the close coupled case to capsule ratio are presented.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/39/11/306/pdf",
"title": "Increasing the coupling efficiency in a heavy ion, inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Single-mode optical fiber",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Instability",
"LASNEX",
"Ion beam",
"Hohlraum",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Radiator (engine cooling)"
],
"first_author": "D.A. Callahan-Miller",
"scholarly_citations_count": 45,
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"abstract": "For large inertial confinement fusion deuterium\u2010tritium targets, a way to diagnose \u03b1 slowing might be via capture reaction \u03b3 rays. Calculations are presented for two such methods: one uses the \u03b1+T direct capture \u03b3 rays, the other is based on a series of resonant \u03b1\u2010capture reactions. For small targets (\u03c1R\u22640.02 g/cm2), the total \u03b1+T \u03b3\u2010ray yield relative to the DT neutron yield is temperature independent and proportional to the \u03c1R value. For large targets (\u03c1R\u22650.2 g/cm2), this quantity becomes temperature dependent and \u03c1R independent. Some experimental aspects are discussed.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.354504",
"title": "\u03b3\u2010ray diagnostics of \u03b1 slowing in inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Neutron spectroscopy",
"Charged particle",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Deuterium",
"Alpha particle",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Peter Dendooven",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "Using a low-temperature cationic polymerization technique, a number of poly(alpha-methylstyrene) samples with molecular masses of 300000\u2013400000 were prepared, and their structural parameters were examined via nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that all synthesized polymers display a stereoregular syndiotactic structure of macro chains and are amorphous. Using these polymers and the microencapsulation technique, hollow shells were obtained that were 2.4 mm in diameter and had a wall thickness of 10 to 60 \u00b5m. The quality of walls and surfaces of the shells was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. The hollow shells are intended for the preparation of inertial confinement fusion targets and for the laser plasma research.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/907/1/012020/pdf",
"title": "Hollow poly(alpha-methylstyrene) shells for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Resonance",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Microscopy",
"Composite material",
"Cationic polymerization",
"Materials science",
"Scanning electron microscope",
"Polymerization",
"Polymer",
"Amorphous solid"
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"first_author": "Alexander V. Pastukhov",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"abstract": "Engineering features are known to cause jets of ablator materials to enter the fuel hot-spot in inertial confinement fusion implosions. The Biermann battery mechanism wraps them in a self-generated magnetic field. We show that higher-Z jets have an additional thermoelectric magnetic source term that is not present for hydrogen jets, verified here through a kinetic simulation. It has similar magnitude to the Biermann term. We then include this in an extended magneto-hydrodynamic approach to post process an xRAGE radiation-hydrodynamic implosion simulation. The simulation includes an accurate model for the capsule fill tube, producing a dense carbon jet that becomes wrapped in a 4000\u2009T magnetic field. A simple spherical carbon mix model shows that this insulates the electron heat conduction enough to cause contraction of the jet to an optically thick equilibrium. The denser magnetized jet hydrodynamics could change its core penetration and therefore the final mix mass, which is known to be well correlated with fusion yield degradation. Fully exploring this will require self-consistent magneto-hydrodynamic simulations. Experimental signatures of this self-magnetization may emerge in the high energy neutron spectrum.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0012959",
"title": "Magnetization around mix jets entering inertial confinement fusion fuel",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Electron",
"Neutron",
"Thermal conduction",
"Implosion",
"Magnetization",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "James Sadler",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"sentence": "Experimental signatures of this self-magnetization may emerge in the high energy neutron spectrum.",
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"abstract": "Deuterated polymer microspheres can be used as a neutron source in conjunction with lasers because thermonuclear fusion neutrons can be produced efficiently by collisions of the resulting energetic deuterium ions. A new type of solid deuterated polymer microsphere with a carbon hydrogen\u2013carbon deuterium (CH-CD) multilayer has been designed for preparing the target for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. To fabricate these solid CH-CD multilayer microspheres, CH beads are first fabricated by a microfluidic technique, and the CD coating layer is prepared by a plasma polymerization method. Both polystyrene (PS) and poly(\u03b1-methylstyrene) (PAMS) are used as the material sources for the CH beads. The effects of the PS and PAMS materials on the quality of the solid CH beads and the resulting CH-CD multilayer polymer microspheres are investigated. The solid PS beads have better sphericity and a smoother surface, but large vacuoles are observed in solid PS-CD multilayer microspheres owing to the presence of residual fluorobenzene in the beads and a glass transition temperature of the solid PS beads that is lower than the temperature of plasma polymerization. Therefore, solid PAMS beads are more suitable as a mandrel for fabricating solid CH-CD multilayer polymer microspheres. Solid CH-CD multilayer microspheres with specified size have been successfully prepared by controlling the droplet size and the CD deposition rate and deposition time. Compared with the design value, the diameter deviation of the inner CH beads and the thickness deviation of the CD layer can be controlled within 20 \u00b5m and 2 \u00b5m, respectively. Thus, an approach has been developed to fabricate solid CH-CD multilayer microspheres that meet the physical design requirements for ICF.",
"URL": "http://www.opticsjournal.net/Articles/Abstract/mre/6/2/025901.cshtml",
"title": "Fabrication of solid CH-CD multilayer microspheres for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasma polymerization",
"Glass transition",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Materials science",
"Polystyrene",
"Layer (electronics)",
"Coating",
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"sentence": "The solid PS beads have better sphericity and a smoother surface, but large vacuoles are observed in solid PS-CD multilayer microspheres owing to the presence of residual fluorobenzene in the beads and a glass transition temperature of the solid PS beads that is lower than the temperature of plasma polymerization.",
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"abstract": "A series of direct-drive implosions performed on OMEGA were used to isolate the effect of an adiabat on the in-flight shell thickness. The maximum in-flight shell thickness was measured to decrease from 75\u00b12 to 60\u00b12\u03bcm when the adiabat of the shell was reduced from 6 to 4.5, but when decreasing the adiabat further (1.8), the shell thickness increased to 75\u00b12\u03bcm due to the growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Hydrodynamic simulations suggest that a laser imprint is the dominant seed for these nonuniformities.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28618558",
"title": "Measurement of the shell decompression in direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
"Omega",
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"abstract": "The design of inertial confinement fusion experiments, alongside improving the development of energy density physics theory and experimental methods, is one of the key challenges in the quest for nuclear fusion as a viable energy source. Recent challenges in achieving a high-yield implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have led to new interest in considering a much wider design parameter space than normally studied. Here we report an algorithmic approach that can produce reasonable ICF designs with minimal assumptions. In particular we use the genetic algorithm metaheuristic, in which `populations' of implosions are simulated, the design of capsule is described by a `genome', natural selection removes poor designs, high quality designs are `mated' with each other based on their yield, and designs undergo `mutations' to introduce new ideas. We show that it takes ~5x10^4 simulations for the algorithm to find an original NIF design. We also link this method to other parts of the design process and look towards a completely automated ICF experiment design process - changing ICF from an experiment design problem to an algorithm design problem.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.08215.pdf",
"title": "The Blind Implosion-Maker - Automated Inertial Confinement Fusion experiment design",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Algorithm design",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Control engineering",
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"National Ignition Facility",
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"Engineering design process",
"Genetic algorithm",
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"abstract": "Capability to fill inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets with DT has recently been established at the Weapons Engineering Tritium Facility (WETF) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The target filling system provides DT-filled glass targets for the U.S. National ICF Program. Tritium storage, purification, mixing, analysis, and high pressure capabilities at WETF are used to provide DT at pressures up to 400 atm to a target filling cell that can operate at temperatures to 400{degree}C. Isotopically pure tritium is obtained from the Tritium Systems Test Assembly at LANL, and typically has purities of 99% tritium or better. At WETF, a palladium-silver diffuser is used for removal of decay {sup 3}He from tritium prior to mixing with deuterium. After preparation, DT mixtures are stored in a passivated volume to minimize impurity accumulation from stainless steel. Analysis of tritium and DT mixtures is performed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer/beta scintillation detector system that utilizes an analytical technique previously developed at LANL to provide hydrogen isotope, helium, and impurity analysis. Glass targets are filled in aluminum eggcrates. The target filling cell has been designed to contain two eggcrates while maintaining isothermal conditions across the eggcrates during diffusion filling of targets. Results from amore\u00a0\u00bb cryogenic condensation technique performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have confirmed the fill pressures. 3 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST96-A11963055",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Target Filling at Los Alamos National Laboratory",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Scintillator",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
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"Helium-3",
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"first_author": "Arthur Nobile",
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"abstract": "High current pulsed-power generators efficiently store and deliver magnetic energy to z-pinch targets. We review applications of magnetically driven implosions (MDIs) to inertial confinement fusion. Previous research on MDIs of wire-array z-pinches for radiation-driven indirect-drive target designs is summarized. Indirect-drive designs are compared with new targets that are imploded by direct application of magnetic pressure produced by the pulsed-power current pulse. We describe target design elements such as larger absorbed energy, magnetized and pre-heated fuel, and cryogenic fuel layers that may relax fusion requirements. These elements are embodied in the magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) concept [Slutz \u201cPulsed-power-driven cylindrical liner implosions of laser pre-heated fuel magnetized with an axial field,\u201d Phys. Plasmas, 17, 056303 (2010), and Stephen A. Slutz and Roger A. Vesey, \u201cHigh-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion,\u201d Phys. Rev. Lett., 108, 025003 (2012)]. MagLIF is in the class of magneto-inertial fusion targets. In MagLIF, the large drive currents produce an azimuthal magnetic field that compresses cylindrical liners containing pre-heated and axially pre-magnetized fusion fuel. Scientific breakeven may be achievable on the Z facility with this concept. Simulations of MagLIF with deuterium-tritium fuel indicate that the fusion energy yield can exceed the energy invested in heating the fuel at a peak drive current of about 27 MA. Scientific breakeven does not require alpha particle self-heating and is therefore not equivalent to ignition. Capabilities to perform these experiments will be developed on Z starting in 2013. These simulations and predictions must be validated against a series of experiments over the next five years. Near-term experiments are planned at drive currents of 16 MA with D2 fuel. MagLIF increases the efficiency of coupling energy (=target absorbed energy/driver stored energy) to targets by 10-150X relative to indirect-drive targets. MagLIF also increases the absolute energy absorbed by the target by 10-50X relative to indirect-drive targets. These increases could lead to higher fusion gains and yields. Single-shot high yields are of great utility to national security missions. Higher efficiency and higher gains may also translate into more compelling (lower cost and complexity) fusion reactor designs. We will discuss the broad goals of the emerging research on the MagLIF concept and identify some of the challenges. We will also summarize advances in pulsed-power technology and pulsed-power driver architectures that double the efficiency of the driver.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1067744-pulsed-power-driven-inertial-confinement-fusion-development-sandia-national-laboratories",
"title": "Magnetically Driven Implosions for Inertial Confinement Fusion at Sandia National Laboratories",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Magnetic energy",
"Nuclear physics",
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"Z-pinch",
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"abstract": "A standard method for calculating the total capital cost and the cost of electricity for a typical inertial confinement fusion electric power plant has been developed. A standard code of accounts at the two-digit level is given for the factors making up the total capital cost of the power plant. Equations are given for calculating the indirect capital costs, the project contingency, and the time-related costs. Expressions for calculating the fixed charge rate, which is necessary to determine the cost of electricity, are also described. Default parameters are given to define a reference case for comparative economic analyses.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5726642",
"title": "A standard method for economic analyses of inertial confinement fusion power plants",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Total cost",
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"Electric power",
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"abstract": "A new technique for diagnosing compression in multiple regions of inertial confinement fusion targets is discussed. This diagnostic uses knock-on deuterons and protons that have been elastically scattered by 14.1 MeV deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fusion neutrons. The target is composed of three different materials: DT gas contained in a plastic shell overcoated by deuterated plastic. The effect on the knock-on deuteron spectrum of mixing of these layers from hydrodynamic instabilities is also discussed.",
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"abstract": "The performance of modern laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments is degraded by contamination of the deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel with high-Z material during compression. Simulations suggest that this mix can be described by the ion temperature distribution of the implosion, given that such contaminants deviate in temperature from the surrounding DT plasma. However, existing neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) diagnostics only measure the spatially integrated ion temperature. This paper describes the techniques and forward modeling used to develop a novel diagnostic imaging system to measure the spatially resolved ion temperature of an ICF implosion for the first time. The technique combines methods in neutron imaging and nTOF diagnostics to measure the ion temperature along one spatial dimension at yields currently achievable on the OMEGA laser. A detailed forward model of the source and imaging system was developed to guide instrument design. The model leverages neutron imaging reconstruction algorithms, radiation hydrodynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, optical ray tracing, and more. The results of the forward model agree with the data collected on OMEGA using the completed diagnostic. The analysis of the experimental data is still ongoing and will be discussed in a separate publication.",
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"abstract": "The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will be used to demonstrate fusion ignition in a laboratory environment in order to support development of inertial fusion as a potential fusion energy source for civilian use. However, target insertion must first be addressed before inertial fusion can become a practical energy source. Since target insertion systems currently utilized are not suitable for multiple shots in quick succession, insertion concepts involving free-falling and artificially accelerated targets are developed and evaluated against a set of predetermined guidelines. It is shown that a system involving a fast retraction positioner would be suitable. 5 refs., 4 figs.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/447423-inertial-confinement-fusion-target-insertion-concepts-national-ignition-facility",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion target insertion concepts for the National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion(ICF) target,collision between fusion neutrons may produce super-high energy neutrons.A relationship between velocity of fusion and ratio of generated super-high energy neutron is derived.An ideal fusion model is simulated by numerical method.It indicates that the ratio of generated super-high energy neutron is increased sharply as burning volume of DT is decreased.With this information,2D-effect and mixing-effect during compression of target are deduced with escaped super-high energy neutrons.Furthermore,a relationship between velocity of burning T and ratio of generated super-high energy neutron is concluded.It shows that using super-high energy neutron to detect ICF is effective.",
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"abstract": "Machine learning methodologies have played remarkable roles in solving complex systems with large data, well-defined input\u2013output pairs, and clearly definable goals and metrics. The methodologies are effective in image analysis, classification, and systems without long chains of logic. Recently, machine-learning methodologies have been widely applied to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules and the design optimization of OMEGA (Omega Laser Facility) capsule implosion and NIF (National Ignition Facility) ignition capsules, leading to significant progress. As machine learning is being increasingly applied, concerns arise regarding its capabilities and limitations in the context of ICF. ICF is a complicated physical system that relies on physics knowledge and human judgment to guide machine learning. Additionally, the experimental database for ICF ignition is not large enough to provide credible training data. Most researchers in the field of ICF use simulations, or a mix of simulations and experimental results, instead of real data to train machine learning models and related tools. They then use the trained learning model to predict future events. This methodology can be successful, subject to a careful choice of data and simulations. However, because of the extreme sensitivity of the neutron yield to the input implosion parameters, physics-guided machine learning for ICF is extremely important and necessary, especially when the database is small, the uncertain-domain knowledge is large, and the physical capabilities of the learning models are still being developed. In this work, we identify problems in ICF that are suitable for machine learning and circumstances where machine learning is less likely to be successful. This study investigates the applications of machine learning and highlights fundamental research challenges and directions associated with machine learning in ICF.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6182/6/2/23/pdf?version=1685612242",
"title": "What Machine Learning Can and Cannot Do for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Machine learning",
"Artificial intelligence",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Computer science",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "Graphical user interface tools have been built in IDL to study mix in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion cores. FLAME, a code which investigates yield degradation due to mix, was designed to post-process 1D hydrodynamic simulation output by implementing a variety of mix models. Three of these mix models are based on the physics of the fall-line. In addition, mixing data from other sources can be incorporated into the yield degradation analysis. Two independent tools called HAME and YAME were developed to calculate the spatial extent of the mix region according to the Haan saturation model and Youngs' phenomenological model, respectively. FLAME facilitates a direct comparison to experimental data. The FLAME, HAME, and YAME interfaces are user-friendly, flexible, and platform-independent.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/960746-interactive-tools-designed-study-mix-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
"title": "Interactive tools designed to study mix in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Mixing (physics)",
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"abstract": "The iterative algorithm based on optical path difference and ray deflection (IAORD) is investigated in detail, and an advanced version (AIAORD) is proposed to obtain the refractive indices of the shell and the ice layer of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target simultaneously. The concept of the fixed-point iteration is introduced in the advanced algorithm, and it is found that the right choice of the combination of the input values and the characteristic curves is the key to ensure convergence in the iteration. The test uncertainties of the index measurement are analyzed by simulations, and they show that the uncertainties of the refractive indices of the shell and ice layer are 9.94% and 1.20%, respectively. Characteristic curves of typical ICF targets are studied, from which we conclude that AIAORD is versatile and suitable for the applications with any two unknown target parameters to be solved.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApOpt..5910880Y/abstract",
"title": "Detailed investigation of the iterative analysis for inertial confinement fusion target characterization",
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"abstract": "Achieving ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) requires the formation of a high-temperature (>10 keV) central hot spot. Turbulence has been suggested as a mechanism for degrading the hot-spot conditions by altering transport properties, introducing colder, mixed material, or reducing the conversion of radially directed kinetic energy to hot-spot heating. We show, however, that the hot spot is very viscous, and the assumption of turbulent conditions in the hot spot is incorrect. This work presents the first high-resolution, three-dimensional simulations of National Ignition Facility (NIF) implosion experiments using detailed knowledge of implosion dynamics and instability seeds and including an accurate model of physical viscosity. We find that when viscous effects are neglected, the hot spot can exhibit a turbulent kinetic energy cascade. Viscous effects, however, are significant and strongly damp small-scale velocity structures, with a hot-spot Reynolds number in the range of only 10-100.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25353903/",
"title": "Inhibition of turbulence in inertial-confinement-fusion hot spots by viscous dissipation",
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"Reynolds number",
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"abstract": "Hydrodynamic instabilities (HI) occurring at interfaces of a capsule in the process of laser indirect-drive inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) implosion, plays an essential role in the success of the fusion ignition. In order to deeply understand the generation and growth of the HI and their influence on the fusion ignition, we have successfully developed the LARED-S code which is a high-order twodimensional (local three-dimensional) radiation hydrodynamic code. The LARED-S code has been improved in our research of the HI in the past decades. It is shown that the results of LARED-S code agree well with the results of the linear and weakly nonlinear theories and the nonlinear shock tube experiments. Using the LARED-S code, we carry out a lot of numerical simulation research, obtaining a large amount of important result and physical understanding of the growth and evolution of the HI. The analytic expressions of the linear growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities considering the profiles of density, velocity, and magnetic field, and the their weakly nonlinear solutions in the limit of incompressible fluids, are derived. The relation of the RT instability (RTI) competing against the KH instability (KHI) is clearly shown, at different Froude numbers and widths of the density transition layer and the velocity shear layer. It is found that the jet-like spike in the ablative RTI (ARTI) in the presence of weak preheating can be ruptured by the nonlinear growth of the second harmonic. Moreover, jet-like spike pattern can be formed in the ARTI with strong preheating where a bubble acceleration process can be observed. The growth of high harmonics initiated by single-mode perturbation of the ablative KHI (AKHI) is effectively mitigated and the flow is stabilized in comparison with its classical counterpart. However, with a two-mode perturbation, the vortex pairing of the AKHI is reinforced, which would strength the mixing of materials. A serial of ARTI experiments have been performed in the Shenguang \u2161 laser facility of China. The simulation results from the LARED-S code for the planar foil trajectory experiment indicates that the energy flux at the hohlraum wall is obviously less than that at the laser entrance hole (LEH). Furthermore, the non-Planckian spectra of X-ray source can affect the dynamics of the foil flight and the perturbation growth. The image of evident growth of the ARTI initiated by a small-amplitude perturbation and the \"spike-bubble\" pattern initiated by large-amplitude perturbation are observed. The data of the growth of the second and the third harmonics is also obtained by increasing the spatial resolution in the experiments. The simulation results are in general consistent with the experimental results. The reliability of the LARRED-S code has been tested and validated through the comparison with experiment results. Based on the physical understanding mentioned above, we have achieved the physical research of ICF fusion ignition target, including the effects of the perturbation seeded on the outer and inner surfaces of the shell, of the radiation asymmetry, of the hot-spot boundary instability, of the M-band from the hohlraum radiation, and of the low-mode areal density inhomogeneity, on the ICF implosion. Regarding the perturbation seeded on the ablator outer surface and on the deuterium-tritium (DT) ice inner surface and the radiation asymmetry, we have obtained the growth rule of the instabilities and improved the full understandings of the influence of the hot-spot interfacial growth on the fusion ignition and of the effect of the M-band of the X-ray spectra on the implosion stability. The simulation results show that the areal density inhomogeneity of the DT fuel severely affects the efficiency of the conversion of the implosion kinetic energy into the fuel internal energy and the implosion inertial confinement time. Our studies will play an important role not only in the research of ICF implosion ignition, but also in fundamental understanding of the HI which occur at the nature phenomena and the celestial bodies.",
"URL": "https://www.sciengine.com/doi/10.1360/SSPMA2013-00039",
"title": "Hydrodynamic instabilities of laser indirect-drive inertial-confinement-fusion implosion",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Physics",
"Fusion ignition",
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"Instability",
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"first_author": "Zhang Wei-Yan",
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"sentence": "Based on the physical understanding mentioned above, we have achieved the physical research of ICF fusion ignition target, including the effects of the perturbation seeded on the outer and inner surfaces of the shell, of the radiation asymmetry, of the hot-spot boundary instability, of the M-band from the hohlraum radiation, and of the low-mode areal density inhomogeneity, on the ICF implosion.",
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"sentence": "Regarding the perturbation seeded on the ablator outer surface and on the deuterium-tritium DT ice inner surface and the radiation asymmetry, we have obtained the growth rule of the instabilities and improved the full understandings of the influence of the hot-spot interfacial growth on the fusion ignition and of the effect of the M-band of the X-ray spectra on the implosion stability.",
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"abstract": "Shock-driven implosions of thin-shell capsules, or \u201cexploding pushers,\u201d generate low-density, high-temperature plasmas in which hydrodynamic instability growth is negligible and kinetic effects can play an important role. Data from implosions of thin deuterated-plastic shells with hydroequivalent D3He gas fills ranging from pure deuterium to pure 3He [H. G. Rinderknecht et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 135001 (2014)] were obtained to evaluate non-hydrodynamic fuel-shell mix mechanisms. Simulations of the experiments including reduced ion kinetic models support ion diffusion as an explanation for these data. Several additional kinetic mechanisms are investigated and compared to the data to determine which are important in the experiments. Shock acceleration of shell deuterons is estimated to introduce mix less than or comparable to the amount required to explain the data. Beam-target mechanisms are found to produce yields at most an order of magnitude less than the observations.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/21/5/10.1063/1.4876615",
"title": "Kinetic mix mechanisms in shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosionsa)",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"Diffusion (business)",
"Kinetic energy",
"Order of magnitude",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Fusion power",
"Helium-3",
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"first_author": "H. G. Rinderknecht",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "Shock waves generated during inertial confinement fusion implosions propagate toward the center of the capsule encountering interfaces between materials with different densities, such as between the ablator and the DT fuel. These interactions are hydrodynamically unstable and the resulting instability causes mixing of the materials at the interface, which is predicted to have detrimental effects on fusion burn. In this experiment, the growth of a single-mode perturbation machined into a radiographically opaque marker layer, driven by a strong shock, is measured during a cylindrically symmetric implosion. These measurements are used to validate simulations and theories of the complex hydrodynamics. Since any perturbation on the marker layer surface will lead to instability growth, precise knowledge of the initial conditions is critical. The targets used in this experiment have up to a 3.0-\u03bcm-amplitude, mode 28 (\u03bb=98 \u03bcm) sinusoidal perturbation machined into a 438-\u03bcm-outer-radius aluminum band with a nominal thickness of 8 \u03bcm. The perturbations were machined using a fast-tool servo [B. JARED and T A. DOW, Precision Engineering Center Annual Report, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, p. 123 (1996]) and were metrologized using a linear variable differential transformer (FRANK J. OLIVER, Practical Instrumentation Tranducers, p. 42-45, Hayden Book Company (1971)]. In this paper, the importance of metrology is discussed and is shown to be critical to the interpretation of experimental results.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_435",
"title": "Production and Metrology of Cylindrical Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets with Sinusoidal Perturbations",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Linear variable differential transformer",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Metrology",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Precision engineering",
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"first_author": "M. M. Balkey",
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"abstract": "X-ray ablation rates have been measured in beryllium, copper-doped beryllium, germanium-doped plastic (Ge-doped CH), and diamondlike high density carbon (HDC) for radiation temperatures T in the range of 160\u2013260 eV. In beryllium, the measured ablation rates range from 3 to 12\u2002mg/cm2/ns; in Ge-doped CH, the ablation rates range from 2 to 6\u2002mg/cm2/ns; and for HDC, the rates range from 2 to 9\u2002mg/cm2/ns. The ablation rates follow an approximate T3 dependence and, for T below 230 eV, the beryllium ablation rates are significantly higher than HDC and Ge-doped CH. The corresponding implied ablation pressures are in the range of 20\u2013160 Mbar, scaling as T3.5. The results are found to be well predicted by computational simulations using the physics packages and computational techniques employed in the design of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion capsules. An iterative rocket model has been developed and used to compare the ablation rate data set to spherical indirect-drive capsule implosion experiments and ...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhPl...18c2706O/abstract",
"title": "X-ray ablation rates in inertial confinement fusion capsule materials",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Ablation",
"Laser ablation",
"X-ray",
"Plasma diagnostics",
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"first_author": "R. E. Olson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 57,
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"abstract": "We exhibit and detail the properties of self-similar solutions for inviscid compressible ablative flows in slab symmetry with nonlinear heat conduction which are relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). These solutions have been found after several contributions over the last four decades. We first derive the set of ODEs \u2013 a nonlinear eigenvalue problem \u2013 which governs the self-similar solutions by using the invariance of the Euler equations with nonlinear heat conduction under the two-parameter Lie group symmetry. A sub-family which leaves the density invariant is detailed since these solutions may be used to model the \u2018early-time\u2019 period of an ICF implosion where a shock wave travels from the front to the rear surface of a target. A chart allowing us to determine the starting point of a numerical solution, knowing the physical boundary conditions, has been built. A physical analysis of these unsteady ablation flows is then provided, the associated dimensionless numbers (Mach, Froude and Peclet numbers) being calculated. Finally, we show that self-similar ablation fronts generated within the framework of the above hypotheses (electron heat conduction, growing heat flux at the boundary, etc.) and for large heat fluxes and not too large pressures at the boundary do not satisfy the low-Mach-number criteria. Indeed both the compressibility and the stratification of the hot-flow region are too large. This is, in particular, the case for self-similar solutions obtained for energies in the range of the future Laser MegaJoule laser facility. Two particular solutions of this latter sub-family have been recently used for studying stability properties of ablation fronts.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/selfsimilar-solutions-of-unsteady-ablation-flows-in-inertial-confinement-fusion/8156073E23A9BAA724ED4256672F8D71",
"title": "Self-similar solutions of unsteady ablation flows in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Heat flux",
"Thermal conduction",
"Boundary value problem",
"Implosion",
"Similarity solution",
"Euler equations",
"Compressible flow",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Inviscid flow"
],
"first_author": "Carine Boudesocque-Dubois",
"scholarly_citations_count": 19,
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"abstract": "A general three-step method is outlined for analyzing fatigue crack growth under conditions of both steady and fluctuating loads. Application to the HYLIFE reaction chamber shows that it is feasible to manufacture components without defects that would limit the lifetime of the chamber.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6184166-fatigue-crack-growth-inertial-confinement-fusion-reaction-chamber-components",
"title": "Fatigue Crack Growth Inertial Confinement Fusion Reaction Chamber Components",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Fracture mechanics",
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"abstract": "The electron-ion temperature relaxation essentially affects both the laser absorption in coronal plasmas and the hot-spot formation in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). It has recently been reexamined for plasma conditions closely relevant to ICF implosions using either classical molecular-dynamics simulations or analytical methods. To explore the electron-ion temperature equilibration effects on ICF implosion performance, we have examined two Coulomb logarithm models by implementing them into our hydrocodes, and we have carried out hydrosimulations for ICF implosions. Compared to the Lee-More model that is currently used in our standard hydrocodes, the two models predict substantial differences in laser absorption, coronal temperatures, and neutron yields for ICF implosions at the OMEGA Laser Facility [Boehly et al. Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. Such effects on the triple-picket direct-drive design at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have also been explored. Based on the validity of the two models, we have proposed a combined model of the electron-ion temperature-relaxation rate for the overall ICF plasma conditions. The hydrosimulations using the combined model for OMEGA implosions have shown \\ensuremath{\\sim}6% more laser absorption, \\ensuremath{\\sim}6%--15% higher coronal temperatures, and \\ensuremath{\\sim}10% more neutron yield, when compared to the Lee-More model prediction. It is also noticed that the gain for the NIF direct-drive design can be varied by \\ensuremath{\\sim}10% among the different electron-ion temperature-relaxation models.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.016408",
"title": "Effects of electron-ion temperature equilibration on inertial confinement fusion implosions",
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"abstract": "Self-calibrating, multichannel UV streak cameras have been designed, and six units have been deployed on the OMEGA laser system. These instruments acquire 12 channels simultaneously on a low-noise, charge-coupled-device camera in single-shot operation. The instruments can discern temporal features out to a bandwidth of 11 GHz, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio in each channel is 200:1. The unique feature of this system is the self-calibration ability built into it. The geometric distortions, flat field, and sweep speed of each channel can be measured and adjusted on a routine basis. By maintaining a strick regime of weekly calibrations, accurate power-balance measurements on the OMEGA laser can be obtained. These cameras represent a cost-effective solution for power balancing the OMEGA laser system.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1482155",
"title": "A self-calibrating, multichannel streak camera for inertial confinement fusion applications",
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"abstract": "In the early stages of the burn of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target, the plasma parameter g can be greater than one, indicating that the number of electrons in a Debye cube is less than one. Under these conditions, the assumptions used in the classical plasma treatment are not valid. A fusion product slowing-down model is derived for strongly coupled non-classical plasmas and is compared with the classical slowing-down expression. A simple expression for interpolation between the classical region and the nonclassical region is proposed. The effect that this new slowing-down expression has on the burn of ICF targets is investigated in a companion paper.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/28/1/002/pdf",
"title": "Derivation of the ion sphere slowing-down expression for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Nano\u2010SiO2 doped polystyrene (SiO2\u2010d\u2010PS) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets materials were prepared by pretreating the surface of nano\u2010SiO2 using silane coupling agents (A\u2010171 and A\u2010174) and by means of melt\u2010blending technology. Some of the properties of the nano\u2010SiO2 and SiO2\u2010d\u2010PS materials were characterized using dispersibility experiments, X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the dispersibility of nano\u2010SiO2 powder in tetrahydrofuran was significantly enhanced through pretreatment. The surface state of pretreated nano\u2010SiO2 was changed and the content of the \u2012C\u02edO and \u2012C\u2012O groups was increased as determined by XPS. The SiO2\u2010d\u2010PS materials had higher thermal stability compared to virgin PS through TGA. Young's modulus of SiO2\u2010d\u2010PS materials was increased compared with virgin PS. The pretreatment process is an effective way to break the aggregation of nano\u2010TiO2 according to TEM ...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1081/MB-200049806",
"title": "Nano-SiO2 Doped Polystyrene Materials for Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Ultimate tensile strength",
"Transmission electron microscopy",
"Composite material",
"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy",
"Materials science",
"Polystyrene",
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"abstract": "The dependence of the ignition threshold on the velocity vimp and compressibility of an imploding fuel mass is central to establishing the driver requirements and implosion strategy for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Using a series of LASNEX calculations, it is found that keimp varies as nu imp- alpha beta a, where keimp is the kinetic energy in the imploding fuel at the ignition threshold, alpha =5.5+or-0.5, a=1.7+or-0.2 and vimp is the implosion velocity. Here, the compressibility parameter beta is related to the pressure P and density rho of the DT fuel by the relation P= beta p53/. These results are obtained by starting at the peak implosion velocity for a fuel shell of a high gain ICF capsule and scaling the isentrope, mass and velocity of the fuel shell. In the presence of a mix of hot and cold material at the edge of the central hot spot, it is also found that the results can be fitted by assuming that the reduced clean fuel radius for a mixed capsule requires a velocity increase of the same magnitude as that which would be required if the entire capsule had been rescaled in size by the same ratio",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/37/2/I01/pdf",
"title": "Energy scaling of inertial confinement fusion targets for ignition and high gain",
"year_published": 1997,
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"abstract": "AbstractComposite coatings containing beryllium are prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at a substrate temperature as low as 250\u00b0C in a radio-frequency-induced cylindrical plasma reactor. Diethylberyllium is used as the precursor together with hydrogen as a coreactant gas. These coatings are characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electrical resistivity, and thermogravimetric analysis. AES indicates that the composition of the coatings reaches a steady level at a depth of 300 A from the surface and maintains a constant composition throughout the thickness of the coatings. The characterization studies establish the dominant phase to be Be2C. The coatings are also resistant to oxidation and hydrolysis in dry/moist air unlike bulk Be2C. It is found that the coatings deposited close to the diethylberyllium inlet contain amorphous beryllium that is homogeneously dispersed in...",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST00-A118",
"title": "Plasma-deposited Beryllium Carbide Coatings for Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy",
"Materials science",
"Auger electron spectroscopy",
"Scanning electron microscope",
"Beryllium carbide",
"Chemical engineering",
"Beryllium",
"Amorphous solid",
"Chemical vapor deposition",
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"first_author": "Wu-Sheng Shih",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"abstract": "Perturbations of inertial confinement fusion hotspots from spherical symmetry cause an increase in the implosion velocity required for ignition, as investigated analytically by [R. Kishony and D. Shvarts, Phys. Plasmas 8, 4925 (2001)] and in numerical studies by many authors. In this paper, we analyse the mechanisms behind this effect by comparing fully 3D fluid simulations of National Ignition Facility targets to a novel analytic model of the thermal energy balance of the hotspot. The analytic model takes into account the radial variation of the state variables within the hotspot and provides an accurate relationship between the hotspot's 0D parameters (\u03c1c,\u2009Tc, R,\u2009uR, and q) and its heating and cooling rates. The dominant effect of perturbations appears to be an increase in the inflow velocity at the hotspot's surface due to transverse flow of material between perturbation structures, causing premature thermalisation of kinetic energy before the hotspot is fully compressed. In hotspots with a broad pertu...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4879020",
"title": "Effects of perturbations and radial profiles on ignition of inertial confinement fusion hotspots",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Kinetic energy",
"Hotspot (geology)",
"Thermalisation",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
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"first_author": "S. Taylor",
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"abstract": "We present simulations of ignition and burn based on the Highfoot and High-Density Carbon indirect drive designs of the National Ignition Facility for three regimes of alpha-heating - self-heating, robust ignition and propagating burn - exploring hotspot power balance, perturbations and hydrodynamic scaling. A Monte-Carlo Particle-in-Cell charged particle transport package for the radiation-magnetohydrodynamics code Chimera was developed for this work. Hotspot power balance between alpha-heating, electron thermal conduction and radiation was studied in 1D for each regime, and the impact of perturbations on this power balance explored in 3D using a single Rayleigh-Taylor spike. Heat flow into the spike from thermal conduction and alpha-heating increases by $\\sim2-3\\times$, due to sharper temperature gradients and increased proximity of the cold, dense material to the main fusion regions respectively. The radiative contribution remains largely unaffected in magnitude. Hydrodynamic scaling with capsule size and laser energy of two perturbation scenarios (a short-wavelength multi-mode & a low-mode radiation asymmetry) is explored in 3D, demonstrating the differing hydrodynamic evolution of the three alpha-heating regimes. The multi-mode yield increases faster with scale factor due to more synchronous $PdV$ compression producing higher temperatures and densities, and hence stronger bootstrapping. Effects on the hydrodynamic evolution are clearer for stronger alpha-heating regimes and include: reduced perturbation growth due to ablation from fire-polishing and stronger thermal conduction; sharper temperature and density gradients; and increased hotspot pressures which further compress the shell, increase hotspot size and induce faster re-expansion. Faster expansion into regions of weak confinement is more prominent for stronger alpha-heating regimes, and can result in loss of confinement.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NucFu..59h6015T/abstract",
"title": "Burn regimes in the hydrodynamic scaling of perturbed inertial confinement fusion hotspots",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Hotspot (geology)",
"Thermal conduction",
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"Instability",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "Jon Tong",
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{
"abstract": "The linear stability analysis of accelerated ablation fronts is carried out self\u2010consistently by retaining the effect of finite thermal conductivity. Its temperature dependence along with the density gradient scale length are adjusted to fit the density profiles obtained in the one\u2010dimensional simulations. The effects of diffusive radiation transport are included through the nonlinear thermal conductivity (\u03ba\u223cT\u03bd). The growth rate is derived by using a boundary layer analysis for Fr\u226b1 (Fr is the Froude number) and a WKB approximation for Fr\u226a1. The self\u2010consistent Atwood number depends on the mode wavelength and the power law index for thermal conduction. The analytic growth rate and cutoff wave number are in good agreement with the numerical solutions for arbitrary \u03bd\u22731.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhPl....3.2122B/abstract",
"title": "Self\u2010consistent stability analysis of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Statistical physics",
"Atwood number",
"Thermal conduction",
"Froude number",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Mechanics",
"Power law",
"WKB approximation",
"Thermal conductivity"
],
"first_author": "Riccardo Betti",
"scholarly_citations_count": 125,
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"abstract": "A target design for mitigating the Rayleigh-Taylor instability is proposed for use in high energy density and direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments. In this scheme, a thin gold membrane is offset from the main target by several-hundred microns. A strong picket on the drive beams is incident upon this membrane to produce x rays which generate the initial shock through the target. The main drive follows shortly thereafter, passing through the ablated shell and directly driving the main target. The efficacy of this scheme is demonstrated through experiments performed at the OMEGA EP facility, showing a reduction of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth which scales exponentially with frequency, suppressing development by at least a factor of 5 for all wavelengths below 100 \u03bcm. This results in a delay in the time of target perforation by \u223c40%.",
"URL": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32688486",
"title": "Hybrid target design for imprint mitigation in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"first_author": "Luke Ceurvorst",
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"abstract": "The inertial confinement fusion program has proposed a laser capable of producing ignition and gain as the next step. Several choices exist in the design and production of capsules. In this paper the important features of each ablator material and the status of production are summarized. The design consists of ablators made of germanium-doped carbon hydrogen (CH), beryllium doped copper, polyimide, B4C and diamond. The CH and beryllium capsules are two of the most important choices. Compared with the beryllium shell, the CH shell has no microstructure and has a transparent wall that allows optical characterization of the fuel ice layer. The CH shell has the advantage that the specification can be easy to satisfy the ignition acquirements. The current ignition point has been designed in USA since 2010. The ignition target design has a series of demands for the capsule, such as capsule dimensions, coating density, void defects and volume, surface roughness, uniformity, doping and impurity levels. Now, the CH capsule can meet ignition requirements in USA, while the relevant work has just started in China.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.145204",
"title": "Properties and fabrication status of capsules for ignition targets in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fabrication",
"Ignition system",
"Materials science"
],
"first_author": "Zhang Zhanwen",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"sentence": "In this paper the important features of each ablator material and the status of production are summarized.",
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"abstract": "A novel scheme to correct aberration of each beam from the front-end to the target point in a thermal inertia laser (TIL) is presented. Each beam contains a deformable mirror (DM) with an aperture of 70 mm\u00d770 mm at the injection of the main amplifier and a Hartman-Shack (HS) sensor in a parameter diagnostic unit (PDU). A temporary HS sensor for measuring the static aberration of each beam with 1 Hz source is placed at the target point. The sensor will be removed from the target point during the main single shot, so we transfer the results measured at the target point to the sensors in the PDU. Dynamic aberration can also be measured by the HS sensor in the PDU during the single shot. In this way, we need not calibrate the aberration of the PDU, and aberration of each beam can be corrected by the DM with the HS sensor in the PDU. We demonstrate that with this scheme the divergence angle of the TIL pulses can be improved from 100 to less than 60 \u03bcrad with a focal length of 2200 mm and beam size of 290 mm\u00d7290 mm, which meets the requirement of a TIL.",
"URL": "http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/19571924",
"title": "Beam wavefront control of a thermal inertia laser for inertial confinement fusion application.",
"year_published": 2009,
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"abstract": "To take full advantage of the capabilities offered by the Omega laser facility, the experimental teams at the University of Rochester need the capability to field cryogenic targets. The cryogenic target delivery system must be able to produce uniform solid or liquid DT layers 2\u201320 \u03bcm within polymer shells which are 300\u2013400 \u03bcm in diameter. The facility must be able to maintain its experiment rate of one shot per 1/2 h and each target must be documented within the experimental chamber for postshot analysis. We will discuss the approach and equipment that KMS is using in collaboration with the University of Rochester to provide Omega with the capability to field cryogenic inertial confined fusion (ICF) targets.",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/avs/journal/jvsta/5/4/10.1116/1.574733",
"title": "Cryogenic inertial confinement fusion target technology at the Omega facility, University of Rochester",
"year_published": 1987,
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"first_author": "D. L. Musinski",
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"abstract": "To understand its magnetohydrodynamic behaviors and the electrical properties, we proposed to evaluate both experimental observations and numerical simulations. Electrical conductivity for nickel in warm dense matter (WDM) state has been measured with an exploding wire in a quasi-isochoric vessel. The result shows that the electrical conductivity for nickel in WDM is relatively high from the comparison of the electrical conductivities for several materials in WDM state. However, the skin effect in the capacitor-coil target will be neglected from the estimation. A two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation for the capacitor-coil target has been demonstrated. The results shows that the distribution of B-field in the capacitor-coil target depends on the electrical conductivity model.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.717a2078S/abstract",
"title": "Magntohydrodynamic behavior of capacitor-coil target toward alternative inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Wavelength-division multiplexing",
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"Magnetohydrodynamic drive",
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"first_author": "Toru Sasaki",
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"abstract": "Target areal density ($\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$) asymmetries in OMEGA direct-drive spherical implosions are studied. The rms variation $\u27e8\\ensuremath{\\delta}\\ensuremath{\\rho}R\u27e9/\u27e8\\ensuremath{\\rho}R\u27e9$ for low-mode-number structure is approximately proportional to the rms variation of on-target laser intensity $\u27e8\\ensuremath{\\delta}I\u27e9/\u27e8I\u27e9$ with an amplification factor of $\\ensuremath{\\sim}1/2({C}_{r}\\ensuremath{-}1)$, where ${C}_{r}$ is the capsule convergence ratio. This result has critical implications for future work on the National Ignition Facility as well as OMEGA.",
"URL": "http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/15169359",
"title": "Effects of nonuniform illumination on implosion asymmetry in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2004,
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"first_author": "Chikang Li",
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"abstract": "We are investigating the use of annular (ring) apertures to image high\u2010energy x\u2010ray emission (\u22734 keV) from inertial\u2010confinement fusion targets. In our scheme, a coded image is formed on a detector (such as x\u2010ray film) by x rays that pass through a narrow annulus cut in a sheet of high\u2010Z material such as gold. Signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio calculations show a factor of 10 advantage of ring\u2010aperture imaging over conventional pinhole imaging. Simultaneous pinhole and ring\u2010aperture images of small (\u224a20 \u03bcm diam), laser\u2010driven, x\u2010ray sources were obtained in recent experiments. We used a 10\u2010\u03bcm\u2010wide, 1\u2010mm\u2010diam annulus in a 6\u2010\u03bcm thickness of gold; a 10\u2010\u03bcm\u2010diam pinhole was in the center of the annulus. Unfolds of the coded images have signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios a factor of 20 larger than the pinhole images. The ring\u2010aperture microscope is a promising new technique to image inertial\u2010confinement fusion targets and other compact sources of high\u2010energy x rays.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.106673",
"title": "Demonstration of an x-ray ring-aperture microscope for inertial-confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1992,
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{
"abstract": "This KMS Fusion Semi-Annual Technical Report covers the period October 1989 through March 1990. It contains a review of work performed by KMS Fusion, Inc. (KMSF), in support of the national program to achieve inertially confined fusion (ICF). A major section of the report is devoted to target technology, a field which is expected to play an increasingly important role in the overall KMSF fusion effort. Among the highlights of our efforts in this area covered in this report are: improvements and new developments in target fabrication techniques, including a discussion of techniques for introducing gaussian bumps and bands on target surfaces. Development of a single automated system for the interferometric characterization of transparent shells. Residual gas analysis of the blowing gases contained in glass shells made from xerogels. These usually include CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2} and N{sub 2}, and are objectionable because they dilute the fuel. Efforts to observe the ice layers formed in the {beta}-layering process in cryogenic targets, and to simulate the formation of these layers. In addition to our work on target technology, we conducted experiments with the Chroma laser and supported the ICF effort at other labs with theoretical and computational support as well as diagnostic development. Included in the work covered in this report are: experiments on Chroma to study interpenetration of and ionization balance in laser generated plasmas. Diagnostic development, including an optical probe for the Aurora laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and a high energy x-ray continuum spectrograph for Aurora. Investigation of the radiation cooling instability as a possible mechanism for the generation of relatively cold, dense jets observed in ICF experiments.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6227111-bU4Q08/",
"title": "(Experimental development, testing and research work in support of the inertial confinement fusion program)",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Aerospace engineering",
"Cryogenics",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"KMS Fusion",
"Spectrograph",
"Beta (plasma physics)",
"Surface coating",
"Laser",
"Residual gas analyzer"
],
"first_author": "Roy Johnson",
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"sentence": "It contains a review of work performed by KMS Fusion, Inc. KMSF, in support of the national program to achieve inertially confined fusion ICF.",
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"sentence": "Diagnostic development, including an optical probe for the Aurora laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and a high energy -ray continuum spectrograph for Aurora.",
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"sentence": "Investigation of the radiation cooling instability as a possible mechanism for the generation of relatively cold, dense jets observed in ICF experiments.",
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{
"abstract": "Achieving a high degree of radiation symmetry is a critical feature of target designs for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. Typically, the radiation flux incident on the capsule is required to be uniform to 1% or better. It is generally possible to design a hohlraum that provides low values of higher-order asymmetry (Legendre mode P10 and above) due to geometric averaging effects. Because low-order intrinsic asymmetry (e.g., Legendre modes P2 and P4) are less strongly reduced by geometric averaging alone, the development of innovative control techniques has been an active area of research in the inertial fusion community over the years. Shields placed inside the hohlraum are one example of a technique that has often been proposed and incorporated into hohlraum target designs. Simple mathematical considerations are presented indicating that radiation shields may be designed to specifically tune lower-order modes (e.g., P4) without deleterious effects on the higher order modes. Two-dimensional vie...",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1146163-mode-selective-symmetry-control-indirect-drive-inertial-confinement-fusion-hohlraums",
"title": "Mode-selective symmetry control for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Shields",
"Legendre polynomials",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Fusion power",
"Asymmetry",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Hohlraum",
"Radiation flux"
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"first_author": "Roger Alan Vesey",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "Understanding and designing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions through radiation-hydrodynamics simulations relies on the accurate knowledge of the equation of state (EOS) of the deuterium and tritium fuels. To minimize the drive energy for ignition, the imploding shell of DT fuel must be kept as cold as possible. Such low-adiabat ICF implosions can access to coupled and degenerate plasma conditions, in which the analytical EOS models become inaccurate due to many-body effects. Using the path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations we have derived a first-principles EOS (FPEOS) table of deuterium that covers typical ICF fuel conditions at densities ranging from 0.002 to 1596 g/cm${}^{3}$ and temperatures of 1.35 eV to 5.5 keV. We report the internal energy and the pressure and discuss the structure of the plasma in terms of pair-correlation functions. When compared with the widely used SESAME table and the revised Kerley03 table, discrepancies in the internal energy and in the pressure are identified for moderately coupled and degenerate plasma conditions. In contrast to the SESAME table, the revised Kerley03 table is in better agreement with our FPEOS results over a wide range of densities and temperatures. Although subtle differences still exist for lower temperatures ($T$ 10 eV) and moderate densities (1 to 10 g/cm${}^{3}$), hydrodynamics simulations of cryogenic ICF implosions using the FPEOS table and the Kerley03 table have resulted in similar results for the peak density, areal density (\\ensuremath{\\rho}$R$), and neutron yield, which differ significantly from the SESAME simulations.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.224109",
"title": "First-principles equation-of-state table of deuterium for inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Physics",
"Table (information)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Many-body problem",
"Equation of state",
"Deuterium",
"Internal energy",
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"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 174,
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"abstract": "A standard time-dependent neutron transport computer code, TDA, is modified to allow time-varying material density to calculate the neutron spectrum from exploding inertial confinement fusion pellets with rho R values of 0 to 6 g/cm/sup 2/. Softening of the spectra due to neutron-fuel interactions causes a time-of-flight broadening of the neutron arrival time distribution at the chamber wall. It is found that the total number of displacements per atom (dpa) produced in a graphite first wall increases with the rho R of the pellet over the rho R range investigated because the dpa cross section is larger at lower neutron energy. However, the total helium production decreases with increasing rho R, as does the peak damage rate. Neutron-induced radioactivity generated in a 10-mg iron tamper is of the same magnitude as that produced in the rest of an entire reactor system.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.13182/NT80-A32394",
"title": "Neutron moderation in inertial confinement fusion pellets and effects on damage and radioactive inventory",
"year_published": 1980,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron moderator",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Neutron temperature",
"Pellets",
"Helium",
"Neutron cross section",
"Neutron transport"
],
"first_author": "F. Beranek",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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{
"abstract": "This paper discusses the feasibility of employing heavy-ion cluster beams to generate thermal radiation that can be used to drive inertial fusion capsules. The low charge-to-mass ratio of a cluster may allow the driver beam to be focused to a very small spot size with a radius of the order of 100 \u03bcm, while the low energy per nucleon (of the order of 10 keV) may lead to a very short range of the driver particles in the converter material. This would result in high specific power deposition that may lead to a very high conversion efficiency. The problem of cluster stopping in cold matter, as well as in hot dense plasmas has been thoroughly investigated. The conversion efficiency of cluster ions using a low-density gold converter has also been calculated over a wide range of parameters including converter density, converter geometry, and specific power deposition. These calculations have been carried out using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic computer code that includes a multigroup radiation transport scheme [Ramis et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 49, 475 (1988)]. The problem of symmetrization of this radiation field in a hohlraum with solid gold walls has also been thoroughly investigated using a three-dimensional view factor code. The characteristics of the radiation field obtained by this study are used as input to capsule implosion calculations that are done with a three-temperature radiation-hydrodynamic computer code MEDUSA-KAT [Tahir et al., J. Appl. Phys. 60, 898 (1986)]. A reactor-size capsule which contains 5 mg deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel is used in these calculations. The problem of using a fuel mixture with a substantially reduced tritium content has also been discussed.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:28052103",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion using hohlraum radiation generated by heavy-ion clusters",
"year_published": 1997,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Cluster (physics)",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Power density",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Hohlraum",
"Thermal radiation"
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"first_author": "Naeem A. Tahir",
"scholarly_citations_count": 27,
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{
"abstract": "The numerical simulation is one of the important methods of studying physical process.In this paper,a 3D discrete view factor method is proposed for the equivalent model of two-region uniformly in inertial confinement fusion(ICF).The blocked elements are culled by quadtree data structure when the inner wall of a hohlraum is self-occlusion in irradiation process.The parallelism is analyzed on discrete view factor and then the parallel computation of fluence distribution on target is realized on GPU.The algorithm has been realized in simulation software IRAD3D1.0,and the correctness is verified by comparing with analytical solution.Different simulation results show that the software is versatile and efficient.Finally,the practical application on influencing factors of symmetry distribution is given.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201308027.htm",
"title": "3D numerical simulation of flux distribution on implosion capsule in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Software",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Computer simulation",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics",
"View factor",
"Classical mechanics",
"Simulation software"
],
"first_author": "Cad Support",
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"sentence": "In this paper,a 3D discrete view factor method is proposed for the equivalent model of two-region uniformly in inertial confinement fusionICF.The blocked elements are culled by quadtree data structure when the inner wall of a hohlraum is self-occlusion in irradiation process.",
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"abstract": "Ablation layer coating of inertial confinement fusion targets is accomplished while the targets are bounced on the surface of a mechanical resonator. Under certain conditions the targets stick to the resonator at low amplitudes and bounce too high and escape or break at high amplitudes. An analytical model of a bouncing target is considered to determine important parameters in the bouncing process. The resonant frequency of the target is found to be two orders of magnitude higher than the mechanical resonator frequency and therefore not an important factor in unsticking targets. Experiments have been carried out to determine the adhesive force between the mechanical resonator and the targets and the effect of a plasma on this adhesive force.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JVST....5.2941G/abstract",
"title": "Analysis of forces on inertial confinement fusion targets during ablation layer coating",
"year_published": 1987,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Order of magnitude",
"Amplitude",
"Materials science",
"Layer (electronics)",
"Coating",
"Surface coating",
"Plasma",
"Resonator"
],
"first_author": "S. M. Gracewski",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "In this study, the series cooling model and the parallel cooling model of inertial confinement fusion reactor were used as a heat source for driving the MHD/Gas Turbine combined power generation system. This reactor is designed with the first wall and the blanket, which are used to collect the products of fusion reactions (including X-ray, charged particles, and neutrons) and to convert the fusion energy into thermal energy. In the series cooling model, the coolant after being heated in the blanket is re-heated again in the first wall, therefore, >2000 K working gas can be obtained. In the parallel cooling model, 1300-1700 K working gas was extracted from the blanket for driving the Gas Turbine cycle and high temperature 2000-2400 K working gas can be extracted from the first wall for driving the MHD cycle. The system using the series cooling model reached a highest plant efficiency of 58.34 per cent whereas the system using the parallel cooling model reached a highest plant efficiency of 57.49 per cent. It was found that the enthalpy extraction and the first wall output temperature both affected the fusion output power, therefore, the plant efficiency was greatly affected by these factors. With the increase of reactor output temperature, the plant efficiency increased, however, because of the temperature limitation of the Gas Turbine and blanket, an output temperature >2400 K from reactor cannot be used.",
"URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/095765005X31144",
"title": "Power generation system using two models for an inertial confinement fusion reactor",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Thermal energy",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Engineering",
"Fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Blanket",
"Charged particle",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coolant",
"Thermodynamics"
],
"first_author": "L. C. Kien",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "We present the first experimental evidence supported by simulations of kinetic effects launched in the interpenetration layer between the laser-driven hohlraum plasma bubbles and the corona plasma of the compressed pellet at the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. Solid plastic capsules were coated with carbon-deuterium layers; as the implosion neutron yield is quenched, DD fusion yield from the corona plasma provides a direct measure of the kinetic effects inside the hohlraum. An anomalous large energy spread of the DD neutron signal (\u223c282\u2009\u2009keV) and anomalous scaling of the neutron yield with the thickness of the carbon-deuterium layers cannot be explained by the hydrodynamic mechanisms. Instead, these results can be attributed to kinetic shocks that arise in the hohlraum-wall-ablator interpenetration region, which result in efficient acceleration of the deuterons (\u223c28.8\u2009\u2009J, 0.45% of the total input laser energy). These studies provide novel insight into the interactions and dynamics of a vacuum hohlraum and near-vacuum hohlraum.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120s5001S/abstract",
"title": "Experimental Evidence of Kinetic Effects in Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Hohlraums.",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Kinetic energy",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Hohlraum",
"Deuterium",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "L Q Shan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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"sentence": "An anomalous large energy spread of the DD neutron signal 282 keV and anomalous scaling of the neutron yield with the thickness of the carbon-deuterium layers cannot be explained by the hydrodynamic mechanisms.",
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"abstract": "AbstractA study is conducted on cooling and controlling the thickness of a frozen layer of deuterium and tritium (D-T) on the inner surface of a capsule mounted in a cylindrical hohlraum. Cooling is required to remove the heat released during tritium decay. The layer thickness must be uniform, which requires that the heat flow from the layer into the capsule wall be spherically symmetric. It is shown that this requirement can be satisfied by controlling the temperature rise along the hohlraum wall from the ends to the midplane. The optimum temperature rise depends primarily on the D-T fuel charge and the thermal conductivity of the gas filling the hohlraum. To ensure a layer thickness variation of less than \u00b10.4 \u03bcm in a plastic capsule, the temperature rise along the hohlraum wall must be controlled to an accuracy of about \u00b13.0 mK. However, as the thermal conductivity of the capsule wall increases to metallic material values, the required accuracy of the hohlraum wall temperature rise decreases to \u00b115 mK.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_116",
"title": "Thermal Control of Cryogenic Cylindrical Hohlraums for Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Cryogenics",
"Materials science",
"Layer (electronics)",
"Heat transfer",
"Hohlraum",
"Temperature control",
"Mechanics",
"Deuterium",
"Thermal conductivity"
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"first_author": "J. J. Sanchez",
"scholarly_citations_count": 18,
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"abstract": "In the context of the French Laser-Megajoule fusion-research program, the hydrodynamic stability of the baseline direct-drive target is investigated at the hot spot surface during the deceleration phase by means of modeling and simulations. Using the convergence of the flow towards a self-similar solution, a closed system of ordinary differential equations is derived for the main hydrodynamic variables. An exact linear stability analysis is performed to compute the Rayleigh-Taylor growths. All theoretical predictions are compared to one-dimensional and two-dimensional single-mode detailed numerical results.",
"URL": "http://www.lpma-paris.fr/pageperso/garnier/publi/schotspot.pdf",
"title": "Self-consistent analysis of the hot spot dynamics for inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Hydrodynamic stability",
"Physics",
"Statistical physics",
"Boundary value problem",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Context (language use)",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Ordinary differential equation",
"Mechanics",
"Differential equation",
"Context (archaeology)",
"Convergence (economics)",
"Stability (learning theory)",
"Hot spot (computer programming)",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Classical mechanics",
"Laser",
"Optics",
"Instability",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Paleontology",
"Machine learning",
"Economic growth",
"Computer science",
"Operating system",
"Economics",
"Biology"
],
"first_author": "J. Sanz",
"scholarly_citations_count": 26,
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"abstract": "The effect of the shell mass on the hot spot pressure is investigated numerically for the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosion. By using a simplified one-dimensional spherical model, it is found that there exists a critical shell mass that determines whether the hot spot can reach the maximum pressure. When the shell mass is larger than the critical mass, the hot spot pressure reaches the maximum value determined by the conventional scaling law P h s max \u221d Mac h 3.2 (Mach is the Mach number of the imploding shell) and is independent of the shell mass. When the shell mass is smaller than the critical mass, the hot spot pressure decreases with decreasing shell mass. The dependence of the hot spot pressure on the shell mass can be uniformly described by an analytic formula. A similar effect of the shell mass on the hot spot pressure is also found in realistic ICF implosion for both direct drive and indirect drive. The conventional ICF implosions belong to the situation that the shell mass is smaller than the critical mass. The analytic formula can also be used to quantify the shell mass effect on the hot spot pressure for realistic ICF implosion when the effective shell mass is correctly taken into account.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/5.0036180",
"title": "Shell mass effect on the hot-spot pressure in inertial confinement fusion implosion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Mach number",
"Implosion",
"Mass effect",
"Spherical model",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Critical mass (software engineering)",
"Shell (structure)",
"Mechanics"
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"first_author": "Dongguo Kang",
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"abstract": "Diamond formation in polystyrene (C8H8)n, which is laser-compressed and heated to conditions around 150\u2009GPa and 5000\u2009K, has recently been demonstrated in the laboratory [Kraus et al., Nat. Astron. 1, 606\u2013611 (2017)]. Here, we show an extended analysis and comparison to first-principles simulations of the acquired data and their implications for planetary physics and inertial confinement fusion. Moreover, we discuss the advanced diagnostic capabilities of adding high-quality small angle X-ray scattering and spectrally resolved X-ray scattering to the platform, which shows great prospects of precisely studying the kinetics of chemical reactions in dense plasma environments at pressures exceeding 100\u2009GPa.",
"URL": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5m59j6ck",
"title": "High-pressure chemistry of hydrocarbons relevant to planetary interiors and inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Physics",
"Scattering",
"Astron",
"Diamond",
"Polystyrene",
"Computational physics",
"X-ray crystallography",
"Polymer",
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"abstract": "X-ray spectroscopy of laser-driven imploded inertial confinement fusion (ICF) cores has proven to be a powerful diagnostic of spatially averaged temperature and density plasma conditions at the collapse of ICF implosion experiments. Temperature and density time histories can be extracted from the analysis of time-resolved x-ray line spectra using the temperature and density sensitivity of line intensities and Stark-broadened line shapes. The next step in the spectroscopy of imploded cores is the bracketing of core plasma gradients as a function of time. To this end, we discuss a spectroscopy diagnostic which is based on the self-consistent and simultaneous simulation and analysis of time-resolved x-ray line spectra and x-ray monochromatic images. Abel inversion of x-ray monochromatic images provide line emissivity spatial profiles; this information is critical for the determination of gradients in the core. We apply this technique to the analysis of data recorded in Ar-doped ICF implosion experiments driv...",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/72/1/10.1063/1.1326025",
"title": "A spectroscopy diagnostic of plasma gradients in inertial confinement fusion imploded cores (abstract)",
"year_published": 2001,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Time-resolved spectroscopy",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Computational physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Monochromatic color",
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"sentence": "Abel inversion of -ray monochromatic images provide line emissivity spatial profiles this information is critical for the determination of gradients in the core.",
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"abstract": "We have developed the highly efficient neutron detector system MANDALA for the inertial-confinement-fusion experiment. The MANDALA system consists of 842 elements plastic scintillation detectors and data acquisition electronics. The detection level is the yield of 1.2\u00d7105 for 2.5 MeV and 1\u00d7105 for 14.1 MeV neutrons (with 100 detected hits). We have calibrated the intrinsic detection efficiencies of the detector elements using a neutron generator facility. Timing calibration and integrity test of the system were also carried out with a 60Co \u03b3 ray source. MANDALA system was applied to the implosion experiments at the GEKKO XII laser facility. The integrity test was carried out by implosion experiments.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1149430",
"title": "A highly efficient neutron time-of-flight detector for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1999,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Neutron generator",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Neutron spectroscopy",
"Time of flight detector",
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"first_author": "Nobuhiko Izumi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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"abstract": "The rapid development of a heavy-ion accelerator technology avails a new approach of producing high-energy-density (HED) matter in the laboratory, and an beneficial experimental platform for the inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) that is driven by ion beams. The Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is responsible for the construction of the recently developed heavy ion accelerator facility (HIAF) in the 12th five-year plan period. The layout and building plan of the accelerator comlex regardinging HED and ICF inclusds the shooting of single-ion beams in phase-1, the shooting of double-ion beams in the optimization of phase-1 and the shooting of multi-ion beams in the phase-upgrade. A brief introduction of the state of matter driven by different beams-shooting methods and the new diagnostic development by IMP are presented. This paper will provide essential references of the experimental route and technical support for the research on ICF in China.",
"URL": "https://www.sciengine.com/publisher/scp/journal/SSPMA/50/11/10.1360/SSPMA-2020-0265?slug=fulltext",
"title": "Research frontier of heavy-ion-beam-driven inertial confinement fusion at HIAF",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"State of matter",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"High energy density physics",
"Chinese academy of sciences",
"Heavy ion",
"Heavy ion beam"
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"first_author": "Rui Cheng",
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{
"abstract": "The principal Hugoniot, sound velocity, and Gr\\\"uneisen parameter of polystyrene were measured at conditions relevant to shocks in inertial confinement fusion implosions, from 100 to 1000 GPa. The sound velocity is in good agreement with quantum molecular dynamics calculations and all tabular equation of state models at pressures below 200 GPa. Above 200 GPa, the experimental results agree with two of the examined tables, but do not agree with the most recent table developed for design of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The Gr\\\"uneisen parameter increases with density below $\\ensuremath{\\sim}3.1\\phantom{\\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\\mathrm{g}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and approaches the asymptotic value for an ideal gas after complete dissociation. This behavior is in good agreement with quantum molecular dynamics results and previous work but is not represented by any of the tabular models. The discrepancy between tabular models and experimental measurement of the sound velocity and Gr\\\"uneisen parameter is sufficient to impact simulations of ICF experiments.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.184102",
"title": "Measurement of the sound velocity and Gr\u00fcneisen parameter of polystyrene at inertial confinement fusion conditions",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Gr\u00fcneisen parameter",
"Polystyrene",
"Quantum molecular dynamics",
"Ideal gas",
"Computational physics"
],
"first_author": "C. A. McCoy",
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"abstract": "After a review of the basic theory of quantitative spectroscopy of atoms and incompletely stripped ions immersed in plasmas, applications to diagnostics and modeling of dense plasmas are discussed. Density and temperature measurements are emphasized, together with magnetic and electric\u2010field measurements and determination of anisotropy in the electron distribution function. The important role of spectral line broadening in soft x\u2010ray laser research is pointed out. There is a possibility of collisional narrowing of the usual thermal Doppler line profile, although this narrowing may be compensated or over\u2010compensated by the broadening effects of elastic ion\u2013ion collisions. At very high power levels, the laser line may also be broadened by the laser field via resonant dynamical Stark effects.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/7182493-plasma-spectroscopy-inertial-confinement-fusion-soft-ray-laser-research",
"title": "Plasma spectroscopy in inertial confinement fusion and soft x-ray laser research",
"year_published": 1992,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Plasma diagnostics",
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"Stark effect",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
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"abstract": "The MARBLE project is a novel inertial confinement fusion platform for studying the development of atomic mixing and temperature equilibration in inertial confinement fusion implosions and their impact on thermonuclear burn. Experiments involve the laser-driven implosion of capsules filled with deuterated engineered foams whose pores are filled with a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and tritium. By varying the size of the foam pores, we can study the timescale of the development of atomic mix relative to the development of thermal equilibrium between species. In contrast, previous separated reactant experiments have only provided information on the total amount of mix mass. We report on the series of MARBLE experiments [first reported in Haines et al., Nat. Commun. 11, 544 (2020)] performed on the University of Rochester's OMEGA laser facility and detailed and highly resolved three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the implosions. In both the experimental and simulation results, we observe that the reactants do not achieve thermal equilibrium during the course of the implosion except in atomically mixed regions\u2014i.e., that atomic mixing develops faster than thermal equilibration between species. The results suggest that ion temperature variations in the mixture are at least as important as reactant concentration variations for determining the fusion reaction rates.",
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"title": "The rate of development of atomic mixing and temperature equilibration in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
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"abstract": "The co-existence of the Raman and Brillouin backscattering instability is an important issue for inertial confinement fusion. The present paper presents extensive one-dimensional (1D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for a wide range of parameters extending and complementing previous findings. PIC simulations show that the scenario of reflectivity evolution and saturation is very sensitive to the temperatures, intensities, size of plasma and boundary conditions employed. The Langmuir decay instability is observed for rather small regime the presence of ion-acoustic waves due to the Langmuir decay instability from the Raman created electron plasma waves can seed the ion-fractional decay and affect the Brillouin saturation.",
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"title": "Raman\u2013Brillouin interplay for inertial confinement fusion relevant laser\u2013plasma interaction",
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"abstract": "The apparent ion temperature and mean velocity of the dense deuterium tritium fuel layer of an inertial confinement fusion target near peak compression have been measured using backscatter neutron spectroscopy. The average isotropic residual kinetic energy of the dense deuterium tritium fuel is estimated using the mean velocity measurement to be \u223c103\u00a0J across an ensemble of experiments. The apparent ion-temperature measurements from high-implosion velocity experiments are larger than expected from radiation-hydrodynamic simulations and are consistent with enhanced levels of shell decompression. These results suggest that high-mode instabilities may saturate the scaling of implosion performance with the implosion velocity for laser-direct-drive implosions.",
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"title": "Measurements of the temperature and velocity of the dense fuel layer in inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
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"abstract": "In order to provide an accurate, repeatable reentrant plasma diagnostic support, an in-vacuum automated robotic diagnostic inserter (SID) was designed, built, and tested for the Phebus French laser facility. The SID system allows us to change quickly and accurately a diagnostic required for a new experiment. The other advantage of this new system is that the detector can be placed closer to the plasma (<0.5 m) and consequently the sensitivity of the corresponding diagnostic to x-ray photons or neutrons is increased. That permits more accurate measurements in present inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments (larger magnification ratio imaging systems with better spectral resolution). The SID has three major components: (i) a mobile platform which carries the diagnostic itself, (ii) a vacuum chamber, and (iii) an accurate mechanical guide system inside the target chamber. The repeatability of the diagnostic repositioning is at least \u00b110 \u03bcm over a travel range of 220 mm. Two main diagnostics are today i...",
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"abstract": "The principles of laser fusion are the implosion of fuel pellets and the inertial confinement of fusion plasma produced by implosion. The process contains a lot of interesting physics, some of which is related to other newly developing fields such as astrophysics, hydrodynamics with radiation and turbulence, nonequilibrium atomic physics, and material science of extreme conditions. This, therefore, opens up new research fields and methods in basic science. On the other hand, fusion research aims at energy development for the future. The state of the art of inertial confinement fusion has reached a level where a goal-oriented program could be arranged for physics investigations and also technological developments.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/59/9/002",
"title": "PRINCIPLES OF INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION : PHYSICS OF IMPLOSION AND THE CONCEPT OF INERTIAL FUSION ENERGY",
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"abstract": "High gradients of electron temperature appear in plasma corona under direct laser irradiation of inertial confinement fusion targets. This results in nonlocality of heat transport. Such effect influence the efficiency of laser absorption, redistribute heat fluxes and could preheat plasma ahead the front shock wave, therefore alter the compression adiabat. Ignition requires a specially tuned compression dynamics, so such an effect should be taken into account. Target simulations with nonlocal models show the decrease of compression efficiency and hot-spot parameters degradation compared to local models: Spitzer\u2013H\u00e4rm model with and without flux-limiter.",
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"title": "Nonlocal Heat Transfer in a Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion for the Direct Irradiation Scheme",
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{
"abstract": "Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKEYWORDS: inertial confinementTAKANAWA-A-I,D-D reactorTHID A code systemradioactivityspecific afterheatbiological hazard potentialdose rate distributionshutdownwater shieldliquid leadsilicon carbideboron carbide",
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"title": "Radioactivity Calculation on Inertial Confinement D-D Fusion Reactor \"TAKANAWA-I\"",
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"abstract": "The compression of planar plastic targets was studied with x-ray radiography in the range of laser intensities of $I\\ensuremath{\\sim}0.5$ to $1.5\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}{10}^{15}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{W}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ using square (low-compression) and shaped (high-compression) pulses. Two-dimensional simulations with the radiative hydrocode DRACO show good agreement with measurements at laser intensities up to $I\\ensuremath{\\sim}{10}^{15}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{W}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These results provide the first experimental evidence for low-entropy, adiabatic compression of plastic shells in the laser intensity regime relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. A density reduction near the end of the drive at a high intensity of $I\\ensuremath{\\sim}1.5\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}{10}^{15}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{W}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ has been correlated with the hard x-ray signal caused by hot electrons from two-plasmon-decay instability.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:40009761",
"title": "Studies of plastic-ablator compressibility for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on OMEGA.",
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"abstract": "The laser program developed at the Centre d'Etudes de Limeil-Valenton, Saint-Georges, France (CEL-V) is concentrated on a systematic investigation of indirect drive fusion; by comparison with direct drive, this process is expected to provide the required irradiation uniformity with relaxed constraints on laser beam quality. The main concerns are radiative transfer and preheat, hydrodynamic instabilities, and high-density X-ray driven implosions. Ablative implosion experiments have been conducted with the two beams at the Phebus facility (5 kJ, 1.3 ns, 0.35 \u03bcm). Symmetry was proved to be controlled by the casing structure, following scaling laws describing hohlraum physics. A compressed DT density \u223c100 \u03c10 (\u03c10 liquid DT density) has been deduced from activation measurements. Different aspects of the soft X-ray transfer processes, and particularly of the ablation of a low-Z material, which drives the capsule implosion, are dealt with in detailed investigations. Reported here are results on X-ray reemission and penetration in several materials, and on induced hydrodynamics of accelerated foils. The laser energy required to reach fuel ignition conditions has been evaluated from numerical simulations as well as from analytical models, taking into account hohlraum physics, capsule implosion, hot spot formation, and burn propagation. Several crucial parameters have been drawn, the most important being the radiation temperature. A target gain in the order of 10 appears achievable with a 2-MJ laser.",
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"abstract": "Target alignment technology is one of the most critical technologies in laser fusion experiments and is an important technology related to the success of laser fusion experiments. In this study, by combining the open-loop and closed-loop errors of the target alignment, the Kalman state observer is used to estimate the position of the target, which improves the observation precision of the target alignment. Then the optimized result is used to guide the alignment of the target. This method can greatly optimize the target alignment error and reduce uncertainty. With the improvement of the target alignment precision, it will greatly improve the reliability and repeatability of the experiments\u2019 results, thereby improving the success rate of the experiments.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Target alignment method of inertial confinement fusion facility based on position estimation",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "A compact spectrometer for measurements of the primary deuterium-tritium neutron spectrum has been designed and implemented on the OMEGA laser facility [T. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. This instrument uses the recoil spectrometry technique, where neutrons produced in an implosion elastically scatter protons in a plastic foil, which are subsequently detected by a proton spectrometer. This diagnostic is currently capable of measuring the yield to \u223c\u00b110% accuracy, and mean neutron energy to \u223c\u00b150 keV precision. As these compact spectrometers can be readily placed at several locations around an implosion, effects of residual fuel bulk flows during burn can be measured. Future improvements to reduce the neutron energy uncertainty to \u00b115\u221220 keV are discussed, which will enable measurements of fuel velocities to an accuracy of \u223c\u00b125\u221240 km/s.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1172498-compact-neutron-spectrometer-characterizing-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions-omega-nif",
"title": "A compact neutron spectrometer for characterizing inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA and the NIF",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Neutron temperature",
"Recoil",
"Neutron spectroscopy",
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"abstract": "The implosion dynamics is the most important metrics for assessing the progress toward ignition of an inertially confined fusion experiment. A high spatial resolution monochromatic x-ray imaging system based on the spherically bent crystal is developed to measure the implosion trajectory. The density distribution of the imploding capsules can be inferred with more accurately from monochromatic trajectories. The self emission of the imploded core will be restrained by spectral resolution and the setup of the imaging system. Also the variations of the backlighters' intensity will not be seen in the images. It has been demonstrated on SGII laser facility at the first time. The ablator remaining mass and the implosion velocity, which are the important ablator parameters, are calculated from the monochromatic trajectories. And the results are contrasted to the 1D hydrodynamics simulations.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22403370-implosion-dynamics-measurements-monochromatic-ray-radiography-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "Implosion dynamics measurements by monochromatic x-ray radiography in inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Strong ion coupling effects could play an important role in laser\u2013and particle beam\u2013compressed ICF layered targets. Some light is shed on these effects by examining structure and pair correlation functions calculated from some of the well known strongly coupled plasma approximation schemes.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/strong-ion-coupling-effects-at-high-density-of-inertial-confinement-fusion-plasmas/EBF75F456B1939155766ADC3474CB79E",
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"year_published": 1983,
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"Ion",
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"abstract": "Excessive increase in the shell entropy and degradation from spherical symmetry in inertial confinement fusion implosions limit shell compression and could impede ignition. The entropy is controlled by accurately timing shock waves launched into the shell at an early stage of an implosion. The seeding of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the main source of the asymmetry growth, is also set at early times during the shock transit across the shell. In this paper we model the shock timing and early perturbation growth of directly driven targets measured on the OMEGA laser system [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. By analyzing the distortion evolution, it is shown that one of the main parameters characterizing the growth is the size of the conduction zone Dc, defined as a distance between the ablation front and the laser deposition region. Modes with kDc>1 are stable and experience oscillatory behavior [V. N. Goncharov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2091 (1999)]. The model shows that the main stabiliz...",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:37085674",
"title": "Early stage of implosion in inertial confinement fusion: Shock timing and perturbation evolution",
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"abstract": "Raman side scatter, whereby scattered light is resonant while propagating perpendicularly to a density gradient in a plasma, was identified experimentally in planar-target experiments at the National Ignition Facility at intensities orders of magnitudes below the threshold for absolute instability. We have derived a new theoretical description of convective Raman side scatter below the absolute threshold, validated by numerical simulations. We show that inertial confinement fusion experiments at full ignition scale, i.e., with mm-scale spot sizes and density scale lengths, are prone to increased coupling losses from Raman side scatter as the instability can extend from the absolute regime near the quarter-critical density to the convective regime at lower electron densities.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30999431",
"title": "Theory and measurements of convective Raman side scatter in inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
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"abstract": "Quality of Deuterium-Tritium capsules is a critical aspect in Inertial Confinement Fusion. In this work, we present a Quantum Molecular Dynamics methodology able to model hydrogen isotopes and their structural molecular organisation at extreme pressures and cryogenic temperatures (< 15K). Our study sets up the basis for a future analysis on the mechanical and structural properties of DT-ice in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target manufacturing conditions.",
"URL": "https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2013/20/epjconf_ifsa2011_16004/epjconf_ifsa2011_16004.html",
"title": "Structural properties of hydrogen isotopes in solid phase in the context of inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n\t Pulse shaping is a powerful tool for mitigating implosion instabilities in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF). However, the high-dimensional and nonlinear nature of implosions makes the pulse optimization quite challenging. In this research, we develop a machine-learning pulse shape designer to achieve high compression density and stable implosion. The facility-specific laser imprint pattern is considered in the optimization, which makes the pulse design more relevant. The designer is applied to the novel double-cone ignition scheme, and simulation shows that the optimized pulse increases the areal density expectation by 16% in one dimension, and the clean-fuel thickness by a factor of four in two dimensions. This pulse shape designer could be a useful tool for direct-drive ICF instability control.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F091B4CF1750B0AB431F64CFAF882F50/S209547192300035Xa.pdf/div-class-title-laser-pulse-shape-designer-for-direct-drive-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions-div.pdf",
"title": "Laser pulse shape designer for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "A deuterium-ice extruder has been developed for inertial confinement fusion experiments on the Sandia National Laboratories Z Facility. The screw-driven extruder is filled via desublimation, where a slow flow of deuterium gas enters the extruder cavity and freezes to the walls without entering the liquid phase. Ice generated in this manner is optically clear, demonstrating its high uniformity. When the extruder cavity is filled with ice, the screw is driven downward, closing off the gas-fill line. With the ice cavity isolated, further screw rotation compresses the deuterium through a nozzle, extruding a fiber. Fiber diameters ranging from 200 to 500 \u00b5m have been extruded to lengths of 1.5 feet before hitting the vacuum chamber floor. The fiber straightness improves with the nozzle length-to-diameter aspect ratio. Deuterium-ice fibers can persist in high vacuum for more than 10\u00a0min before breaking free from the nozzle. The peripheral infrastructure required for Z experimental operations is under development. An in-vacuum stepper-motor-based drive system will allow remote operation, and a translating cathode will ensure proper placement of the fiber in the powerflow hardware.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0055995",
"title": "Development of a deuterium-ice extruder for inertial confinement fusion experiments on the Z Facility.",
"year_published": 2021,
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{
"abstract": "A wide-range (0 to 1044.0 g/cm^{3} and 0 to 10^{9}\u00a0K) equation-of-state (EOS) table for a CH_{1.72}O_{0.37}N_{0.086} quaternary compound has been constructed based on density-functional theory (DFT) molecular-dynamics (MD) calculations using a combination of Kohn-Sham DFT MD, orbital-free DFT MD, and numerical extrapolation. The first-principles EOS data are compared with predictions of simple models, including the fully ionized ideal gas and the Fermi-degenerate electron gas models, to chart their temperature-density conditions of applicability. The shock Hugoniot, thermodynamic properties, and bulk sound velocities are predicted based on the EOS table and compared to those of C-H compounds. The Hugoniot results show the maximum compression ratio of the C-H-O-N resin is larger than that of CH polystyrene due to the existence of oxygen and nitrogen; while the other properties are similar between CHON and CH. Radiation hydrodynamic simulations have been performed using the table for inertial confinement fusion targets with a CHON ablator and compared with a similar design with CH. The simulations show CHON outperforms CH as the ablator for laser-direct-drive target designs.",
"URL": "https://edoc.unibas.ch/92224/1/20230105213115_63b7339363d87.pdf",
"title": "First-principles equation\u00a0of state of CHON resin for inertial confinement fusion applications.",
"year_published": 2022,
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{
"abstract": "A two-dimensional ultrafast X-ray imager (UXI) composed of a time-dilation device, an electron-beam imaging unit, a gated microchannel plate (MCP) framing tube, and a pulser was developed. The time-dilation device extends the time spread of the electron signal generated by the pulsed photocathode (PC), and the electron-beam imaging unit images the electron pulse from PC to MCP. Finally, the gated MCP framing tube samples the dilated electron pulse. The time resolution and image size of the UXI were measured with an X-ray generated by a terawatt laser targeting device. When a driving pulse with a 2 V/ps slope is applied to the PC, the measured time resolution is 21 ps, and the image size is 12 mm \u00d7 3.9 mm. Furthermore, the image size varies with the time resolution. The results show that as the time resolution improves, the image size decreases. The use of two opposite-transmission PC driving pulses could improve the image size. Moreover, the measured UXI spatial resolution is 5 lp/mm, and the spatial resolution will be worse with the increasing off-axis distance.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/9/5/287/pdf?version=1650623819",
"title": "Two-Dimensional Ultrafast X-ray Imager for Inertial Confinement Fusion Diagnosis",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Ultrashort pulse",
"Photocathode",
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"Temporal resolution",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"first_author": "Houzhi Cai",
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"abstract": "Gas Cherenkov detectors provide a time resolved measurement of the fusion burn in inertial confinement fusion experiments. The fusion rate delivers critical benchmark figures, such as burn width and bang time. Recent detector improvements pushed temporal resolution to 10\u00a0ps to make burn width measurements on igniting targets possible. First high temporal resolution measurements using CO2 gas fills had a background signal with a long decay length (tail), which was caused by gas scintillation. This gas scintillation limits the ability of the detector to resolve short burn width and high frequency features in the fusion rate measurements. A thorough investigation of the cause of the tail and mitigation options for gas scintillation is presented here. As a near-term resolution, neon gas is being used to extract fusion burn histories. Paths forward for the next generation of gas Cherenkov detectors are identified including the usage of oxygen as a Cherenkov medium.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0101869",
"title": "Gas scintillation mitigation in gas Cherenkov detectors for inertial confinement fusion (invited).",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Cherenkov radiation",
"Scintillation",
"Cherenkov detector",
"Detector",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Gas detector",
"Nuclear physics",
"Neon",
"Plasma",
"Argon",
"Atomic physics"
],
"first_author": "Hermann Geppert-Kleinrath",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "A novel ignition hohlraum for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion is proposed, which is named three-axis cylindrical hohlraum (TACH). TACH is a kind of 6 laser entrance holes (LEHs) hohlraum, which is orthogonally jointed of three cylindrical hohlraums. Laser beams are injected through every entrance hole with the same incident angle of 55\u00b0. A view-factor simulation result shows that the time-varying drive asymmetry of TACH is less than 1.0% in the whole drive pulse period without any supplementary technology. Coupling efficiency of TACH is close to that of 6 LEHs spherical hohlraum with corresponding size. Its plasma-filling time is close to that of typical cylindrical ignition hohlraum. Its laser plasma interaction has as low backscattering as the outer cone of the cylindrical ignition hohlraum. Therefore, TACH combines most advantages of various hohlraums and has little predictable risk, providing an important competitive candidate for ignition hohlraum.",
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/srep34636",
"title": "A novel three-axis cylindrical hohlraum designed for inertial confinement fusion ignition",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Laser beams",
"Coupling efficiency",
"Asymmetry",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Longyu Kuang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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{
"abstract": "The deuterium-tritium (D-T) \\ensuremath{\\gamma}-to-neutron branching ratio [${}^{3}$H($d$,\\ensuremath{\\gamma})${}^{5}$He/${}^{3}$H(d,n)${}^{4}$He] was determined under inertial confinement fusion (ICF) conditions, where the center-of-mass energy of 14--24 keV is lower than that in previous accelerator-based experiments. A D-T branching ratio value of (4.2 \\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{} 2.0) \\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{} 10${}^{\\ensuremath{-}5}$ was determined by averaging the results of two methods: (1) a direct measurement of ICF D-T \\ensuremath{\\gamma}-ray and neutron emissions using absolutely calibrated detectors, and (2) a separate cross-calibration against the D-${}^{3}$He \\ensuremath{\\gamma}-to-proton branching ratio [${}^{3}$He($d$,\\ensuremath{\\gamma})${}^{5}$Li/${}^{3}$He(d,p)${}^{4}$He]. Neutron-induced backgrounds were significantly reduced as compared to traditional beam-target accelerator-based experiments due to the short pulse nature of ICF implosions and the use of gas Cherenkov \\ensuremath{\\gamma}-ray detectors with fast temporal responses and inherent energy thresholds. These measurements of the D-T branching ratio in an ICF environment test several theoretical assumptions about the nature of $A$ = 5 systems, including the dominance of the 3/2${}^{+}$ resonance at low energies, the presence of the broad first excited state of ${}^{5}$He in the spectra, and the charge-symmetric nature of the capture processes in the mirror systems ${}^{5}$He and ${}^{5}$Li.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1103661-determination-deuterium-tritium-branching-ratio-based-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
"title": "Determination of the deuterium-tritium branching ratio based on inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Resonance",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Excited state",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Branching fraction",
"Spectral line",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Yongho Kim",
"scholarly_citations_count": 26,
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{
"abstract": "Abstract This paper presents an exploration of potential mitigation methods for the gas fuel fill tube in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and the impact of hydrodynamic growth seeded from other target imperfections using a specialized low convergence implosion experiment. Enhanced x-ray self- emission of this experiment design allows the impact of hydrodynamic growth through the deceleration phase of the implosion to be examined. Experiments are presented comparing the perturbation visible during the implosion deceleration that are seeded by the fill tube, through varying the initial geometry in otherwise similar implosions. We further extend the experiment to explore the impact of isolated high atomic number 'dots' of 5 and 20 \u00b5m diameter. These isolated dots are compared in two different \u2018High Density Carbon\u2019 ablator designs in a gold hohlraum. The experiment series finds a correlation to number of high frequency self-emission features observed in deceleration and degradation in total Deuterium-Deuterium neutron yield.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020HEDP...3700817P/abstract",
"title": "Measurement of hydrodynamic instability growth during the deceleration of an inertial confinement fusion implosion",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Fuel gas",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Design of experiments",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics"
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"first_author": "Louisa Pickworth",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "An optical method for measuring scattered light, namely by analyzing the transmitted light, is used to characterize the optical properties of low-density foams that are candidates as targets for inertial confinement fusion. This method allows us to simultaneously measure both scattering and intrinsic absorption in the foam. Three types of foams have been examined: two have similar chemistries and are based on either ethylene glycol dimetacrylate (EGDM) or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPT). The other one is based on resorcinol formaldehyde (RF). We observe that while the RF foams are orange in color and nearly transparent, the EGDM/TMPT based foams are white and opaque. The opacity of these foams is shown to be due to light scattering by particles having dimensions on the order of 200 nm. In contrast, the light scattering from the RF foams indicates that the structures scattering light are on the order of 20 nm. The orange color of the RF foams is shown to be due to intrinsic absorption of light by...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JVST...16...50G/abstract",
"title": "Optical properties of low-density foams considered as targets for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Light scattering",
"Optics",
"Scattering",
"Materials science",
"Ethylene glycol",
"Optoelectronics",
"Polymer",
"Opacity",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)",
"Light scattering by particles"
],
"first_author": "O. J. Glembocki",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "Neutron imaging is one of the main methods used in inertial confinement fusion experiments to measure the core symmetry of target implosions. Previous studies have shown that bubble chambers have the potential to obtain higher resolution images of the targets for a shorter source-to-target distance than typical scintillator arrays. A bubble chamber for neutron imaging with Freon 115 as the active medium was designed and built for the OMEGA laser system. Bubbles resulting from spontaneous nucleation were recorded. Bubbles resulting from neutron\u2013Freon interactions were observed at neutron yields of 1013 emitted from deuterium\u2013tritium target implosions on OMEGA. The measured column bubble density was too low for neutron imaging on OMEGA but agreed with the model of bubble formation. The recorded data suggest that neutron bubble detectors are a promising technology for the higher neutron yields expected at National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/82/3/10.1063/1.3554649",
"title": "A Freon-filled bubble chamber for neutron detection in inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Bubble",
"Nuclear physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Bubble chamber",
"Liquid bubble",
"Neutron detection"
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"first_author": "M. C. Ghilea",
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"abstract": "Data from nuclear diagnostics present correlated signatures of azimuthal implosion asymmetry in recent indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion campaigns performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The mean hot-spot velocity, inferred from the Doppler shift of 14 MeV neutrons produced by deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion, is systematically directed toward one azimuthal half of the NIF target chamber, centered on $\\ensuremath{\\phi}\\ensuremath{\\approx}70\\ifmmode^\\circ\\else\\textdegree\\fi{}$. Areal density ($\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$) asymmetry of the converged DT fuel, inferred from nuclear activation diagnostics, presents a minimum $\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$ in the same direction as the hot-spot velocity and with $\\mathrm{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$ amplitude correlated with velocity magnitude. These two correlated observations, which are seen in all recent campaigns with cryogenic layers of DT fuel, are a known signature of asymmetry in the fuel convergence, implying a systematic azimuthal drive asymmetry across a wide range of shot and target configurations. The direction of the implied radiation asymmetry is observed to cluster toward the hohlraum diagnostic windows. This low-mode asymmetry degrades hot-spot conditions at peak convergence and limits implosion performance and yield.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvL.124n5002R/abstract",
"title": "Azimuthal Drive Asymmetry in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Radiation",
"Amplitude",
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"National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "There are both similarities and differences between instabilities of planar laminar flame fronts and ablation fronts in inertial-confinement fusion (ICF). The mathematical formulation of the problem in ICF is the same as for flames propagating upward; the differences stem from the different order of magnitude of the Froude number and thermal conductivity variations. When the thermal conductivity varies strongly, as in ICF, a wide range of characteristic diffusive lengths occurs across the wave structure. For disturbances with intermediate wavelengths, there is then a universal diffusive relaxation rate of thermal waves that is independent of the thermal conductivity. A kinematic relation for the ablation front is discussed here that includes this thermal relaxation. The resulting formulation facilitates comparison of the two types of fronts.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00102200590926950",
"title": "COMPARISON OF FLAME-FRONT INSTABILITIES WITH INSTABILITIES OF ABLATION FRONTS IN INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Chemistry",
"Front (oceanography)",
"Froude number",
"Instability",
"Flame structure",
"Mechanics",
"Wavelength",
"Laminar flow",
"Thermal conductivity"
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"first_author": "Paul Clavin",
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"abstract": "The preparation of the special adhesive for hollow glass microsphere sealing in the inertial confinement fusion(ICF) experiment was introduced.The influences of the toughener and coupling agent on the morphology,thermal properties and shear strength of the adhesive were analyzed.The test results indicate that the thermal decomposition temperature of the epoxy silicone adhesive decreases with the increasing of the toughener content,the comprehensive property of the epoxy silicone adhesive is the best when the toughener content is 25%.The coupling agent can improve the bonding strength of the adhesive-metal interface and the mechanical property of the epoxy silicone adhesive.The micro-structure study shows that the micro-phase separation exists between the epoxy molecular chain and the silicone molecular chain of the epoxy silicone adhesive.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY200608011.htm",
"title": "Special adhesive for hollow glass microsphere sealing in inertial confinement fusion experiment",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Coupling (piping)",
"Composite material",
"Thermal decomposition",
"Epoxy",
"Shear strength",
"Materials science",
"Glass microsphere",
"Silicone",
"Adhesive"
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"first_author": "LI Zhi-hua",
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"abstract": "This paper summarizes the results of a study which assessed the potential of the hydrogen-fluoride (HF) chemical laser as a laser-fusion driver. The evaluation was made by designing a laser system in sufficient detail that potential problems could be identified. A summary of the laser design including amplifier parameters, electron-beam accelerator specifications, gas-handling system, pulse shape considerations, and net efficiency calculations is presented here. The final laser design consists of 20, 100 kJ final amplifiers, which combine to yield a 2 MJ laser output. The energy is delivered in a shaped pulse in which one-half of the energy is delivered in the last 3 ns. The pulse rate is 4 pulses per second and the net efficiency is approximately 3 percent. Consideration is also given to the consequences of varying certain laser parameters. The general conclusion obtained from this study is that the HF laser is an attractive laser candidate for laser-fusion applications.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abstractAuthors.jsp?arnumber=1071325",
"title": "A conceptual design of a hydrogen-fluoride chemical laser driver for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Semiconductor laser theory",
"Materials science",
"Laser power scaling",
"Chemical laser",
"Active laser medium",
"Laser",
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"abstract": "Experimental asymmetries in fusion implosions can lead to magnetic field generation in the hot plasma core. For typical parameters, previous studies found that the magnetization Hall parameter, given by the product of the electron gyro-frequency and Coulomb collision time, can exceed one. This will affect the hydrodynamics through inhibition and deflection of the electron heat flux. The magnetic field source is the collisionless Biermann term, which arises from the Debye shielding potential in electron pressure gradients. We show that there is an additional source term due to the Z dependence of the Coulomb collision operator. If there are ion composition gradients, such as jets of carbon ablator mix entering the hot-spot, this source term can rapidly exceed the Biermann fields. In addition, the Biermann fields are enhanced due to the increased temperature gradients from carbon radiative cooling. With even stronger self-generated fields, heat loss to the carbon regions will be reduced, potentially reducing the negative effect of carbon mix. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 1)'.",
"URL": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2020.0045",
"title": "Magnetic field generation from composition gradients in inertial confinement fusion fuel.",
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"abstract": "The Beamlet is a single-beam prototype of future multibeam\r\nmegajoule-class Nd:glass laser drivers for inertial confinement fusion. It\r\nuses a multipass main amplifier, adaptive optics, and efficient, high-fluence\r\nfrequency conversion to the third harmonic. The Beamlet amplifier contains\r\nBrewster-angle glass slabs with a clear aperture of 39 cm \u00d7 39 cm and a\r\nfull-aperture plasma-electrode Pockels cell switch. It has been successfully\r\ntested over a range of pulse lengths from 1\u201310 ns up to energies at\r\n1.053 \u00b5m of 5.8 kJ at 1 ns and 17.3 kJ at 10 ns. A 39-actuator deformable\r\nmirror corrects the beam quality to a Strehl ratio of as much as 0.4. The\r\n1.053-\u00b5m output has been converted to the third harmonic at efficiencies\r\nas high as 80% and fluences as high as 8.7\r\nJ/cm2 for 3-ns pulses.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-36-21-4932",
"title": "Performance of a prototype for a large-aperture multipass Nd:glass laser for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1997,
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"abstract": "A simple dynamic model is developed for the investigation of the hohlraum symmetrization by estimating the time changes of the optical geometry of the components under the influence ofhohlraum radiation. The expansion of the converters heated by ion beams is also included. By performing dynamic simulations of the hohlraum target, it is found that the change in hohlraum geometry due to hydrodynamic expansion has a crucial effect on symmetrization. It is also found that the symmetry is now strongly dependent on time, and the optimal condition can only be satisfied for a limited time interval. An improved version of the hohlraum target is discussed, which may considerably increase the optimal time interval. This concept includes the suppression of the dynamic expansion by using low-Z gas in the hohlraum, the reduction of the optical expansion of the converter by using low-Z material, and modification of the shield configuration.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_30830",
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"abstract": "For a weak to moderately coupled plasma, the charged particle stopping power dE/dx was recently calculated from first principles in Ref. 1 using the method of dimensional continuation.2 While the calculational techniques were imported from quantum field theory, the calculation itself lies squarely within the standard framework of convergent kinetic equations. By using these calculations, ignition condition regime in (D/Tx/3Hey) fusion fuel pellet is investigated, including energy deposition fraction of charged particles and neutrons in fuel pellet, bremsstrahlung and inverse bremsstrahlung radiation, inverse Compton scattering and thermal conduction losses.",
"URL": "https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217979211101983",
"title": "Energy Leakage Probability Effect on Ignition Condition in AN Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasma",
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"abstract": "It is shown that direct-drive implosions on the OMEGA laser have achieved core conditions that would lead to significant alpha heating at incident energies available on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) scale. The extrapolation of the experimental results from OMEGA to NIF energy assumes only that the implosion hydrodynamic efficiency is unchanged at higher energies. This approach is independent of the uncertainties in the physical mechanism that degrade implosions on OMEGA, and relies solely on a volumetric scaling of the experimentally observed core conditions. It is estimated that the current best-performing OMEGA implosion [Regan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 025001 (2016)] extrapolated to a 1.9 MJ laser driver with the same illumination configuration and laser-target coupling would produce 125 kJ of fusion energy with similar levels of alpha heating observed in current highest performing indirect-drive NIF implosions.",
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"abstract": "Within the framework of the quasi-isobaric approximation (low Mach number), a self-consistent stability analysis of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion is performed for all the modes with a wavelength larger than the conduction length in the cold material. The validity domain is ranging from short to long wavelength modes, shorter and larger than the total thickness of the thermal wave, respectively. The analysis leads to a single analytical expression for the dispersion relation valid in the whole range of modes, including the transition regime (wavelength of the same order of magnitude as the total thickness). The hydrodynamic instabilities of ablation fronts are thus described by a unified theory in a large domain of conditions, ranging from weak acceleration in the early stage of irradiation to strong acceleration during the main implosion phase. In the weak acceleration regime, the transition between Darrieus-Landau unstable modes and damped oscillatory modes is described. Comparison with numerical results shows a good agreement. Comparison with the previous analyses sheds new light on the stabilization mechanism. The result of the sharp boundary model is recovered in the limit of large power index for thermal conduction.",
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"abstract": "Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study hohlraums lined with a 20-mg/cc $400\\text{\\ensuremath{-}}\\ensuremath{\\mu}\\mathrm{m}$-thick ${\\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ aerogel at full scale (hohlraum diameter = 6.72 mm) are reported. Driven with a 1.6-MJ, 450-TW laser pulse, the performance of the foam liner is diagnosed using implosion hot-spot symmetry measurements of the high-density carbon (HDC) capsule and measurement of inner beam propagation through a thin-wall $8\\text{\\ensuremath{-}}\\ensuremath{\\mu}\\mathrm{m}$ Au window in the hohlraum. Results show an improved capsule performance due to laser energy deposition further inside the hohlraum, leading to a modest increase in x-ray drive and reduced preheat due to changes in the x-ray spectrum when the foam liner is included. In addition, the outer cone bubble uniformity is improved, but the predicted improvement in inner beam propagation to improve symmetry control is not realized for this foam thickness and density.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.051201",
"title": "Foam-lined hohlraum, inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Materials science",
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"National Ignition Facility",
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"Laser",
"Hohlraum"
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"first_author": "Alastair Moore",
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"abstract": "Systems for focusing a light ion beam onto an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target are studied using a thin lens model to compute ion trajectories. Three focusing systems are analyzed. The systems are (1) an uncorrected single focusing lens; (2) a focusing lens with chromatic correction due to the self magnetic field of the beam; and (3) the combination of a focusing lens, a defocusing lens for divergence correction, and chromatic correction from the beam\u2019s self field. Systems (2) and (3) both produce energy efficiencies of greater than 50% for transporting an ion beam with 6 mrad divergence over 4 m and focusing it onto a 1 cm radius target. The predictions of the thin lens model are compared to predictions made by codes using numerical integration of particle trajectories. The implications for ICF applications are discussed.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.358701",
"title": "Thin lens simulations of inertial confinement fusion focusing systems for light ions",
"year_published": 1995,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electrostatic lens",
"Beam (structure)",
"Chromatic scale",
"Lens (optics)",
"Thin lens",
"Ion beam",
"Chromatic aberration"
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"abstract": "The thermal routes to ablation in molecular solids having a long (micron scale) optical penetration depth are investigated under nanosecond laser pulses using a two-dimensional molecular-dynamics model. The authors demonstrate that the mechanisms of matter removal are mainly determined by the local degree of inertial confinement; by increasing level of confinement, these are (trivial) fragmentation, phase explosion, and heterogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles at solid-liquid boundaries. The thermodynamic pathways to ablation are shown to be different from those predicted by the model of Miotello and Kelly [Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3535 (1995); Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 69, S67 (1999)].",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApPhL..89n1907P/abstract",
"title": "Ablation of molecular solids under nanosecond laser pulses : The role of inertial confinement",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Molecular solid",
"Physical chemistry",
"Materials science",
"Penetration depth",
"Thermal",
"Ablation",
"Laser ablation",
"Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)",
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"Nucleation"
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"first_author": "Danny Perez",
"scholarly_citations_count": 28,
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"abstract": "We study burning processes in inertial confinement fusion driven by intense light ion beam (LIB) with a 1-D Lagrangian code. It is found that burning processes have two phases; they are an ignition and its propagation phase, and a recompression phase. In the ignition of nuclear reactions and its propagation phase, \u03c1 R is kept at 1.5 g/cm 2 but in the recompression phase \u03c1 R increases steeply up to 3.5 g/cm 2 . An Au shell surrounding a DT fuel plays two roles in each phase i.e. in the former phase it acts as a tamper to confine the DT fuel and in the latter phase it recompresses the DT fuel to lead high \u03c1 R .",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001960091",
"title": "Ignition and Burning Calculations in Inertial Confinement Fusion Driven by Light Ion Beam",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear reaction",
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"Lagrangian"
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"first_author": "Jun-yoshi Okehara",
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"abstract": "Implosions of spherical and cone-in-shell targets in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) are studied with proton radiography. Time-gated, 15 MeV proton images provide a unique and comprehensive picture of ICF implosions that cover all the implosion phases from acceleration, through coasting, deceleration to stagnation. A self-generated internal radial electric field that reserves the direction during the course of implosions is observed. It is initially directed inward (at ~109 V m\u22121), eventually reverses direction (~108 V m\u22121) and is probably the consequence of the electron pressure gradient. Monte Carlo simulations quantitatively confirm the observations of the electric field and its evolution. The observations are compared with self-emitted x-rays and hydrodynamic simulations.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/78059564",
"title": "Study of direct-drive capsule implosions in inertial confinement fusion with proton radiography",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Acceleration",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Implosion",
"Proton",
"Electric field",
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"abstract": "Light\u2010ion inertial confinement fusion requires beam transport over distances of a few meters for isolation of the diode hardware from the target explosion and for power compression by time\u2010of\u2010flight bunching. This paper evaluates ballistic transport of light\u2010ion beams focused by a solenoidal lens. The ion beam is produced by an annular magnetically insulated diode and is extracted parallel to the axis by appropriate shaping of the anode surface. The beam propagates from the diode to the solenoidal lens in a field\u2010free drift region. The lens alters the ion trajectories such that the beam ballistically focuses onto a target while propagating in a second field\u2010free region between the lens and the target. Ion orbits are studied to determine the transport efficiency \u03b7t (i.e., the fraction of the beam emitted from the diode which hits the target) under various conditions relevant to light\u2010ion inertial confinement fusion. Analytic results are given for a sharp boundary, finite thickness solenoidal lens configura...",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/72/2/10.1063/1.351867",
"title": "Ballistic transport and solenoidal focusing of intense ion beams for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1992,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Ballistic conduction",
"Lens (optics)",
"Ion beam",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"first_author": "P. F. Ottinger",
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{
"abstract": "Clusters of condensed deuterium of densities up to 1029 cm\u22123 in pores in solid oxide crystals were confirmed from time-of-flight mass spectrometry measurements. Based on these facts, a schematic outline and possible conclusions of expectable generalizations are presented, which may lead to a simplification of laser driven fusion energy including new techniques for preparation of targets for application in experiments of the NIF type, but also for modified fast igniter experiments using proton or electron beams or side-on ignition of low compressed solid fusion fuel.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009LPB....27..529H/abstract",
"title": "Ultrahigh-density deuterium of Rydberg matter clusters for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Electron",
"Fusion",
"Atomic physics",
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"Laser",
"Proton",
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"abstract": "In DT fusion 80 % of the energy released goes into 14 MeV neutrons, and only the remaining 20 % into charged particles. Unlike the charged particles, the uncharged neutrons cannot be confined by a magnetic field, and for this reason cannot be used for a direct conversion into electric energy. Instead, the neutrons have to be slowed down in some medium, heating this medium to a temperature of less than 103 K, with the heat removed from this medium to drive a turbo-generator. This conversion of nuclear into electric energy has a Carnot efficiency of about 30 %. For the 80 % of the energy released into neutrons, the efficiency is therefore no more than 24 %. While this low conversion efficiency cannot be overcome in magnetic confinement concepts, it can be overcome in inertial confinement concepts, by surrounding the inertial confinement fusion target with a sufficiently thick layer of liquid hydrogen and a thin outer layer of boron, to create a hot plasma fire ball. The hydrogen layer must be chosen just thick and dense enough to be heated by the neutrons to 100,000 K. The thusly generated, fully ionized, and rapidly expanding fire ball can drive a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator at an almost 100 % Carnot efficiency, or possibly be used to generate hydrocarbons.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JFuE...32..117W/abstract",
"title": "Efficient Energy Conversion of the 14 MeV Neutrons in DT Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Atomic physics",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
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"Magnetohydrodynamic generator",
"Hydrogen",
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"sentence": "While this low conversion efficiency cannot be overcome in magnetic confinement concepts, it can be overcome in inertial confinement concepts, by surrounding the inertial confinement fusion target with a sufficiently thick layer of liquid hydrogen and a thin outer layer of boron, to create a hot plasma fire ball.",
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"sentence": "The hydrogen layer must be chosen just thick and dense enough to be heated by the neutrons to 100,000 K. The thusly generated, fully ionized, and rapidly expanding fire ball can drive a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator at an almost 100 Carnot efficiency, or possibly be used to generate hydrocarbons.",
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"abstract": "We report on what we believe to be the first use of toroidally bent crystals to record two-dimensional, spatially resolved, monochromatic images of laser-produced fusion plasmas combined with a 34-ps fast x-ray framing camera. An array of five toroidal silicon (311) and five toroidal germanium (311) crystals was developed. The imaging properties of the geometries are checked by a ray-tracing program and are compared with experimental results. The total imaging system (crystal and detector) provides an experimentally measured spatial resolution better than 15 \u00b5m. Time histories for the hydrogenlike argon emission and the heliumlike argon emission of fusion pellets driven with the GEKKO XII glass laser system are presented.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApOpt..39.5865U/abstract",
"title": "Time-resolved ten-channel monochromatic imaging of inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2000,
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"Physics",
"Framing (visual arts)",
"Atomic physics",
"Image resolution",
"X-ray optics",
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"Argon",
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"first_author": "Ingo Uschmann",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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"abstract": "Compact wedge-range-filter proton spectrometers cover proton energies \u223c3\u201320 MeV. They have been used at the OMEGA laser facility for more than a decade for measuring spectra of primary D3He protons in D3He implosions, secondary D3He protons in DD implosions, and ablator protons in DT implosions; they are now being used also at the National Ignition Facility. The spectra are used to determine proton yields, shell areal density at shock-bang time and compression-bang time, fuel areal density, and implosion symmetry. There have been changes in fabrication and in analysis algorithms, resulting in a wider energy range, better accuracy and precision, and better robustness for survivability with indirect-drive inertial-confinement-fusion experiments.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4732065",
"title": "Advances in compact proton spectrometers for inertial-confinement fusion and plasma nuclear science.",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Physics",
"Nucleon",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Proton",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Fredrick Seguin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 41,
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"abstract": "Light ion beam inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a concept in which intense beams of low atomic number ions would be used to drive ICF targets to ignition and gain. Here, results from numerical simulations are presented describing the operation of an indirect-drive light-ion ICF target designed for a commercial power plant application. The simulations indicate that the ICF target, consisting of an X-ray-driven capsule embedded in a spherical foam-filled hohlraum, will produce a fusion energy output of over 500 MJ when driven with lithium ion beams containing a total input energy of 8 MJ.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997LPB....15..461O/abstract",
"title": "Numerical Simulation of Radiation-driven Targets for Light-ion Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1997,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Radiation",
"Ignition system",
"Fusion power",
"Computer simulation",
"Ion beam",
"Hohlraum"
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"first_author": "Richard E. Olson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 7,
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"abstract": "Exact similarity solutions for inviscid compressible ablative flows in slab symmetry with nonlinear heat conduction are proposed for studying unsteadiness and compressibility effects on the hydrodynamic stability of ablation fronts relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Both the similarity solutions and their linear perturbations are numerically computed with a dynamical multidomain Chebyshev pseudospectral method. Herewith the first analysis of laser-imprinting based on a dynamic solution is presented, showing that maximum perturbation amplification occurs for a laser-intensity modulation of zero transverse wave number, with growth dominated by the mean flow stretching.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvL..97c5002A/abstract",
"title": "Linear Perturbation Amplification in Self-Similar Ablation Flows of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Hydrodynamic stability",
"Physics",
"Chebyshev pseudospectral method",
"Nonlinear system",
"Thermal conduction",
"Mean flow",
"Classical mechanics",
"Compressibility",
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"first_author": "F. Ab\u00e9guil\u00e9",
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{
"abstract": "The growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in intertial-confinement-fusion targets can be reduced if smooth density gradients are introduced at the interfaces. Keeping the total mass fixed, we consider spreading a heavy shell either continuously or in a discrete number of subshells. We calculate the rate for the fastest growing mode as a function of the fraction of mass spread and find the minima for the cases of 4, 6, and 8 subshells. The rates are reduced by 1.4-1.6. If all the mass is spread continuously into an exponential profile, we find that the rates are reduced by approximately $\\sqrt{2\\ensuremath{\\pi}}\\ensuremath{\\approx}2.5$.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.29.290",
"title": "Density gradients to reduce fluid instabilities in multishell inertial-confinement-fusion targets",
"year_published": 1984,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Exponential function",
"Atomic physics",
"Maxima and minima",
"Instability",
"Approx",
"Shell (structure)",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Function (mathematics)"
],
"first_author": "Karnig O. Mikaelian",
"scholarly_citations_count": 26,
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"abstract": "The experiments and diagnostic techniques for inertial confinement fusion(ICF) on the Shenguang laser facility since 2000 are reviewed.Many experiments were conducted on the Shenguang \u2161(SG-\u2161) and Shenguang \u2162 prototype(SG-\u2162YX) laser facilities.The SG-\u2162YX was completed in 2006.The experiments on SG-II included several physics experiments on topics such as hohlraum physics,implosion physics,fluid dynamical instability,opacity,and shocks driven by radiation.The experimental results indicated that significant achievements were acquired on SG-\u2161.The ICF experiments were conducted on SG-\u2162YX after it was finished.The first experiment,which included Holhraum and implosion physics,was performed in 2007.The integrated diagnostic systems for SG-\u2161 and SG-\u2162YX have been built,as well as the X-ray monochromatic imaging instrument,Thomson probe,transmission grating without higher order diffraction,and so forth.These characteristic diagnostic techniques are important for improved measurement accuracy.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-WLZZ201008005.htm",
"title": "Recent inertial confinement fusion experiments and diagnostic techniques on the shenguang laser facility",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Diffraction",
"Dynamical instability",
"Monochromatic color",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Opacity"
],
"first_author": "Jiang Shao",
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{
"abstract": "The use of low-coherence light is expected to be one of the effective ways to suppress or even eliminate the laser\u2013plasma instabilities that arise in attempts to achieve inertial confinement fusion. In this paper, a review of low-coherence high-power laser drivers and related key techniques is first presented. Work at typical low-coherence laser facilities, including Gekko XII, PHEBUS, Pharos III, and Kanal-2 is described. The many key techniques that are used in the research and development of low-coherence laser drivers are described and analyzed, including low-coherence source generation, amplification, harmonic conversion, and beam smoothing of low-coherence light. Then, recent progress achieved by our group in research on a broadband low-coherence laser driver is presented. During the development of our low-coherence high-power laser facility, we have proposed and implemented many key techniques for working with low-coherence light, including source generation, efficient amplification and propagation, harmonic conversion, beam smoothing, and precise beam control. Based on a series of technological breakthroughs, a kilojoule low-coherence laser driver named Kunwu with a coherence time of only 300 fs has been built, and the first round of physical experiments has been completed. This high-power laser facility provides not only a demonstration and verification platform for key techniques and system integration of a low-coherence laser driver, but also a new type of experimental platform for research into, for example, high-energy-density physics and, in particular, laser\u2013plasma interactions.",
"URL": "https://www.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0009319",
"title": "Development of low-coherence high-power laser drivers for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"System integration",
"Electronic engineering",
"Beam control",
"Beam smoothing",
"Computer science",
"Coherence time",
"Broadband",
"Laser",
"Coherence (physics)"
],
"first_author": "Gao Yanqi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 35,
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"sentence": "Work at typical low-coherence laser facilities, including Gekko XII, PHEBUS, Pharos III, and Kanal-2 is described.",
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"sentence": "The many key techniques that are used in the research and development of low-coherence laser drivers are described and analyzed, including low-coherence source generation, amplification, harmonic conversion, and beam smoothing of low-coherence light.",
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"sentence": "Then, recent progress achieved by our group in research on a broadband low-coherence laser driver is presented.",
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"sentence": "During the development of our low-coherence high-power laser facility, we have proposed and implemented many key techniques for working with low-coherence light, including source generation, efficient amplification and propagation, harmonic conversion, beam smoothing, and precise beam control.",
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"sentence": "Based on a series of technological breakthroughs, a kilojoule low-coherence laser driver named Kunwu with a coherence time of only 300 fs has been built, and the first round of physical experiments has been completed.",
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"abstract": "The anomalous mix at the high-Z and low-Z plasma interfaces in an inertial confinement fusion hohlraum is a current topic of interest. The mechanism for such an anomalous mix in the interpenetration layer at the high-Z and low-Z plasma interface and its effects on the laser plasma instabilities have been investigated by particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that a diffusion-driven collisionless shock wave can be generated from an initially sharp high-Z and low-Z plasma interface with total pressure balance and constant temperature in the laser propagation channel. This purely electrostatic shock wave propagates into the high-Z plasma and leads to mix of different species of ions which is significantly faster than a classical mix in the presence of the large electric field. The mix layer width, measured as a separation distance affected by the shock, grows as , where . The effect of the anomalous mix on the linear growth rate of laser plasma instabilities is evaluated.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ab32cf/pdf",
"title": "Anomalous mix induced by a collisionless shock wave in an inertial confinement fusion hohlraum",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
"Total pressure",
"Hohlraum",
"Electric field",
"Shock wave",
"Plasma",
"Shock (mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "X. Q. Yan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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"abstract": "Aurora is a short-pulse high-power krypton-fluoride laser system that serves as an end-to-end technology demonstration prototype for large-scale ultraviolet laser systems of interest for short wavelength inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies. The system is designed to employ optical angular multiplexing and serial amplification by electron-beam-driven KrF laser amplifiers to deliver 248 nm, 5-ns duration multi-kilojoule laser pulses to ICF targets using a beam train of approximately 1 km in length.In this paper, we will discuss the goals for the system and summarize the design features of the major system components: front-end lasers, amplifier train, optical train, and the alignment and controls systems.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/div-classtitlean-overview-of-aurora-a-multi-kilojoule-krf-laser-system-for-inertial-confinement-fusiondiv/BB33085FDB7DAB47BACB5678BFBE7FA6",
"title": "An overview of Aurora - A multi-kilojoule KrF laser system for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1986,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Multiplexing",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Lasing threshold",
"Optoelectronics",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "Louis A. Rosocha",
"scholarly_citations_count": 36,
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{
"abstract": "In the fast ignitor inertial confinement fusion concept, a highly compressed target is ignited at one point. To increase the gain, we propose wave shaping by using thermonuclear fuels with variable detonation velocities. In one particular configuration the detonation waves can be made to converge towards one point. In approaching the common center of convergence the pressure and temperature rise to very high values, not only promising optimized thermonuclear burn, but also the prospect for burn of nonneutronic exotic thermonuclear fuels like H 11 B.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Thermonuclear detonation wave shaping for the fast ignitor inertial confinement fusion concept",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Detonation",
"IGNITOR",
"Mechanics",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Friedwardt Winterberg",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "To increase the gain, we propose wave shaping by using thermonuclear fuels with variable detonation velocities.",
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]
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"sentence": "In one particular configuration the detonation waves can be made to converge towards one point.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "detonation waves"
},
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "configuration"
}
]
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{
"sentence": "In approaching the common center of convergence the pressure and temperature rise to very high values, not only promising optimized thermonuclear burn, but also the prospect for burn of nonneutronic exotic thermonuclear fuels like H 11 B.",
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]
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},
{
"abstract": "The effect of optical prepulses on the performance of imploding inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets has been measured. The neutron yields from nearly identical spherical targets imploded by the OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] laser were measured as a function of prepulse fluences in the drive laser. These experiments indicate that the cumulative prepulse fluence on target must be less than \u223c0.2 J/cm2, which corresponds to a prepulse intensity contrast of \u2a7e107. This effect is the result of damage to the Al barrier layer used on OMEGA ICF targets. To verify this, the effect of low-intensity irradiation on these Al layers was observed on planar targets using the time-resolved reflectivity and the time-integrated transmission measurements. These experiments show that damage to the Al layers begins at \u223c0.1 J/cm2, consistent with the implosion performance results.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1324663",
"title": "The effect of optical prepulse on direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target performance",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Irradiation",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Prepulse inhibition",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Fluence",
"Omega",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "T. R. Boehly",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"sentence": "The neutron yields from nearly identical spherical targets imploded by the OMEGA laser were measured as a function of prepulse fluences in the drive laser.",
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"sentence": "These experiments indicate that the cumulative prepulse fluence on target must be less than 0.2 Jcm2, which corresponds to a prepulse intensity contrast of 107.",
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"sentence": "To verify this, the effect of low-intensity irradiation on these Al layers was observed on planar targets using the time-resolved reflectivity and the time-integrated transmission measurements.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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"sentence": "These experiments show that damage to the Al layers begins at 0.1 Jcm2, consistent with the implosion performance results.",
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},
{
"abstract": "Abstract The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has built a 137\u00a0J electron beam pumped argon fluoride (ArF) laser operating at 193\u00a0nm utilizing the Electra facility. This paper highlights initial ArF oscillator measurements in the context of significant benefits of ArF laser characterization for inertial confinement fusion target performance and development of a kinetics code with predictive capabilities. Other aspects of NRL's ArF laser development program, including large scale electron beam pumped ArF amplifier development and ArF optical transport, are discussed. Initial measurements were made utilizing a quadruple pass oscillator configuration constructed in the Electra facility with a nominal 100\u00a0cm2 aperture. Laser yields between 80 and 100\u00a0J, time-dependent laser intensity, and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) are reported over a range of gas pressure (0.8\u20131.4 atmospheres). Higher laser yields, 137\u00a0J, were attained in a non-optimized dual ArF oscillator configuration wherein the optical axis was rotated to conform to the measured electron beam deposition in the laser gas mixture.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574181820300616",
"title": "Development of a broad bandwidth 193 nanometer laser driver for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Aperture",
"Materials science",
"Amplifier",
"Amplified spontaneous emission",
"Context (language use)",
"Optical axis",
"Laser",
"Cathode ray"
],
"first_author": "Matthew F. Wolford",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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]
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{
"sentence": "Other aspects of NRLs ArF laser development program, including large scale electron beam pumped ArF amplifier development and ArF optical transport, are discussed.",
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"sentence": "Initial measurements were made utilizing a quadruple pass oscillator configuration constructed in the Electra facility with a nominal 100 cm2 aperture.",
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"sentence": "Laser yields between 80 and 100 J, time-dependent laser intensity, and amplified spontaneous emission ASE are reported over a range of gas pressure 0.81.4 atmospheres.",
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},
{
"sentence": "Higher laser yields, 137 J, were attained in a non-optimized dual ArF oscillator configuration wherein the optical axis was rotated to conform to the measured electron beam deposition in the laser gas mixture.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "ArF"
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]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "In this work, we study the laser propagation in a thermonuclear \nplasma corresponding to implosion of deuterium-tritium pellets \nin inertial confinement fusion, by injecting energy provided \nby high-power laser devices into a quiescent plasma and generating \nsolitons. Having in mind that the electric field inside of plasma \ncan be studied by means of a particular non-linear Schr\u00f6dinger \nequation, we solve this equation as an inverse problem, using \nthe Inverse Scattering Transform method, that is a 2 \u00d7 \n2 eigenvalue problem, known as the AKNS scheme, developed by \nAblovitz, Kamp, Newell, and Shabat. We obtain the pseudopotentials \nq and r if we suppose that the eigenvalue \nis invariant in time, and is representative of a wave eigenvector, \nobtaining a solution that has a structure of the soliton type. \nIn the process, one change of variable for space and another \nfor time are applied, and the relation between the pseudopotentials \nis given by r = \u2212q*. Discretization \nof the non-linear Schr\u00f6dinger equation, solved by inverse scattering \ntransform are given by Ablovitz et al. (1999). These solitons \nare generated near the critical layer where w0 \n\u2245 wp, w0 being the \nlaser frequency and wp the plasma frequency, \nexhibit a change in electronic density profile and are caused \nby the ponderomotive force of laser radiation.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Application of solitons to the study of laser propagation \ninto a thermonuclear plasma in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Ponderomotive force",
"Plasma",
"Laser",
"Implosion",
"Quantum mechanics"
],
"first_author": "J.F. MIRAMAR BLAZQUEZ",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
"NER-RE": [
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"sentence": "These solitons are generated near the critical layer where w0 wp, w0 being the laser frequency and wp the plasma frequency, exhibit a change in electronic density profile and are caused by the ponderomotive force of laser radiation.",
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"abstract": "After X-ray irradiate a metal cavity, a large number of photoelectrons are emitted into the internal space, thereby producing a very strong system-generated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP). The X-ray environment inside a laser inertial confinement device is very complex. Even if the diagnostic equipment working inside the target chamber has a good electromagnetic shielding capability, it would still face severe SGEMP interference. In this paper, the X-ray environments inside target chambers of National Ignition Facility, optimized method for estimated guidance accuracy (OMEGA), and Shenguang-III (SG-III) facility were obtained through a survey of the literature. In light of the survey results, the time-biased finite-difference time-domain method and the particle-in-cell method were used to numerically simulate SGEMP inside a 2-D cylindrical cavity model. Besides, the relationships between the SGEMP in the cavity and parameters such as X-ray fluence, energy spectrum, pulsewidth, and spatial size of the model were studied. The fluence and pulsewidth of the X-ray were found to have a more significant effect on the time-domain waveform of the electromagnetic field. Finally, based on the calculation results, the SGEMP of the SG-III facility in the target chamber was calculated to approximately be 0.75 MV/m.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ITNS...64.2618C/abstract",
"title": "Numerical Simulation of the SGEMP Inside a Target Chamber of a Laser Inertial Confinement Facility",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electromagnetic pulse",
"Waveform",
"Electromagnetic shielding",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Electromagnetic field",
"Computer simulation",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "Meng Cui",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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"abstract": "Conservation laws and solutions to ion equations of motion have been used to obtain estimates of the maximum ion beam power that can be injected into and trapped within z-discharge plasma channels. Consequences of the results of these calculations for ongoing designs of light ion driven inertial confinement fusion experiments and reactor concepts are discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_24818",
"title": "Ion beam trapping in plasma channels for light ion inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion gun",
"Physics",
"Equations of motion",
"Ion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Conservation law",
"Ion beam",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "J.J. Watrous",
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"abstract": "It is shown that regions of enhanced pressure have been produced in targets with indirect radiation drive in planar and cylindrically convergent geometry through the interaction between the flows caused by target inhomogeneities and the main target drive. Design calculations for National Ignition Facility (NIF) [J. A. Paisner et al., Laser Focus World 30, 75 (1994)] targets with beryllium ablators formed by bonded hemi-shells [D. C. Wilson et al., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 43, 1667 (1998)] indicate that related behavior produces a seed perturbation in the ablator which can in some cases lead to the suppression of ignition. From simulation and analysis of the NIF problem in the planar geometry analog, a scaling for the perturbation, which should be useful for validation of the behavior with lower energy drive and smaller-scale geometries, is derived.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhPl....7.2007G/abstract",
"title": "Production of enhanced pressure regions due to inhomogeneities in inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2000,
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"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Beryllium",
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"first_author": "S. R. Goldman",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"abstract": "A technique was developed for fabricating spherical shell targets for implosion physics experiments with diameters up to several millimeters and with unique structural features such as thin metal layers or texture on the inside surface. We start with a spherical bead or thin shell of poly(alpha\u2010methylstyrene) (PAMS) of the desired size, which can be textured by laser photoablation or overcoated with a thin layer of diagnostic material. The mandrel is next overcoated with plasma polymer (CH) 2\u201350 \u03bcm thick. Upon heating, the PAMS depolymerizes to a gaseous monomer which diffuses through the thermally stable plasma polymer coating leaving a hollow shell. Shells produced by this technique are uniform in wall thickness, and highly spherical. If the PAMS mandrel is textured, the mandrel topology is transferred to the inner wall of the plasma polymer shell. Likewise, thermally stable coatings on the mandrel are transferred to the inner shell wall.A technique was developed for fabricating spherical shell targets for implosion physics experiments with diameters up to several millimeters and with unique structural features such as thin metal layers or texture on the inside surface. We start with a spherical bead or thin shell of poly(alpha\u2010methylstyrene) (PAMS) of the desired size, which can be textured by laser photoablation or overcoated with a thin layer of diagnostic material. The mandrel is next overcoated with plasma polymer (CH) 2\u201350 \u03bcm thick. Upon heating, the PAMS depolymerizes to a gaseous monomer which diffuses through the thermally stable plasma polymer coating leaving a hollow shell. Shells produced by this technique are uniform in wall thickness, and highly spherical. If the PAMS mandrel is textured, the mandrel topology is transferred to the inner wall of the plasma polymer shell. Likewise, thermally stable coatings on the mandrel are transferred to the inner shell wall.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.580124",
"title": "Fabrication of special inertial confinement fusion targets using a depolymerizable mandrel technique",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Spherical shell",
"Composite material",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
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"abstract": "AbstractOne of the important technical problems of Inertial Confinement Fusion is the development of a technology for obtaining large batches of targets\u2010containers for hydrogen isotopes. At the first stage of production of targets, spherical polymer shell\u2010matrices are used. In this work, for the first time, a method is proposed for obtaining batches of spherical shells from high molecular mass poly(alpha\u2010methylstyrene) using the developed set of equipment. To obtain batches of shells with a high degree of sphericity 0.992\u20130.997, the optimal conditions for their production and the composition of the equipment complex were determined. The surface quality of the shells and the uniformity of their walls were determined by electron microscopy. To estimate the degree of sphericity of polymeric shells, statistical calculations of data obtained by photo\u2010registering of different batches of shells were performed. Batches of spherical shells 2.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009mm in size were obtained.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Fabrication of hollow poly(alpha\u2010methylstyrene) shells for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Fabrication",
"Polymer",
"Materials science",
"Fusion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Spherical shell",
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"Nuclear physics",
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"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
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],
"first_author": "Alexander V. Pastukhov",
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"abstract": "A brief description of plasma, its types and fundamental requirements necessary to study the physics of plasma has been presented through this article. Information given here would be useful to those who have the basic knowledge of physics. Mathematical complications have been avoided to suit the purpose. Varied applications of plasma have been introduced. A little detail has been devoted to one of the major applications of plasma physics known as theoretical thermonuclear fusion studies. Physics of inertial confinement together with the role of self-generated magnetic field in the design of fusion targets have also been described.\r\n\r\n Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 21-24, 2003",
"URL": "http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/HJS/article/download/181/785",
"title": "Plasma physics: A review and applications with special reference to inertial confinement fusion energy",
"year_published": 1970,
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"abstract": "Tungsten(W)-doped high density carbon(HDC) target is a promising design for ignition target in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The influence of silicon(Si) and tungsten(W) on transmission of M-band X-ray has been studied by experiment. With a radiation temperature of \u223c 200eV , the transmitted M-band X-ray(1.6-4.4keV) flux and spectrum of Si or W-buried HDC sample were measured by M-XRDs and TGS, respectively. The thin layer of Si or W was buried at two different depths(2.1\u00b5m and 11\u00b5m). Results show that M-band transmission flux of Si-buried HDC sample decreases with buried depth(bd). However bd does not influence that of W-buried HDC sample. The one-dimensional simulation result is consistent with the experimental result. In the 1D simulation, the Au M-band(2-5keV) transmission flux of Si-buried HDC also decreases with bd. However Au M-band transmission flux of W-buried HDC increases at first and then decreases. This is mainly due to the different characteristics of Si and W opacity. Especially as the peak radiation temperature reaches 260eV, W can still absorb the M-band X-ray efficiently as it is buried near the radiation source. Based on these studies, optimized W-doped HDC target with low doped fraction and mass has been proposed in this paper.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ac2871",
"title": "Optimization of tungsten-doped high density carbon target in inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "The authors report approximate x-ray and debris spectra emanating from a region of compressed DT fuel representing the imploded configuration of a generic direct-drive ICF reactor pellet. They show how the spectra are modified by spherical lead shields of various thicknesses placed near the pellet, and show that it is not possible to lessen the ablation of the first wall or blanket of a low-pressure ICF reactor chamber through use of such shields. Then they report that the calculated x-ray spectra alone (i.e., without the associated debris) cause vaporization of a first wall placed at a radius of 4 m that is much more than previously expected. This result increases the importance of understanding the details of the vaporization and condensation phenomena.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_24901",
"title": "Improved Understanding of First-Wall Vaporization-Condensation in Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 1986,
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"Shields",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Vaporization",
"Condensation",
"Blanket",
"Pellets",
"Mechanics",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is currently one of the two main paths towards an energy source based on thermonuclear fusion. A promising ICF option is ion fast ignition (IFI), in which the ignition of nuclear fuel is initiated by an intense laser-driven ion beam. This paper presents the results of systematic numerical (particle-in-cell) studies of the properties of laser-driven carbon ion beams produced under conditions relevant for IFI, and the feasibility of achieving beam parameters required for fuel ignition is discussed. It was found that a 1\u00a0ps 200 kJ infrared laser driver is capable of producing ion beams with parameters required for IFI, even with a simple non-optimised target, but only at small distances (\u2a7d0.1\u00a0mm) from the target. At such distances, the beam intensity and fluence exceeds 5 \u00d7 1021\u00a0W\u00a0cm\u22122 and 2 GJ cm\u22122, respectively, while the beam energy approaches 30 kJ. The ion beam parameters can be significantly improved by carefully selecting the target thickness and shape. However, even with an optimised target, achieving the beam parameters required for IFI is possible only at distances from the target below 0.5\u00a0mm. The ion acceleration is accompanied by the emission of powerful (\u2a7e50 PW) pulses of short-wavelength synchrotron radiation which are the source of significant ion energy losses and may pose a threat to the fusion infrastructure. In addition to ICF, the extremely intense ion beams demonstrated in the paper can be a unique research tool for research in nuclear physics, high energy-density physics or materials science.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/abd073/pdf",
"title": "Laser-driven acceleration of ion beams for high-gain inertial confinement fusion",
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"Acceleration",
"Optics",
"Ion",
"Synchrotron radiation",
"Materials science",
"Laser",
"High-gain antenna"
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"abstract": "A method is proposed to control the stimulated Raman scattering in the inertial confinement fusion by using auxiliary 2\u03c9 light to suppress the stimulated Raman scattering of the 3\u03c9 light. In this scheme, inverse bremsstrahlung absorption and parametric instabilities in the 2\u03c9 light increase the electron temperature and the plasma-density fluctuation, thus preventing the development of Raman scattering of the 3\u03c9 light. This scheme is successfully demonstrated by both one-dimensional kinetic simulations and two-dimensional radiative hydrodynamic simulations. The one-dimensional Vlasov results show that the time-averaged transmissivity of the 3\u03c9 light increases from 0.75 to 0.95 under certain conditions. Results obtained using the particle-in-cell method with Monte Carlo collisions show that the electron temperature is greatly increased with the increasing intensity of the 2\u03c9 light. The two-dimensional radiative hydrodynamic simulation results show that the electron temperature increases from 3.2\u2009keV to 3.5\u2009...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4995474",
"title": "Controlling stimulated Raman scattering by two-color light in inertial confinement fusion",
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"Atomic physics",
"Electron temperature",
"Raman spectroscopy",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)",
"Radiative transfer",
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"first_author": "Zhenming Liu",
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"abstract": "This paper is devoted to the study of the deceleration phase of inertial confinement capsules. First the self-similar flow exhibited by Betti et al. [Phys. Plasmas 8, 5257 (2001)] is proved to be an attractor in the sense that arbitrary initial conditions converge towards this solution. The convergence rate depends on the ablation process and heat conductivity and it is shown to be a power law of the increase rate of the hotspot mass. Second the thin layer that separates the hotspot from the cold shell is described and it is shown that it also converges to a locally self-similar profile. By using and generalizing a shell model introduced by Betti et al. [Phys. Plasmas 9, 2277 (2002)] a closed system of ordinary differential equations for the main hydrodynamic variables is derived. Finally the linear growth rates of the deceleration phase Rayleigh\u2010Taylor instabilities are computed taking into account ablation and spherical convergence. Significant differences are exhibited between directly and indirectly driven capsules. \u00a9 2005 American Institute of Physics . [DOI: 10.1063/1.1825389]",
"URL": "http://www.lpma-paris.fr/pageperso/garnier/publi/deceler.pdf",
"title": "A multiscale analysis of the hotspot dynamics during the deceleration phase of inertial confinement capsules",
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"entity": "locally self-similar profile"
},
{
"category": "Plasma dynamic and behavior",
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{
"sentence": "By using and generalizing a shell model introduced by Betti a closed system of ordinary differential equations for the main hydrodynamic variables is derived.",
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"category": "Person",
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{
"sentence": "Finally the linear growth rates of the deceleration phase RayleighTaylor instabilities are computed taking into account ablation and spherical convergence.",
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"sentence": "Significant differences are exhibited between directly and indirectly driven capsules.",
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"sentence": "2005 American Institute of Physics.",
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{
"abstract": "Direct drive spherical implosions on the OMEGA laser system [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] have shown that increased capsule convergence results in increased susceptibility to fuel-shell mix. Mix results from saturation of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, leading to small-scale, turbulent eddies and atomic-level mixing of the high-density compressed shell with hot, low-density fuel from the core. To sensitively probe the extent of mix, nuclear yields were measured from implosions of capsules filled with pure He3. The plastic capsule shell contains a deuterated plastic (CD) layer either on the inner surface or offset from the inner surface by 1\u03bcm. Mixing of D from the shell with hot He3 in the core is necessary to produce 14.7MeV DHe3 protons in such capsules. DHe3-proton spectral measurements have been used to constrain the amount of mix at shock time, to demonstrate that some of the fuel mixes with the offset CD layer, and that capsules with a higher initial fill density or thicker s...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhPl...14e6306R/abstract",
"title": "Nuclear measurements of fuel-shell mix in inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGAa)",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Turbulence",
"Helium-3",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Deuterium",
"Shock wave",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "J. R. Rygg",
"scholarly_citations_count": 14,
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"abstract": "The viability of fast-ignition (FI) inertial confinement fusion hinges on the efficient transfer of laser energy to the compressed fuel via multi-MeV electrons. Preformed plasma due to the laser prepulse strongly influences ultraintense laser plasma interactions and hot electron generation in the hollow cone of an FI target. We induced a prepulse and consequent preplasma in copper cone targets and measured the energy deposition zone of the main pulse by imaging the emitted K{sub {alpha}} radiation. Simulation of the radiation hydrodynamics of the preplasma and particle in cell modeling of the main pulse interaction agree well with the measured deposition zones and provide an insight into the energy deposition mechanism and electron distribution. It was demonstrated that a under these conditions a 100 mJ prepulse eliminates the forward going component of {approx}2-4 MeV electrons.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.055002",
"title": "Limitation on Prepulse Level for Cone-Guided Fast-Ignition Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Laser ablation",
"Laser",
"Plasma",
"Particle-in-cell"
],
"first_author": "Andrew MacPhee",
"scholarly_citations_count": 105,
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{
"abstract": "Neutron time-of-flight diagnostics have long been used to characterize the neutron spectrum produced by inertial confinement fusion experiments. The primary diagnostic goals are to extract the d\u2009+\u2009t \u2192 n\u2009+\u2009\u03b1 (DT) and d\u2009+\u2009d \u2192 n\u2009+\u20093He (DD) neutron yields and peak widths, and the amount DT scattering relative to its unscattered yield, also known as the down-scatter ratio (DSR). These quantities are used to infer yield weighted plasma conditions, such as ion temperature (Tion) and cold fuel areal density. We report on novel methodologies used to determine neutron yield, apparent Tion, and DSR. These methods invoke a single temperature, static fluid model to describe the neutron peaks from DD and DT reactions and a spline description of the DT spectrum to determine the DSR. Both measurements are performed using a forward modeling technique that includes corrections for line-of-sight attenuation and impulse response of the detection system. These methods produce typical uncertainties for DT Tion of 250\u2009eV, 7% fo...",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/118/18/10.1063/1.4935455",
"title": "Analysis of the neutron time-of-flight spectra from inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Scattering",
"Helium-3",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Spectral line",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Time of flight"
],
"first_author": "Robert Hatarik",
"scholarly_citations_count": 95,
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{
"abstract": "A hardening method is proposed to enable the use of CMOS image sensors for Fusion by Inertial Confinement Diagnostics. The mitigation technique improves their radiation tolerance using a reset mode implemented in the device. The results obtained evidence a reduction of more than 70% in the number of transient white pixels induced in the pixel array by the mixed neutron and \u03b3-ray pulsed radiation environment.",
"URL": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6678070",
"title": "Hardening Approach to Use CMOS Image Sensors for Fusion by Inertial Confinement Diagnostics",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Fusion",
"Pixel",
"Hardening (metallurgy)",
"CMOS",
"Optoelectronics",
"Image sensor",
"Gamma ray"
],
"first_author": "P. Paillet",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"sentence": "The mitigation technique improves their radiation tolerance using a reset mode implemented in the device.",
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{
"sentence": "The results obtained evidence a reduction of more than 70 in the number of transient white pixels induced in the pixel array by the mixed neutron and \u03b3-ray pulsed radiation environment.",
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{
"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the energy deposition of, first, heavy ions in the hohlraum and, second, charged fusion products in the plasma pellet is an essential issue. This can be quite subtle because the targets experience a series of phase transitions (solid\u2192gas\u2192partially ionized plasma\u2192fully ionized plasma) and, most importantly, charged particle energy deposition depends on whether the charged particles are in the \u2018\u2018fast,\u2019\u2019 \u2018\u2018intermediate,\u2019\u2019 or \u2018\u2018slow\u2019\u2019 regime, which depends on the plasma temperature. (The regime is defined as xi/e=vi2/vthe2. vi is ion velocity and vthe is electron thermal velocity. xi/e\u226b1, xi/e\u223c1, and xi/e\u226a1 correspond to fast, intermediate, and slow regimes, respectively.) A physical model based on the theory of binary interactions and plasma collective effects is being applied to the stopping power in these different regimes, especially in the transition regime (xi/e\u223c1), which is almost always ignored. From this model, we describe the physical picture of the evolution in...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992RScI...63.4846L/abstract",
"title": "Heavy ion and fusion particle stopping power in inertial confinement fusion (abstract)",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Stopping power (particle radiation)",
"Electron",
"Phase transition",
"Thermal velocity",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Charged particle",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "C. K. Li",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
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"entity": "charged fusion products"
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{
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"sentence": "xie1, xie1, and xie1 correspond to fast, intermediate, and slow regimes, respectively.",
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"abstract": "Results are presented from experimental, analytical, and numerical studies of the physical processes that occur in a high-current ion induction accelerator (the ion linac IINDUS). The experiments were performed in a module of the IINDUS accelerator consisting of an injector of gaseous or metallic ions and two induction sections with magnetically insulated cusps in the accelerator gaps filled with plasma. The following ion beam parameters were found: 2-3 kA, 0.5 MeV, 0.5 {mu}s. The two most dangerous instabilities effecting beam quality were studied. These are the high-frequency beam-plasma instability and the filamentation instability. A nonlinear analytical theory of charge neutralization of a high-current ion beam in magnetically insulated accelerating gaps is presented. In order to develop diagnostics for high-current beams of accelerated particles the amplitude and shape of the acoustic pulse excited in a metal target by the particles have been studied theoretically and experimentally as functions of the beam parameters. The possibility of practical application of this acceleration in ICF has been studied using a 2.5-dimensional relativistic electromagnetic code to simulate the processes of acceleration, charge neutralization, and stability of the ion beam in the accelerating channel. The results provide evidence in favor of the prospects for this directionmore\u00a0\u00bb of research. 70 refs., 13 figs.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PlPhR..19..313B/abstract",
"title": "Linear induction accelerator for charge-neutralized ion beams in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Laser beam quality",
"Physics",
"Accelerator physics",
"Ion",
"Beam (structure)",
"Linear particle accelerator",
"Atomic physics",
"Particle accelerator",
"Ion beam"
],
"first_author": "O.V. Batishchev",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"sentence": "The following ion beam parameters were found 2-3 kA, 0.5 MeV, 0.5 .",
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"sentence": "A nonlinear analytical theory of charge neutralization of a high-current ion beam in magnetically insulated accelerating gaps is presented.",
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"abstract": "Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTI) in inertial confinement fusion implosions are expected to generate magnetic fields. A Hall-MHD model is used to study the field generation by 2D single-mode and multimode RTI in a stratified two-fluid plasma. Self-generated magnetic fields are predicted and these fields grow as the RTI progresses via the $\\ensuremath{\\nabla}{n}_{e}\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}\\ensuremath{\\nabla}{T}_{e}$ term in the generalized Ohm's law. Scaling studies are performed to determine the growth of the self-generated magnetic field as a function of density, acceleration, Atwood number, and perturbation wavelength.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22680725",
"title": "Magnetic field generation in Rayleigh-Taylor unstable inertial confinement fusion plasmas.",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Atwood number",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Rayleigh scattering",
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"first_author": "Bhuvana Srinivasan",
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"abstract": "Plasma-assisted electron-beam evaporation leads to changes in the crystallinity, density, and stresses of thin films. A dual-source plasma system provides stress control of large-aperture, high-fluence coatings used in vacuum for substrates 1m in aperture.",
"URL": "https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/large-aperture-plasma-assisted-deposition-of-inertial-confinement",
"title": "Large-aperture plasma-assisted deposition of inertial confinement fusion laser coatings",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Optics",
"Evaporation (deposition)",
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"Thin film",
"Materials science",
"Crystallinity",
"Optoelectronics",
"Laser",
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"abstract": "X-ray backlit radiographs of dense plasma shells can be significantly altered by refraction of x rays that would otherwise travel straight-ray paths, and this effect can be a powerful tool for diagnosing the spatial structure of the plasma being radiographed. We explore the conditions under which refraction effects may be observed, and we use analytical and numerical approaches to quantify these effects for one-dimensional radial opacity and density profiles characteristic of inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. We also show how analytical and numerical approaches allow approximate radial plasma opacity and density profiles to be inferred from point-projection refraction-enhanced radiography data. This imaging technique can provide unique data on electron density profiles in ICF plasmas that cannot be obtained using other techniques, and the uniform illumination provided by point-like x-ray backlighters eliminates a significant source of uncertainty in inferences of plasma opacity profiles from area-backlit pinhole imaging data when the backlight spatial profile cannot be independently characterized. The technique is particularly suited to in-flight radiography of imploding low-opacity shells surrounding hydrogen ice, because refraction is sensitive to the electron density of the hydrogen plasma even when it is invisible to absorption radiography. It may also provide an alternative approach to timing shockwaves created by the implosion drive, that are currently invisible to absorption radiography.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-52-15-3538",
"title": "Refraction-enhanced backlit imaging of axially symmetric inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Geometrical optics",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electron density",
"Implosion",
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"abstract": "We characterized the radiation response in the visible domain of a new multimode graded-index (GI) phosphosilicate optical fiber (GIMMF), exposed to the harsh environment (pulses of 14-MeV neutrons, X-rays, and $\\gamma $ -rays) associated with laser experiments at the OMEGA facility. The growth of permanent radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) was measured in situ after a series of laser shots involving a large production of 14-MeV neutrons (yields > $10^{{14}}$ n per shot). RIA linearly increases with accumulated neutron fluence without recovery between shots. The obtained results allow a precise evaluation of this GIMMF vulnerability when implemented as part of laser or plasma diagnostics. Our work also reveals the potential of this class of optical fiber to serve as a radiation monitor in the radiation-rich mixed environments of megajoule class laser facilities and to provide a very fast and online estimation of the accumulated deposited dose at various locations of their experimental halls. In our experimental test configuration at OMEGA, 14-MeV neutrons are estimated to contribute to about 55% of the total deposited dose on the fibers, and the other optical losses are related to X-ray and $\\gamma $ -ray contributions. Those measurements could be, for example, benchmarked to the radiation maps obtained by Monte Carlo simulation tools, potentially facilitating the evaluation of the aging of diagnostics, components, and systems as well as their maintenance operations.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Phosphosilicate Multimode Optical Fiber for Sensing and Diagnostics at Inertial Confinement Fusion Facilities",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Multi-mode optical fiber",
"Neutron",
"Laser",
"Optical fiber",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Materials science",
"Optics",
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"first_author": "Philippe Paillet",
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"abstract": "Two regimes of hydrodynamic evolution are found in the analysis of the performance of small-scale heavy-ion-driven targets. One leads to high density and high compression with moderate temperatures ([approximately]1 keV) for driving energies of 100 kJ for 0.1-mg deuterium-tritium targets. Ignition can then be triggered by a second ion pulse ([approximately]50 kJ). Breakeven could be obtained if a burnup fraction as small as 1% is obtained. The second regime leads to very high temperatures in the central part of the fuel, while the rest of the fuel remains at moderate temperatures (<1 keV), and the density is very low everywhere. Propagated ignition cannot occur in this case because of the small optical thickness of the compressed fuel (<0.1 g/cm[sup 2]). 36 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.",
"URL": "https://ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_30149",
"title": "Heavy-ion-driven targets for small-scale inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Ion",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Stable isotope ratio",
"Burnup",
"Charged particle",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Deuterium"
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"first_author": "Jos\u00e9 M. Mart\u00ednez-Val",
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"sentence": "Propagated ignition cannot occur in this case because of the small optical thickness of the compressed fuel 0.1 gcm.",
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"abstract": "We describe the overall performance of the major indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion campaigns executed at the National Ignition Facility. With respect to the proximity to ignition, we can describe the performance of current experiments both in terms of no-burn ignition metrics (metrics based on the hydrodynamic performance of targets in the absence of alpha-particle heating) and in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the hotspot and dense fuel at stagnation\u2014in particular, the hotspot pressure, temperature, and areal density. We describe a simple 1D isobaric model to derive these quantities from experimental observables and examine where current experiments lie with respect to the conditions required for ignition.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27e0901P/abstract",
"title": "Hotspot conditions achieved in inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Isobaric process",
"Hotspot (geology)",
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"Area density",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "To determine the electron heat flux density on macroscopic scales, the most widely used approach is to solve a diffusion equation through a multi-group technique. This method is, however, restricted to transport induced by temperature gradients without accounting for other sources of fast electrons because the electric field induced by the charge separation is indirectly treated. In addition, significant discrepancies are reported in the underlying distribution function when compared to complete kinetic calculations. These limitations motivate the research for alternative reduced kinetic models. The physical content of one of them is here deepened, its precision is improved, and the benefit of its usage compared to other models is discussed.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.08605",
"title": "Analysis of a kinetic model for electron heat transport in inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "When evaluating the plasma parameters in inertial confinement fusion, the flux-limited local Spitzer-Harm (S-H) model in radiation hydrodynamics simulations may be invalid when electron temperature gradient is too large. In other publications, the electron distribution function (EDF) could be explained by comparing the energy equipartition rate \\begin{document}$R_{\\rm eq}=\\dfrac{1}{2}m_{\\rm e}v_{\\rm te} ^2\\nu_{\\rm ee}$\\end{document} with the heating rate \\begin{document}$R_{\\rm heat}=\\dfrac{1}{2}m_{\\rm e}v_{\\rm os} ^2\\nu_{\\rm ei}$\\end{document} . When the condition \\begin{document}$R_{\\rm heat}\\sim R_{\\rm eq}$\\end{document} is satisfied, the EDF deviates from Maxwell equilibrium distribution, and is well fitted to the super-Gaussian distribution \\begin{document}$f({{ v}})=C_m{\\rm e}^{-(v/v_m)^m}$\\end{document} with the index m ( \\begin{document}$2 ). The number of energetic electrons of the super-Gaussian distribution is less than that of the Maxwell distribution, which plays an important role in electron heat flux, especially for electrons of 3.7 \\begin{document}$v_{\\rm te}$\\end{document} . So electron heat flux of the super-Gaussian distribution is smaller than that of the Maxwell distribution. In this paper, EDF and electron heat flux in laser-produced Au plasma are simulated by using 1D3V PIC code (Ascent). It is found that in the coronal region, the laser intensity is larger, and the electron temperature is lower than the high-density region. So \\begin{document}$\\alpha=Z(v_{\\rm os}/v_{\\rm te})^2>1$\\end{document} , \\begin{document}$R_{\\rm heat}>R_{\\rm eq}$\\end{document} , the EDF is well fitted to super-Gaussian distribution, where the index m is evaluated to be 3.34. In this region, the large electron temperature gradient leads to a small temperature scale length ( \\begin{document}$L_{\\rm e}=T_{\\rm e}/(\\partial T_{\\rm e}/\\partial x)$\\end{document} ), but the low e-e and e-i collision frequencies lead to a large electron mean-free-path ( \\begin{document}$\\lambda_{\\rm e}$\\end{document} ). So the Knudsen number \\begin{document}$\\lambda_{\\rm e}/L_{\\rm e}$\\end{document} is evaluated to be 0.011, which is much larger than the critical value \\begin{document}$2\\times10^{-3}$\\end{document} of the S-H model, flux-limited local S-H electron heat flux is invalid. As a result, the limited-flux S-H predicts too large an electron heat flux, which results in much higher electron temperature of radiation hydrodynamics simulation than that of SG experiments. This heat flux inhibition phenomenon in coronal region cannot be explained by the flux-limited local S-H model, and non-local electron heat flux should be considered. In the high density region, the laser intensity is weaker, and the electron temperature is higher, so \\begin{document}$\\alpha=Z(v_{\\rm os}/v_{\\rm te})^2 , \\begin{document}$R_{\\rm heat} but EDF is still well fitted to super-Gaussian distribution, where the index m is evaluated to be 2.93. In this region, \\begin{document}$L_{\\rm e}$\\end{document} is larger, \\begin{document}$\\lambda_{\\rm e}$\\end{document} is smaller, so the Knudsen number is smaller, which is evaluated to be \\begin{document}$7.58\\times10^{-4} . As a result, The flux-limited local S-H electron heat flux is valid. However, the electron heat flux depends on the flux limiting factor ( \\begin{document}$f_{\\rm e}$\\end{document} ) that varies with laser intensity and electron temperature.",
"URL": "https://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.7498/aps.69.20191423",
"title": "Heat flow of laser-ablated gold plasma in inertial confinement fusion hohlraum",
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"abstract": "In this work we study the laser propagation in a thermonuclear plasma corresponding to implosion of Deuterium-Tritium pellets in the Inertial Confinement Fusion, by injecting energy provided by high power laser devices into a quiescent plasma and generating solitons. Having in mind that the electric field inside of plasma can be studied by means of a particular Non Linear Schrodinger Equation, we solve this equation as an inverse problem using the Inverse Scattering Transform method, that is a 2 by 2 eigenvalue problem, known as AKNS scheme, developed by Ablovitz, Kamp, Newell and Shabat. We obtain the pseudo potentials q and r if we suppose that the eigenvalue is invariant in time, and is representative of wave eigenvector, obtaining a solution that has a structure of soliton type. In the process, one change of variable for space and another for time are applied, and the relation between the pseudo potentials is given by r equals -q. Discretization of Non Linear Schrodinger Equation, solved by Inverse Scattering Transform are give by Ablovitz et al. These solitons are generated near critical layer where w0 approximately equals wp, being w0 the laser frequency and wp the plasma frequency, exhibit a change in electronic density profile and are caused by ponderomotive force of laser radiation. The electronic density is a function of mean square of electric field. The dispersion relation is representative of an inhomogeneous plasma. Finally, the electric field is obtained as a function of space and time, showing a structure of soliton type.\u00a9 (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.",
"URL": "https://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=887359",
"title": "Application of solitons to the study of laser propagation into a thermonuclear plasma in inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "High density carbon (HDC) ablator is one of the promising candidates toward thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), but it shows the largest ablation front instability growth as compared to other traditional ablator materials. In this Letter, we propose a novel HDC-CH capsule design, opening the way to mitigate the hydrodynamic instabilities by using CH as the outermost ablator layer, while keeping HDC as the main ablator for maintaining the advantage of short laser pulses. The CH layer is completely ablated during the shock transit phase. In the HDC-CH design, it is the first shock reflected from the HDC/CH interface that meets the ablation front first, which reduces the ablation front growth factor by about one order of magnitude at peak implosion velocity due to the Richtmyer-Meshkov and the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Our 2D simulation studies demonstrate convincingly that the ablation front growth factor of the HDC-CH capsule can be significantly reduced at both the end of shock transit phase and the time at peak implosion velocity, as compared to a HDC capsule. This novel HDC-CH capsule not only keeps the main advantage of the HDC ablator, but also has the advantage of low hydrodynamic instabilities, which can provide a larger margin toward ICF ignition. It can be applicable to both indirect-drive and direct-drive targets.",
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"title": "Novel Target Designs to Mitigate Hydrodynamic Instabilities Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion.",
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"abstract": "In this paper, the processes of electron-ion scattering in the plasma of inertial confinement fusion in a magnetic field were studied. Collisions between an electron and an ion that interact via the Yukawa potential were investigated. Also, the Coulomb logarithm in a dense plasma in a magnetic field was calculated. The effect of taking into account the magnetic field on the scattering angles, the scattering cross-section and the Coulomb logarithm are studied. From the results obtained, it is established that taking into account the magnetic field led to a non-monotonic change in the scattering angle and a decrease in the scattering cross-section for weak particle interactions. It is also revealed that for large values of the interaction parameter , the magnetic field does not affect the value of the Coulomb logarithm. Thus, the obtained results allow us to study the effect of taking into account the magnetic field on the processes of electron scattering on an ion in the approximation of pair collisions in an external constant magnetic field in a dense plasma.",
"URL": "https://bph.kaznu.kz/index.php/zhuzhu/article/view/1404",
"title": "Investigation of the scattering of electrons by ions in the plasma of inertial confinement fusion in a magnetic field",
"year_published": 2021,
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"abstract": "We present narrow-band self-emission x-ray images from a titanium tracer layer placed at the fuel-shell interface in 60-laser-beam implosion experiments at the OMEGA facility. The images are acquired during deceleration with inferred convergences of \u223c9-14. Novel here is that a systematically observed asymmetry of the emission is linked, using full sphere 3D implosion modeling, to performance-limiting low mode asymmetry of the drive.",
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"abstract": "A suite of synthetic nuclear diagnostics has been developed to post-process radiation hydrodynamics simulations performed with the code Chimera. These provide experimental observables based on simulated capsule properties and are used to assess alternative experimental and data analysis techniques. These diagnostics include neutron spectroscopy, primary and scattered neutron imaging, neutron activation, \u03b3-ray time histories and carbon \u03b3-ray imaging. Novel features of the neutron spectrum have been analysed to infer plasma parameters. The nT and nD backscatter edges have been shown to provide a shell velocity measurement. Areal density asymmetries created by low mode perturbations have been inferred from the slope of the downscatter spectrum down to 10\u2009MeV. Neutron activation diagnostics showed significant aliasing of high mode areal density asymmetries when observing a capsule implosion with 3D multimode perturbations applied. Carbon \u03b3-ray imaging could be used to image the ablator at a high convergence ratio. Time histories of both the fusion and carbon \u03b3 signals showed a greater time difference between peak intensities for the perturbed case when compared to a symmetric simulation.A suite of synthetic nuclear diagnostics has been developed to post-process radiation hydrodynamics simulations performed with the code Chimera. These provide experimental observables based on simulated capsule properties and are used to assess alternative experimental and data analysis techniques. These diagnostics include neutron spectroscopy, primary and scattered neutron imaging, neutron activation, \u03b3-ray time histories and carbon \u03b3-ray imaging. Novel features of the neutron spectrum have been analysed to infer plasma parameters. The nT and nD backscatter edges have been shown to provide a shell velocity measurement. Areal density asymmetries created by low mode perturbations have been inferred from the slope of the downscatter spectrum down to 10\u2009MeV. Neutron activation diagnostics showed significant aliasing of high mode areal density asymmetries when observing a capsule implosion with 3D multimode perturbations applied. Carbon \u03b3-ray imaging could be used to image the ablator at a high convergence r...",
"URL": "https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/71386/4/Crilly_1.5027462.pdf",
"title": "Synthetic nuclear diagnostics for inferring plasma properties of inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Computational physics",
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"abstract": "The design space for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments is vast, and experiments are extremely expensive. Researchers rely heavily on computer simulations to explore the design space in search of high-performing implosions. However, ICF multiphysics codes must make simplifying assumptions, and thus deviate from experimental measurements for complex implosions. For more effective design and investigation, simulations require input from past experimental data to better predict future performance. In this work, we describe a cognitive simulation method for combining simulation and experimental data into a common, predictive model. This method leverages a machine learning technique called \u201ctransfer learning,\u201d the process of taking a model trained to solve one task, and partially retraining it on a sparse dataset to solve a different, but related task. In the context of ICF design, neural network models are trained on large simulation databases and partially retrained on experimental data, producing models that are far more accurate than simulations alone. We demonstrate improved model performance for a range of ICF experiments at the National Ignition Facility and predict the outcome of recent experiments with less than 10% error for several key observables. We discuss how the methods might be used to carry out a data-driven experimental campaign to optimize performance, illustrating the key product\u2014models that become increasingly accurate as data are acquired.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0041907",
"title": "Cognitive simulation models for inertial confinement fusion: Combining simulation and experimental data",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Physics",
"Transfer of learning",
"Artificial intelligence",
"Key (cryptography)",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Context (language use)",
"Process (engineering)",
"Multiphysics",
"Artificial neural network",
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"Approximation error",
"Computer science"
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"first_author": "Kelli Humbird",
"scholarly_citations_count": 15,
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"abstract": "The two-plasmon-decay (TPD) instability in direct-drive irradiation OMEGA [J. M. Soures, R. L. McCrory, C. P. Verdon, et al., Phys. Plasmas 3, 2108 (1996)] experiments is seen in the half-integer harmonic emission. Experimental time-resolved \u03c9/2 and 3\u03c9/2 spectra indicate that the linear theory for the absolute TPD instability reasonably predicts TPD thresholds. The plasma wave spectra do not, however, agree at all with the predictions of the linear theory. This is most likely a consequence of the nonlinear evolution of this instability once it is above threshold. This is demonstrated with spectral data obtained from spherical implosion experiments as well as planar target experiments. In the latter, Thomson scattering shows the importance of the Landau cutoff. For the TPD instability, the Landau cutoff is found to be respected in all spherical and planar target experiments. In addition, the maximum plasma wave amplitudes appear to occur near the Landau cutoff.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/16/5/10.1063/1.3125242",
"title": "Two-plasmon-decay instability in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Physics",
"Inelastic scattering",
"Atomic physics",
"Waves in plasmas",
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"Instability",
"Thomson scattering",
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"category": "Plasma property",
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"sentence": "This is most likely a consequence of the nonlinear evolution of this instability once it is above threshold.",
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"sentence": "This is demonstrated with spectral data obtained from spherical implosion experiments as well as planar target experiments.",
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"sentence": "In the latter, Thomson scattering shows the importance of the Landau cutoff.",
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"abstract": "Future U.S. inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets will use capsules, 1\u20132 mm in diameter, with uniform 100 \u03bcm thick, cryogenic fuel layers. Research is currently underway to identify optimal methods for producing these thick, uniform layers. One method is to use a spherical polymer foam layer within a full density polymer overcoat to support the fuel. Targets of this type, 0.4\u20130.8 mm in diameter, with 10\u201330 \u03bcm walls, have been developed by the Institute of Laser Engineering at Osaka University, Japan. Reported here are the results obtained from work to extend the method to the future ICF target design. Overcoated foam shells of the proper dimensions were produced, but their optical properties precluded the use of current diagnostics to determine the amount and uniformity of the fuel fill. Briefly outlined are options for improving the optical properties.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JVST...13.2564S/abstract",
"title": "Hollow foam microshells for liquid-layered cryogenic inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1995,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Cryogenic fuel",
"Optimal methods",
"Full density",
"Optoelectronics",
"Laser",
"Polymer"
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"first_author": "Diana Schroen-Carey",
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"abstract": "Wetted-foam layers are of significant interest for inertial-confinement-fusion capsules, due to the control they provide over the convergence ratio of the implosion and the opportunity this affords to minimize hydrodynamic instability growth. However, the equation\u00a0of state for fusion-relevant foams are not well characterized, and many simulations rely on modeling such foams as a homogeneous medium with the foam average density. To address this issue, an experiment was performed using the VULCAN Nd:glass laser at the Central Laser Facility. The aim was to measure the principal Hugoniot of TMPTA plastic foams at 260mg/cm^{3}, corresponding to the density of liquid DT-wetted-foam layers, and their \"hydrodynamic equivalent\" capsules. A VISAR was used to obtain the shock velocity of both the foam and an \u03b1-quartz reference layer, while streaked optical pyrometry provided the temperature of the shocked material. The measurements confirm that, for the 20-120 GPa pressure range accessed, this material can indeed be well described using the equation\u00a0of state of the homogeneous medium at the foam density.",
"URL": "http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevE.107.025206",
"title": "Measuring the principal Hugoniot of inertial-confinement-fusion-relevant TMPTA plastic foams.",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Pyrometer",
"Fusion",
"Composite material",
"Laser",
"Equation of state",
"TMPTA",
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"Plasma",
"Temperature measurement",
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"Nuclear physics",
"Philosophy",
"Physics",
"Monomer",
"Acrylate",
"Linguistics"
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"abstract": "Performance degradation in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions is caused by several effects, one of which is Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability growth. Defects in ICF targets, such as internal voids and surface roughness, create instability seeds in the shell as shocks propagate through the target. A comprehensive understanding of seeding mechanisms is essential to characterize the impact of target defects on inflight shell integrity and mass injection into the central, lower-density vapor region. An analysis of early-time behavior of both single-mode shell mass modulations and isolated voids is performed by examining the evolution of the acoustic waves launched by these target imperfections. A systematic study of localized perturbation growth as a function of defect placement and size is presented. The use of low-density ablator materials (such as foams) is suggested as a potential mitigation strategy to improve target robustness against the impact of defect-initiated growth.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0091949",
"title": "Instability seeding mechanisms due to internal defects in inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Instability",
"Physics",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Seeding",
"Mechanics",
"Laser",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
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"Plasma",
"Optics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Thermodynamics"
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"abstract": "Different target designs are discussed which may be used in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor system driven by lithium ions. These different designs are for various energies of the incident ions. For ion energies of the order of 30 MeV, targets without a tamper can be used; however, for higher energies, tamped targets are needed. The paper presents simulation results for the compression, ignition and burn of the latter type of target. These are single-shell multi-layered targets containing 3.2 mg of D-T fuel. The gain of these targets is sufficiently high that they can be used in an ICF reactor system.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/29/2/011/pdf/0029-5515_29_2_011.pdf",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion target design for a reactor system using light ions",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Ion",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Reactor system",
"Lithium"
],
"first_author": "N.A. Tahir",
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"abstract": "The scientific feasibility of a wet-wood-burner (WWB) concept of a fusion neutron source that is based on direct interaction between a deuterium ion beam and a tritium target is investigated. Simple one- and two-dimensional analytic models are developed and used for estimating the range of neutron yields and fusion energy gains, Q, attainable from the inertial confinement ion beam WWB (IWWB) concept as a function of the initial target density, beams ion energy, power density, total energy and, in the 2-D model, also beam radius. The performance and properties of the IWWB concept proposed are compared with those of inertially confined ion-beam fusion concepts based on thermonuclear burn (ITNB) and with those of magnetic confinement WWB (MWWB) concepts. It is found that for beam power densities smaller than about 1015Wcm\u22122, IWWBs offer higher Q values than ITNBs. The maximal Q-value attainable by IWWBs is approximately five, higher than that attainable from MWWBs.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979NucFu..19.1605B/abstract",
"title": "Inertial-confinement ion-beam wet-wood-burner fusion neutron source",
"year_published": 1979,
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"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Beam (structure)",
"Neutron source",
"Nuclear physics",
"Fusion power",
"Ion beam",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"abstract": "Direct-drive implosions with 20-{mu}m-thick glass shells were conducted on the Omega Laser Facility to test the performance of high-Z glass ablators for direct-drive, inertial confinement fusion. The x-ray signal caused by hot electrons generated by two-plasmon-decay instability was reduced by more than {approx}40x and hot-electron temperature by {approx}2x in the glass compared to plastic ablators at ignition-relevant drive intensities of {approx}1x10{sup 15} W/cm{sup 2}, suggesting reduced target preheat. The measured absorption and compression were close to 1D predictions. The measured soft x-ray production in the spectral range of {approx}2 to 4 keV was {approx}2x to 3x lower than 1D predictions, indicating that the shell preheat caused by soft x-rays is less than predicted. A direct-drive-ignition design based on glass ablators is introduced.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20482057",
"title": "Implosion experiments using glass ablators for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Physics",
"Electron",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Electron temperature",
"Approx",
"Laser",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)"
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"first_author": "Vladimir Smalyuk",
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"sentence": "The -ray signal caused by hot electrons generated by two-plasmon-decay instability was reduced by more than 40x and hot-electron temperature by 2x in the glass compared to plastic ablators at ignition-relevant drive intensities of 1x10 Wcm, suggesting reduced target preheat.",
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"abstract": "Double shell targets have been built by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments on the Omega laser at the University of Rochester and as a prelude to similar experiments on NIF. Of particular interest to ICF studies are high-precision double shell implosion targets for demonstrating thermonuclear ignition without the need for cryogenic preparation. Because the ignition tolerance to interface instabilities is rather low, the manufacturing requirements for smooth surface finishes and shell concentricity are particularly strict. This paper describes a deterministic approach to manufacturing and controlling error sources in each component. Included is the design philosophy of why certain manufacturing techniques were chosen to best reduce the errors within the target. The manufacturing plan developed for this effort created a deterministic process that, once proven, is repeatable. By taking this rigorous approach to controlling all error sources during the manufacture of each component and during assembly, we have achieved the overall 5 {micro}m dimensional requirement with sub-micron surface flaws. Strengths and weaknesses of the manufacturing process will be discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_437",
"title": "Precision Manufacturing of Inertial Confinement Fusion Double Shell Laser Targets for OMEGA",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Surface micromachining",
"Ignition system",
"Nanotechnology",
"Implosion",
"Shell (structure)",
"Computer science",
"Component (UML)",
"Laser",
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"first_author": "R. L. Hibbard",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"abstract": "In this paper, physical issues of Z-pinch dynamic Hohlraums aimed at ignition are numerically investigated. Three-wave propagation, including the thermal wave, the ablation shock driven by radiation emitted by the nested tungsten wire-array plasma, and the main shock, is found to determine the Hohlraum formation at high currents. Based on requirements of high temperature radiation, three-wave isolation, and a suitable Hohlraum-capsule size ratio, a converter with an initial radius of 5\u2009mm is suggested. As the rise time of the drive current is varied, two kinds of Hohlraum designs are examined. One is to fix the wire-array mass and vary the wire-array radius; the other is to fix the wire-array radius and vary the wire-array mass. In situations of long rise times, the first kind of Hohlraum design should be adopted. Preliminary simulations show that a radiation source with a peak temperature over 308\u2009eV and large enough energy with longer pulse duration is critical for a volume capsule design. Based on the considerations of (1) not underestimating the magneto-Rayleigh\u2013Taylor effect, (2) avoiding the direct shock thermalization on the axis, (3) using of a suitable converter radius, and (4) iteration of dynamic Hohlraum and capsule calculations, a conservative Hohlraum design is proposed. In this Hohlraum design, a radiation pulse with a peak temperature of 312\u2009eV and an efficient time duration of \u223c9 ns, which is cut before the main shock arrives at the axis, is produced to drive a two-shell capsule to generate over 10\u2009MJ fusion yield in the case of 50 MA and 100\u2009ns.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0054818",
"title": "A conservative scaling analysis of Z-pinch dynamic Hohlraums for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Z-pinch",
"Hohlraum",
"Scaling"
],
"first_author": "Delong Xiao",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "The model presented overcomes past inconsistencies by applying matching asymptotic techniques. The obtained growth rate, {gamma}{approx_equal}{alpha}({ital k}){radical}{ital kg}{minus}2{ital k}{nu}{sub {ital a}} (where {nu}{sub {ital a}} is the ablation velocity), could reproduce numerical simulations and experiments in a more complete way than the so-called Takabe formula {gamma}=0.9{radical}{ital kg}{minus}3{ital k}{nu}{sub {ital a}}. Here {alpha}({ital k}){equivalent_to}[1{minus}({ital k}/{ital k}{sub {ital c}}){sup {ital r}}]{sup 1/2}, represents the stabilization heat conduction effect and the cutoff wave number {ital k}{sub {ital c}} is much smaller than the inverse of the density scale length at the ablation front. Such a rigorously derived stabilization mechanism is the correct interpretation which underlies many of the numerical, analytical and simulation results found in the literature. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9964715",
"title": "Self-consistent analytical model of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Inverse",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Self consistent"
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"first_author": "J. Sanz",
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"abstract": "Mixing between the shell and fuel in directly driven single shell capsule implosions causes changes in yield, burn history, burn temperature, areal density, x-ray image shape, and the presence of atomic mix. Most observations are consistent with a mix model using the same values of its single free parameter as with indirectly driven single shell and double shell capsules. Greater mixing at lower gas pressure fills reduces capsule yield. Time dependent mixing growth causes truncation of the burn history. This emphasizes early yield from the center of the capsule, raising the observed burn temperature. Mixed fuel areal densities are lower because fuel moves through the shell and the observation weights earlier times when areal density is lower. Shell x-ray emission mixing into the fuel fills in the limb brightened image to produce a central peak. Implosions of 3He filled capsules with a layer of deuterated plastic show substantial atomic mix.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.1667486",
"title": "Multifluid interpenetration mixing in directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Mixing (process engineering)",
"Atomic physics",
"Area density",
"Capsule",
"Shell (structure)",
"Helium",
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"first_author": "Doug Wilson",
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"abstract": "Statistical modeling of experimental and simulation databases has enabled the development of an accurate predictive capability for deuterium-tritium layered cryogenic implosions at the OMEGA laser [V. Gopalaswamy et al.,Nature 565, 581 (2019)10.1038/s41586-019-0877-0]. In this letter, a physics-based statistical mapping framework is described and used to uncover the dependencies of the fusion yield. This model is used to identify and quantify the degradation mechanisms of the fusion yield in direct-drive implosions on OMEGA. The yield is found to be reduced by the ratio of laser beam to target radius, the asymmetry in inferred ion temperatures from the l=1 mode, the time span over which tritium fuel has decayed, and parameters related to the implosion hydrodynamic stability. When adjusted for tritium decay and l=1 mode, the highest yield in OMEGA cryogenic implosions is predicted to exceed 2\u00d710^{14} fusion reactions.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533333/",
"title": "Experimentally Inferred Fusion Yield Dependencies of OMEGA Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions.",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Implosion",
"Omega",
"Computational physics",
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"Nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "Los Alamos National Laboratory has assembled an array of experimental and theoretical tools to optimize amplifier design for future single-pulse KrF lasers. The next opportunity to exercise these tools is with the design of the second-generation NIKE system under construction at the Naval Research Laboratory with the collaboration of Los Alamos National Laboratory. Major issues include laser physics (energy extraction in large modules with amplified spontaneous emission) and diode performance and efficiency. Low cost is increasingly important for larger future KrF single-pulse systems (low cost and high efficiency is important for larger repetitively pulsed applications such as electric power production). In this article, we present our approach to amplifier scaling and discuss the more important design considerations for large single-pulse KrF amplifiers. We point out where improvements in the fundamental database for KrF amplifiers could lead to increased confidence in performance predictions for large amplifiers and address the currently unresolved issues of anomalous absorption near line center and the possibility of diode instabilities for lowimpedance designs. Los Alamos has applied these amplifier design tools to the conceptual design of a 100-kJ Laser Target Test Facility and a 3-MJ Laboratory Microfusion Facility.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/krf-amplifier-design-issues-and-application-to-inertial-confinement-fusion-system-design/659E98DB68D68D32EC56164AAC7A8F4E",
"title": "KrF amplifier design issues and application to inertial confinement fusion system design",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Conceptual design",
"Optics",
"Amplifier",
"Amplified spontaneous emission",
"Electronic engineering",
"Systems design",
"Electric power",
"Computer science",
"Laser",
"Diode"
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"first_author": "J.A. Sullivan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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{
"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion, the threshold for ignition is a highly dynamic quantity as the sources and sinks of power in the hot spot can vary rapidly. In this article, we consider the ignition condition as a race between heating and disassembly rates and make use of a prior solution to the fusion hot-spot thermodynamics to develop a Lawson-like ignition criteria for pressure \u00d7 confinement time (p-\u03c4) vs temperature. Low-Z capsule designs reach the temperature for this threshold using as much of the shell as feasible as ablator but then are limited in \u03c4 by low stagnated mass. An alternate approach, the pushered single shell (PSS) design [D. D.-M. Ho, S. MacLaren, and Y. Wang, \u201cHigh-yield implosions via radiation trapping and high rho-R,\u201d paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics, 2018], introduces a dense inner layer of Mo-Be alloy that is smoothly graded outward to pure Be, increasing the confinement time at stagnation and lowering the temperature requirement at the ignition threshold. Here, we describe a PSS ignition design for the National Ignition Facility and use the theory as well as simulations to compare it with the low-Z capsule approach. Additionally, we show how an adjustment to the design is used to anticipate the effects of mixing at the fuel\u2013ablator interface.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "A pushered capsule implosion as an alternate approach to the ignition regime for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Implosion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Ignition system",
"Physics",
"Mechanics",
"Nova (rocket)",
"Stagnation pressure",
"Hot spot (computer programming)",
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"Fusion power",
"Nuclear physics",
"Thermodynamics",
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"Mechanical engineering",
"Mach number",
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"Engineering",
"Operating system",
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"first_author": "S. A. MacLaren",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract Fast z-pinch implosions can convert more than 10% of the stored electrical energy in a pulsed-power accelerator into X-rays. On the Saturn pulsed-power accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories, currents of 6\u20138 MA with a risetime of less than 50 ns have been used to drive cylindrically-symmetric arrays of wires, producing X-ray energies greater than 400 kJ with X-ray pulsewidths less than 5 ns and peak X-ray powers of 75\u00b110 TW. Using similar loads, PBFA Z has produced >1.5 MJ and >150 TW of X-rays in the first 4 months of operation in the z-pinch mode. These X-ray energies and powers are records for laboratory X-ray production. The X-ray output can be thermalized into a near-Planckian X-ray source by containing it within a cylindrical radiation case (a hohlraum). These energetic, intense, large volume, long-lived hohlraum X-ray sources have recently been used for ICF-relevant ablator physics experiments and offer the potential for performing many new basic physics and fusion-relevant experiments.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920379698003226",
"title": "Z pinches as intense X-ray sources for inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"X-ray",
"Saturn",
"Hohlraum",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Electric potential energy"
],
"first_author": "M. Keith Matzen",
"scholarly_citations_count": 8,
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{
"abstract": "An absolutely calibrated, focusing Laue transmission crystal spectrograph has been developed for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) diagnostics of high\u2010energy x\u2010ray continuum at NOVA. A single flat EddT 020 crystal, 500\u2010\u03bcm thick, provides continuous energy coverage over the 5.5\u201325 keV energy range. The spectrograph is designed with low dispersion and low resolving power E/\u0394E of between 10 and 50 for high sensitivity to continuum. Greater resolving power with lower continuum sensitivity is possible by increasing dispersion. The focusing design achieves very low background and provides a compact flat field for coupling to various position sensitive detectors including streak cameras. In addition to EddT, PET 020 has high efficiency in transmission in this energy range and used in the Cauchois geometry achieves high to moderate resolving power that is independent of ICF source size. Initial experiments with gold targets at NOVA with the EddT spectrograph show high sensitivity for single shot recording of cont...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.1143772",
"title": "Laue transmission x\u2010ray spectrograph for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) diagnostics",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Spectrograph",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Measuring instrument",
"Streak",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Detector"
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"first_author": "A. J. Burek",
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"abstract": "A series of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with speckled laser drivers was carried out to study hot electron generation in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on OMEGA. Scaling laws were obtained for hot electron fraction and temperature as functions of laser/plasma conditions in the quarter-critical region. Using these scalings and conditions from hydro simulations, the temporal history of hot electron generation can be predicted. The scalings can be further improved to predict hard x-rays for a collection of OMEGA warm target implosions within experimental error bars. These scalings can be readily implemented into inertial confinement fusion design codes.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevE.106.055214",
"title": "Predicting hot electron generation in inertial confinement fusion with particle-in-cell simulations.",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Scaling",
"Plasma",
"Physics",
"Hot electron",
"Electron",
"Fusion",
"Particle-in-cell",
"Omega",
"Laser",
"Computational physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Particle (ecology)",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Electron temperature",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Tokamak",
"Classical mechanics",
"Optics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Philosophy",
"Geometry",
"Mathematics",
"Oceanography",
"Geology",
"Linguistics"
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"first_author": "S H Cao",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "We characterize the response of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond detectors to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) neutrons generated at the OMEGA laser fusion facility in Rochester, NY. Four detectors are tested: three utilizing \u201coptical grade\u201d CVD diamond, and one utilizing \u201celectronic grade\u201d CVD diamond. Using a 50 \u03a9 measurement system, we find that the optical grade wafers, biased to 1000 V/mm, have an average sensitivity of 0.24 \u03bcV\u200ans/n for 2.5 MeV (DD fusion) neutrons and 0.62 \u03bcV\u200ans/n for 14.0 MeV (DT fusion) neutrons. At the same E field, the electronic grade wafer has a sensitivity of 0.56 and 1.43 \u03bcV\u200ans/n for 2.5 and 14 MeV neutrons, respectively. Linear dynamic range for the optical grade material is shown to be at least 105. Average full width at half maximum response times, as measured with pulsed laser and 3 GHz scope, are 376 and 880 ps for optical and electronic grades, respectively. These characteristics make CVD diamond suitable for ICF applications such as neutron time-of-flight spec...",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/74/3/10.1063/1.1534899",
"title": "CVD diamond as a high bandwidth neutron detector for inertial confinement fusion diagnostics",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Full width at half maximum",
"Neutron",
"Wafer",
"Materials science",
"Diamond",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Optoelectronics",
"Chemical vapor deposition",
"Neutron detection",
"Detector"
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"first_author": "G. J. Schmid",
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"sentence": "At the same E field, the electronic grade wafer has a sensitivity of 0.56 and 1.43 \u03bcV nsn for 2.5 and 14 MeV neutrons, respectively.",
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"abstract": "A preparation process of a surface perturbation target was introduced in this article. Through laser interference and a nickel-electroplate process, sinusoidal surface perturbation on the photoresist and nickel plate mold with sinusoidal surface perturbation were obtained. We transferred sinusoidal perturbation on brominated polystyrene foils by a spin-coating process. By removing the brominated polystyrene foils from the nickel-plate mold, the brominated polystyrene sinusoidal surface perturbation target was obtained. The transfer precision of the sinusoidal perturbation was measured by scanning electron microscopy. The measurements showed that the surface perturbation was transferred precisely. The surface roughness on the surface perturbation target was about 15.0 nm, analyzed by an \u03b1-step apparatus.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.582092",
"title": "Surface perturbation target for the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability in inertial-confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1999,
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"Surface roughness",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Photoresist",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Chemistry",
"Scanning electron microscope",
"Polystyrene",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Laser interference",
"Molecular physics"
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"first_author": "Bin Zhou",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "\u201cReduced\u201d (i.e., simplified or approximate) ion-kinetic (RIK) models in radiation-hydrodynamic simulations permit a useful description of inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) implosions where kinetic deviations from hydrodynamic behavior are important. For implosions in or near the kinetic regime (i.e., when ion mean free paths are comparable to the capsule size), simulations using a RIK model give a detailed picture of the time- and space-dependent structure of imploding capsules, allow an assessment of the relative importance of various kinetic processes during the implosion, enable explanations of past and current observations, and permit predictions of the results of future experiments. The RIK simulation method described here uses moment-based reduced kinetic models for transport of mass, momentum, and energy by long-mean-free-path ions, a model for the decrease of fusion reactivity owing to the associated modification of the ion distribution function, and a model of hydrodynamic turbulent mixing. The transport models are based on local gradient-diffusion approximations for the transport of moments of the ion distribution functions, with coefficients to impose flux limiting or account for transport modification. After calibration against a reference set of ICF implosions spanning the hydrodynamic-to-kinetic transition, the method has useful, quantifiable predictive ability over a broad range of capsule parameter space. Calibrated RIK simulations show that an important contributor to ion species separation in ICF capsule implosions is the preferential flux of longer-mean-free-path species out of the fuel and into the shell, leaving the fuel relatively enriched in species with shorter mean free paths. Also, the transport of ion thermal energy is enhanced in the kinetic regime, causing the fuel region to have a more uniform, lower ion temperature, extending over a larger volume, than implied by clean simulations. We expect that the success of our simple approach will motivate continued theoretical research into the development of first-principles-based, comprehensive, self-consistent, yet useable models of kinetic multispecies ion behavior in ICF plasmas.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1182673-approximate-models-ion-kinetic-regime-inertial-confinement-fusion-capsule-implosions",
"title": "Approximate models for the ion-kinetic regime in inertial-confinement-fusion capsule implosions",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Mechanics",
"Momentum",
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"scholarly_citations_count": 38,
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"abstract": "The symmetry of heavy ion driven inertial confinement fusion targets is investigated with a two-dimensional Eulerian hydrodynamic code. The importance of the beam geometry is studied. The HIBALL design in its present form seems to inhibit a spherical implosion of the target. It is shown that the beam angle in the HIBALL geometry should be about 35 degrees.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/irradiation-symmetry-of-heavy-ion-driven-inertial-confinement-fusion-icf-targets/4D1BF3A80BF2D18FD439AAE0E38EA7CD",
"title": "Irradiation symmetry of heavy ion driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Irradiation",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Beam angle",
"Heavy ion",
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"Computational physics",
"Eulerian path",
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"abstract": "The model presented overcomes past inconsistencies by applying asymptotic techniques. The obtained growth rate, [gamma][approx][alpha]([ital k]) [radical][ital kg] [minus]2[ital kv][sub [ital a]] (where [ital v][sub [ital a]]=ablation velocity, [alpha]([ital k])[equivalent to] [radical]1[minus]([ital k]/[ital k][sub [ital c]])[sup [ital r]] represents the stabilization heat conduction effect, and the cutoff wave number [ital k][sub [ital c]] is much smaller than the inverse of the density scale length at the ablation front), reproduces numerical simulations and experiments in a more complete way than the so-called Takabe formula, [gamma]=0.9 [radical][ital kg] [minus]3[ital kv][sub [ital a]].",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhRvL..73.2700S/abstract",
"title": "Self-consistent analytical model of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 1994,
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"Energy transfer",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Self consistent",
"Plasma confinement",
"Mathematical physics"
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"abstract": "Measurements are reported for the angle-averaged double-differential cross section ${\\ensuremath{\\langle}{d}^{2}\\ensuremath{\\sigma}/\\phantom{\\ensuremath{\\sigma}d{E}_{n}d{\\mathrm{\\ensuremath{\\Omega}}}_{n}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.0pt}{0ex}}d{E}_{n}d{\\mathrm{\\ensuremath{\\Omega}}}_{n}\\ensuremath{\\rangle}}_{{0}^{\\ensuremath{\\circ}}l\\ensuremath{\\theta}l7.{4}^{\\ensuremath{\\circ}}}$ for the breakup reaction $^{2}\\mathrm{H}$($n,2n$)$^{1}\\mathrm{H}$, induced by 14-MeV neutrons generated using an inertial confinement fusion platform. A bright neutron source, created on the OMEGA Laser System [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] with a luminosity of $L={10}^{24}\\phantom{\\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\\mathrm{s}}^{\\ensuremath{-}1}$, was used to irradiate deuterated targets. The absolute yields and energy spectra from the breakup neutrons emitted in a forward-angle geometry ($\\ensuremath{\\theta}={0}^{\\ensuremath{\\circ}}$ to 7.4\\ifmmode^\\circ\\else\\textdegree\\fi{}) were detected with a sensitive, high-dynamic-range neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. The cross-section data, measured for neutron energy range from 0.5 to 10 MeV, is well reproduced by a theoretical calculation employing realistic nucleon--nucleon and three-nucleon forces.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhRvC.100c4001F/abstract",
"title": "Deuteron breakup induced by 14-MeV neutrons from inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Luminosity",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
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"Omega",
"Spectral line",
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"first_author": "Chad Forrest",
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"abstract": "Popular target designs are reviewed. Possible methods of fusion target fabrication are discussed and the equipment and samples are demonstrated. The properties of the uniform and structured (cluster) materials are considered, showing the advantage of cluster material for energy conversion into soft X rays. The target materials with high content of hydrogen isotopes (BeD2, LiBeD3, or ND3BD3) prove to be more effective for high-power drivers in comparison with beryllium or polyimide.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/motivation-and-fabrication-methods-for-inertial-confinement-fusion-and-inertial-fusion-energy-targets/44040F027544DBB3D203ED41B54EADC2",
"title": "Motivation and fabrication methods for inertial confinement fusion and inertial fusion energy targets",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Cluster (physics)",
"Fabrication",
"Energy transformation",
"Fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Beryllium"
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"first_author": "N.G. Borisenko",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion (ICF), X-ray coded imaging is considered as the most potential means to diagnose the compressed core. The traditional Richardson\u2014Lucy (RL) method has a strong ability to deblur the image where the noise follows the Poisson distribution. However, it always suffers from over-fitting and noise amplification, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio of image is relatively low. In this paper, we propose an improved deconvolution method for X-ray coded imaging. We model the image data as a set of independent Gaussian distributions and derive the iterative solution with a maximum-likelihood scheme. The experimental results on X-ray coded imaging data demonstrate that this method is superior to the RL method in terms of anti-overfitting and noise suppression.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ChPhB..22j4202Z/abstract",
"title": "An improved deconvolution method for X-ray coded imaging in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Poisson distribution",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Algorithm",
"Image (mathematics)",
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"abstract": "Lasers are unique tools for transporting extremely high powers over large distances, but transfer of such a power from photons to matter in small volumes is a very complicated problem. First of all, the interaction proceeds very far from equilibrium, as with photons having energy of a few electron-volts one would like to heat plasma to temperatures thousand times higher. Second, these processes are strongly nonlinear, as they correspond to transfer energies of a large number of photons to a much smaller number of charged particles in extremely small volumes and in very short time scales. Research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) gave a strong push for studying all these processes in detail, and now, although many issues remain to be resolved, we have quite a good understanding of how they operate in ICF conditions and what limitations and advantages they offer.\r\nIn this short review, I share my personal recollections of almost 50 years history of the physics of laser plasma interaction. Understanding of highly nonlinear microscopic processes allowed us to improve the hydrodynamic performance of ICF targets and to foresee future developments. The key point is that multiscale modeling allowed for the retainment of major elements of microscopic physics in macroscopic hydrodynamic codes and make them more accurate and predictive.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NucFu..59c2001T/abstract",
"title": "Physics of laser plasma interaction and particle transport in the context of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2018,
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"abstract": "The effects of atomic-level mixing are systemically investigated in a multifluid interpenetration mix model, and results are compared with the single-fluid model's simulations and experimental data. It is shown that increasing the model free parameter \u03b1, shock Mach number, and the initial density discontinuity makes the mix length and fraction of mixing particle increase, resulting in the lower shock temperatures compared with the results of single-fluid model without mixing. Recent high-compressibility direct-drive spherical implosions on OMEGA are simulated by the interpenetration mix model. The calculations with atomic mixing between fuel and shell match quite well with the observations. Without considering any mixing, the calculated neutron yields and ion temperatures are overpredicted; while inclusion of the interpenetration mix model with the adjustable parameter \u03b1 could fit the simulated neutron yields and ion temperatures well with experimental data.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CoTPh..52.1102G/abstract",
"title": "Effects of Atomic Mixing in Inertial Confinement Fusion by Multifluid Interpenetration Mix Model",
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"abstract": "Solid deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel layers for inertial confinement fusion experiments were formed inside of a 2 mm diameter beryllium shell and were characterized using phase-contrast enhanced x-ray imaging. The solid D-T surface roughness is found to be 0.4 {micro}m for modes 7-128 at 1.5 K below the melting temperature. The layer roughness is found to increase with decreasing temperature, in agreement with previous visible light characterization studies. However, phase-contrast enhanced x-ray imaging provides a more robust surface roughness measurement than visible light methods. The new x-ray imaging results demonstrate clearly that the surface roughness decreases with time for solid D-T layers held at 1.5 K below the melting temperature.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/71317152",
"title": "Solid Deuterium-Tritium Surface Roughness In A Beryllium Inertial Confinement Fusion Shell",
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"abstract": "High-Z (Z is an atomic number) metals are often deposited on hollow glass or polymer microspheres to improve the implosion efficiency of targets in inertial confinement fusion experiments. Smooth and crack-free thick tungsten coatings on glow discharge polymer shells have been deposited via copper doping by direct-current magnetron sputtering. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a white light interferometer were used to characterize the microstructure, composition, phase evolution, and surface roughness of tungsten coatings. The copper atoms with appropriate amounts were found to form a supersaturated solid solution with tungsten, which can serve to refine the grains of these coatings and to smooth their surface. Copper atoms in tungsten coatings were also found to stabilize the metastable \u03b2-phase W. This \u03b2-phase W is believed to play a key role in the evolution of the size and morphology of the grains of tungsten coatings. This may become a probable ...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST15-237",
"title": "Microstructure Evolution of Copper-Doped Tungsten Coatings for Inertial Confinement Fusion Application",
"year_published": 2017,
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"abstract": "Recent neutron imaging of experiments at the National Ignition Facility has provided useful information about the hotspot shape and cold-fuel distribution and has also given insight into avenues for improvement. Neutron image reconstruction depends on accurate pointing information because the point-spread function of the neutron aperture is not shift invariant. Current pointing techniques are limited in their accuracy and rely upon detailed information about the as-built structure of the array, which is difficult to determine. We present a technique for extracting high-precision pointing information from both neutron and x-ray images, and a new aperture design with features to facilitate this technique, and allow future co-registration of neutron and x-ray images.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:44052365",
"title": "A new aperture for neutron and x-ray imaging of inertial confinement fusion experimentsa)",
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"abstract": "Recent efforts to demonstrate significant self-heating of the fuel and eventual ignition at the National Ignition Facility make use of plastic (CH) ablators [O. A. Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056314 (2014)]. Mainline simulation techniques for modeling CH capsule implosions treat the ablator as an average-atom fluid and neglect potential species separation phenomena. The mass-ablation process for a mixture is shown to lead to the potential for species separation, parasitic energy loss according to thermodynamic arguments, and reduced rocket efficiency. A generalized plasma barometric formula for a multispecies concentration gradient that includes collisionality and steady flows in spherical geometry is presented. A model based on plasma expansion into a vacuum is used to interpret reported experimental evidence for ablator species separation in an inertial-confinement-fusion target [J. S. Ross et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10E323 (2012)]. The possibility of ``runaway'' hydrogen ions in the thermoelectric field of the ablation front is conjectured.",
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]
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},
{
"abstract": "X-ray imaging technology is highly developed to meet the needs of high-energy physics and diagnostics of inertial\r\nconfinement fusion. In this paper, we describe the design of a non coplanar toroidal mirrors microscope. It consists of\r\nthree off-axis revolution concave toroidal mirrors working at grazing incidence. Non-periodic W/SiC multilayer coatings\r\nhave been deposited on each mirror, in order to increase until 10 keV the bandpass of reflectivity of the microscope.\r\nThese super mirrors have been designed to work at 0.6\u00b0 grazing incidence angle and display a reflectivity better than\r\n40% in the entire energy range 2-10 keV. Concerning the imaging performances, we have almost achieved 5 \u03bcm of\r\nspatial resolution in a field of 500 \u03bcm. Regarding to these results, this prototype of microscope, the so-called \"Plasma\r\nImageur X pour les Experiences Laser Mega Joule\" (PIXEL), will be used for 2D spatial and 1D time resolved imaging\r\nof dense plasmas produced during inertial confinement fusion experiments at the future Laser Mega Joule French facility\r\n(LMJ).",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7430E..0QM/abstract",
"title": "High resolution x-ray imaging microscope for diagnostics of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2009,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Toroid",
"Joule",
"Image resolution",
"Laser",
"Microscope",
"Optical coating",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Maury",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"sentence": "Regarding to these results, this prototype of microscope, the so-called Plasma Imageur X pour les Experiences Laser Mega Joule PIXEL, will be used for 2D spatial and 1D time resolved imaging of dense plasmas produced during inertial confinement fusion experiments at the future Laser Mega Joule French facility LMJ.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "France"
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},
{
"abstract": "The nature of time-dependent energy deposition in inertial confinement fusion-fission hybrid reactors is examined. This energy deposition is both space and time dependent. Calculations are performed for sodium-cooled, uranium-carbide-fueled blankets. Coolant temperature rises on the order of a few degrees and fuel temperature rises on the order of a few tens of degrees are predicted per 15-MJ target pulse. Significant coolant pressure waves having peak pressures on the order of a few megapascals are predicted; however, shock wave formation in the coolant from direct energy deposition is not predicted for these configurations.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5556840-time-dependent-energy-deposition-inertial-confinement-fusion-fission-hybrid-reactors",
"title": "Time-dependent energy deposition in inertial confinement fusion-fission hybrid reactors",
"year_published": 1984,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fission",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Materials science",
"Pulse (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)",
"Shock wave",
"Coolant",
"Pressure gradient"
],
"first_author": "Allen L. Camp",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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{
"abstract": "We describe a radiochemical measurement of the ratio of isotope concentrations produced in a gold hohlraum surrounding an Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We relate the ratio of the concentrations of (n,\u03b3) and (n,2n) products in the gold hohlraum matrix to the down-scatter of neutrons in the compressed fuel and, consequently, to the fuel's areal density. The observed ratio of the concentrations of 198m+gAu and 196gAu is a performance signature of ablator areal density and the fuel assembly confinement time. We identify the measurement of nuclear cross sections of astrophysical importance as a potential application of the neutrons generated at the NIF.",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/85/6/10.1063/1.4883186",
"title": "Radiochemical determination of Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule compression at the National Ignition Facility.",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron",
"Isotope",
"Nuclear physics",
"Area density",
"Materials science",
"Concentration ratio",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Hohlraum"
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"first_author": "D. A. Shaughnessy",
"scholarly_citations_count": 27,
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{
"abstract": "The generation of strong, self-generated electric fields (GV/m) in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) capsules has been reported [Rygg et al., Science 319, 1223 (2008); Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 225001 (2008)]. A candidate explanation for the origin of these fields based on charge separation across a plasma shock front was recently proposed [Amendt et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 51 124048 (2009)]. The question arises whether such electric fields in imploding capsules can have observable consequences on target performance. Two well-known anomalies come to mind: (1) an observed \u22482\u00d7 greater-than-expected deficit of neutrons in an equimolar D3He fuel mixture compared with hydrodynamically equivalent D [Rygg et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 052702 (2006)] and DT [Herrmann et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 056312 (2009)] fuels, and (2) a similar shortfall of neutrons when trace amounts of argon are mixed with D in indirect-drive implosions [Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11, 339 (2004)]. A new mechanism based on barodiffusion (or pressure gradient-driven diffusion) in a plasma is proposed that incorporates the presence of shock-generated electric fields to explain the reported anomalies. For implosions performed at the Omega laser facility [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], the (low Mach number) return shock has an appreciable scale length over which the lighter D ions can diffuse away from fuel center. The depletion of D fuel is estimated and found to lead to a corresponding reduction in neutrons, consistent with the anomalies observed in experiments for both argon-doped D fuels and D3He equimolar mixtures. The reverse diffusional flux of the heavier ions toward fuel center also increases the pressure from a concomitant increase in electron number density, resulting in lower stagnation pressures and larger imploded cores in agreement with gated, self-emission, x-ray imaging data.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3577577",
"title": "The potential role of electric fields and plasma barodiffusion on the inertial confinement fusion databasea)",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Diffusion (business)",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Argon",
"Electric field",
"Plasma",
"Atmospheric-pressure plasma"
],
"first_author": "Peter Amendt",
"scholarly_citations_count": 61,
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"sentence": "A new mechanism based on barodiffusion or pressure gradient-driven diffusion in a plasma is proposed that incorporates the presence of shock-generated electric fields to explain the reported anomalies.",
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{
"abstract": "Analysis is presented of K\u2010 and L\u2010shell spectra obtained from Ar and Xe dopants seeded into the fuel region of plastic capsules indirectly imploded using the Nova laser. Stark broadening measurements of the n=3\u20101 lines in H\u2010 and He\u2010like Ar (Ar Ly\u2010\u03b2 and He\u2010\u03b2, respectively) are used to infer fuel electron density, while spatially averaged fuel electron temperature is deduced from the ratio of the intensities of these lines. Systematic variations in Ar spectral features are observed as a function of drive conditions. A spectral postprocessing code has been developed to simulate experimental spectra by taking into account spatial gradients and line transfer effects, and shows good agreement with experimental data. It is shown that correct modeling of the x\u2010ray emission requires a proper treatment of the coupled radiative transfer and kinetics problem. Continuum lowering effects are shown not to affect diagnostic line ratios, within the confines of a simple model. A recently developed diagnostic based on fitting measured line profiles of Ar He\u2010\u03b2 and its associated dielectronic satellites to theory is shown to provide a simultaneous measure of electron temperature and electron density. L\u2010shell Xe spectroscopy is under development as an electron temperature and electron\u2010density diagnostic. Density and temperature sensitive ratios of spectral features each consisting of many lines have been identified. Observed Xe spectra from imploded cores show the same qualitative behavior with temperature, as predicted by model calculations of Xe emission spectra. Stark broadening of Ne\u2010like Xe 4\u20102 lines appears viable as an electron density diagnostic for Ne\u223c1025 cm\u22123 and is under continuing investigation. (Based on the invited paper 8I3 at the 1992 APS/DPP annual meeting [Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 37, 1553 (1992)].)",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhFlB...5.3328K/abstract",
"title": "X\u2010ray spectroscopy of high\u2010energy density inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Electron density",
"Atomic physics",
"Electron temperature",
"Spectroscopy",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Spectral line",
"Stark effect",
"Radiative transfer",
"Emission spectrum"
],
"first_author": "Christopher J. Keane",
"scholarly_citations_count": 69,
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{
"sentence": "Stark broadening measurements of the n31 lines in H and Helike Ar Ar Ly\u03b2 and He\u03b2, respectively are used to infer fuel electron density, while spatially averaged fuel electron temperature is deduced from the ratio of the intensities of these lines.",
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"sentence": "A recently developed diagnostic based on fitting measured line profiles of Ar He\u03b2 and its associated dielectronic satellites to theory is shown to provide a simultaneous measure of electron temperature and electron density.",
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{
"abstract": "The LIBRA light ion beam fusion commerical reactor study is a self-consistent conceptual design of a 330 MWe power plant with an accompanying economic analysis. Fusion targets are imploded by 4 MJ shaped pulses of 30 MeV Li ions at a rate of 3 Hz. The target gain is 80, leading to a yield of 320 MJ. The high intensity part of the ion pulse is delivered by 16 diodes through 16 separate z-pinch plasma channels formed in lOO torr of helium with trace amounts of lithium. The blanket is an array of porous flexible silicon carbide tubes with Li17Pb83 flowing downward through them. These tubes (INPORT units) shield the target chamber wall from both neutron damage and the shock overpressure of the target explosion. The target chamber is a right circular cylinder, 8\u00b77 meters in diameter. The target chamber is \u2018self-pumped\u2019 by the target explosion generated overpressure into a surge tank partially filled with liquid that surrounds the target chamber. This scheme refreshes the chamber at the desired 3 Hz frequency without excessive pumping demands. The blanket multiplication is 1\u00b72 and the tritium breeding ratio is 1\u00b74. The direct capital cost of LIBRA is estimated to be $2200/kWe.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/libraa-light-ion-beam-inertial-confinement-fusion-reactor-conceptual-design/612D26A19F14C544AA4AEC2113A93AE3",
"title": "LIBRA: a light ion beam inertial confinement fusion reactor conceptual design",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Conceptual design",
"Physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Ion beam"
],
"first_author": "Gregory A. Moses",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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"URL": "http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1495286",
"title": "Astrophysical and inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas generated with millijoule femtosecond laser pulses",
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"abstract": "We are constructing a Ti diagnostic for low neutron yield (5\u00d7107 to above 109) d\u2010d and d\u2010t targets in the Nova facility at Livermore. The diagnostic measures the neutron energy spread with 960 scintillator\u2010photomultiplier detectors located 28 m from the target and operates in the single\u2010hit mode. Each detector can measure a single neutron arrival with time resolution of 1 ns or better. The arrival time distribution is constructed from the results of typically 200\u2013500 detector measurements. The ion temperature is determined from the spread in neutron energy \u0394En\u221dTi1/2, which is related to the arrival time spread by \u0394t/t\u2242\u2212(1/2)\u0394En/En. Each neutron arrival is detected by using a photomultiplier tube to observe the recoil proton from elastic scattering in a fast plastic scintillator. The timing electronics for each channel consist of a novel constant fraction\u2010like discriminator and a multiple hit time\u2010to\u2010digital converter. The overall system design, together with single\u2010channel performance data, is presented.",
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"abstract": "In indirect inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the prediction of gas pressures and mass flow rates in the hohlraum is critical for fielding the hohlraum film and the support tent. To this end, it is desirable to understand the gas filling and evacuation process through the microcapillary fill tube and the support tent. In this work, a unified flow simulation of the filling and evacuation processes through the microcapillary fill tube and the support tent in an ICF hohlraum was conducted to study the gas pressure and mass flow rate in the hohlraum. The effects of the support tent size and the microcapillary fill tube size on the critical pressure variation and pressure difference across the hole on the support tent are examined. The results indicate that an increase in the diameter of the hole and the hole number leads to a smaller pressure difference across the hole on the support tent. If the diameter of the hole on the support tent is larger than 0.06 mm, the critical pressure variation rate is nearly independent of the diameter and the hole number. Increases in the diameter and decreases in the length of the microcapillary fill tube induce a larger critical pressure variation rate and pressure difference across the hole, which is conductive to fielding the hohlraum film.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/7/5/269/pdf",
"title": "Simulation of the Gas Filling and Evacuation Processes in an Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Hohlraum",
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"abstract": "A modified version of the view factor equations is proposed which improves the accuracy of the description of temporal effects in energy redistribution by thermal radiation in cavities driven by power pulses typical for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The method is applied to analyze the process of radiative symmetrization in the simplest type of closed cylindrical hohlraums heated by two x\u2010ray rings on the sidewall of the hohlraum case. Such hohlraums may be used in certain types of ICF targets driven by ion beams.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/388238-improved-version-view-factor-method-simulating-inertial-confinement-fusion-hohlraums",
"title": "An improved version of the view factor method for simulating inertial confinement fusion hohlraums",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Physics",
"Ion",
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"Hohlraum",
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"abstract": "Optimal placement for continuous phase plate \uff08CPP\uff09 in terminal optical system of the Inertial Confinement Fusion \uff08ICF\uff09 driver has been studied. Based on non-linear perturbation and transmitting theory of high power laser, the optical characteristics in near and far fields as well as third harmonic conversion efficiency after passing throngh the frequency conversion system has been calculated. As a result, the third harmonic conversion efficiency and optical characteristics of the emergent light beam are influenced by the CPP which is placed before the frequency conversion system. But if the diameter of the round focal spot in far field is smaller than 0\ue0105 mm, the decline of the third harmonic conversion efficiency and the rise of contrast ratio are within permitted range, the shape of focal spot in far field and the encircled energy of focal spot also accord with the design requirement at the same time. The CPP which enables small focal spot in far field, when located in the beam path of fundamental frequency of ICF system to smooth and shape the light beam, will not exert influence on the normal running of ICF system.",
"URL": "http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/EN/Y2009/V58/I5/03130",
"title": "Study on the frontal condition for continuous phase plate in inertial confinement fusion driver",
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"abstract": "Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is expected to demonstrate high gain on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the next decade and is a leading candidate for inertial fusion energy production. The demonstration of high areal densities in hydrodynamically scaled cryogenic DT or D2 implosions with neutron yields that are a significant fraction of the \u201cclean\u201d 1-D predictions will validate the ignition-equivalent direct-drive target performance on the OMEGA laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). This paper highlights the recent experimental and theoretical progress leading toward achieving this validation in the next few years. The NIF will initially be configured for X-ray drive and with no beams placed at the target equator to provide a symmetric irradiation of a direct-drive capsule. LLE is developing the \u201cpolar-direct-drive\u201d (PDD) approach that repoints beams toward the target equator. Initial 2-D simulations have shown ignition. A unique \u201cSaturn-like\u201d plastic ring around the equator refracts the laser light incident near the equator toward the target, improving the drive uniformity. LLE is currently constructing the multibeam, 2.6-kJ/beam, petawatt laser system OMEGA EP. Integrated fast-ignition experiments, combining the OMEGA EP and OMEGA Laser Systems, will begin in FY08.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhy4.133...59M/abstract",
"title": "Progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at the laboratory for laser energetics",
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"abstract": "Recently, much attention has been paid to inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) by an intense pulsed light-ion beam (LIB). In this paper, the focusing and the transport of the LIB, that are believed to be most important themes in these fields of interests, are to be reviewed, from which particular points of the problems to be solved in the near future will be made clear.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/48/6/48_6_689/_pdf",
"title": "Recent Topics on Inertial-Confinement Fusion by Intense Pulsed Light-Ion Beam",
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"Beam (structure)",
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"Inertial frame of reference",
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"Nuclear physics",
"Engineering",
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"Quantum mechanics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy"
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"first_author": "Katsumi Masugata",
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"abstract": "A technique has been developed for studying the time-dependent, local physical conditions in ablator samples in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hohlraum environment. This technique involves backlit point-projection absorption spectroscopy of thin tracer layers buried in the interior of solid samples mounted on laser-driven hohlraums. It is shown how detailed view-factor, atomic, hydrodynamics, and radiation-transport modeling can be used to infer time-dependent physical conditions in the interiors of these samples from the observed absorption spectra. This modeling is applied to the results of an experimental campaign on the OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] designed to compare radiation-wave velocities in doped and undoped ICF ablator materials.",
"URL": "https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-physics/53/",
"title": "Tracer spectroscopy diagnostics of doped ablators in inertial confinement fusion experiments on OMEGA",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Optics",
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"abstract": "In Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments, radiation is well described by a kinetic model (radiative transfer equation). This model is usually too expensive to be used in numerical simulations of such phenomena. Hence, approximations are used. A common one is to use a moment model, in which the radiative transfer equation is replaced by its first and second order (in velocity) moments, together with a closure assumption. In this article, we propose a closure for 2D and 3D geometries, which are extensions of a one-dimensional spherically symmetric model called P1\u2032. This model has proved to be very accurate in the study of ICF, which makes the models we propose promising in this respect. The closure is based on the fact that the model should, if possible, reproduce the exact solutions of radiative transfer equation in vacuum. We also design a numerical scheme for the one-dimensional spherically symmetric case only. This scheme is well-balanced and satisfies the diffusion limit of the model. This scheme is validated by various numerical tests. We plan to extend this method to higher dimensions in a future work.",
"URL": "https://hal.science/hal-03550149/file/article.pdf",
"title": "Moment models for an axisymmetric inertial confinement experiment and one dimensional numerical study",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "Low-mode asymmetries have emerged as one of the primary challenges to achieving high-performing inertial confinement fusion implosions. These asymmetries seed flows in the implosions, which will manifest as modifications to the measured ion temperature (Tion) as inferred from the broadening of primary neutron spectra. The effects are important to understand (i) to learn to control and mitigate low-mode asymmetries and (ii) to experimentally more closely capture thermal Tion used as input in implosion performance metric calculations. In this paper, results from and simulations of a set of experiments with a seeded mode 2 in the laser drive are described. The goal of this intentionally asymmetrically driven experiment was to test our capability to predict and measure the signatures of flows seeded by the low-mode asymmetry. The results from these experiments [first discussed in M. Gatu Johnson et al., Phys. Rev. E 98, 051201(R) (2018)] demonstrate the importance of interplay of flows seeded by various asymmetry seeds. In particular, measured Tion and self-emission x-ray asymmetries are expected to be well captured by interplay between flows seeded by the imposed mode 2 and the capsule stalk mount. Measurements of areal density asymmetry also indicate the importance of the stalk mount as an asymmetry seed in these implosions. The simulations brought to bear on the problem (1D LILAC, 2D xRAGE, 3D ASTER, and 3D Chimera) show how thermal Tion is expected to be significantly lower than Tion as inferred from the broadening of measured neutron spectra. They also show that the electron temperature is not expected to be the same as Tion for these implosions.",
"URL": "https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/74351/2/GatuJohnsonMode2_PoP_accepted_version.pdf",
"title": "Impact of imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetry on inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2019,
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"abstract": "Fusion neutrons streaming from a burning inertial confinement fusion capsule generate gamma rays via inelastic nuclear scattering in the ablator of the capsule. The intensity of gamma-ray emission is proportional to the product of the ablator areal density (\u03c1R) and the yield of fusion neutrons, so by detecting the gamma rays we can infer the ablator areal density, provided we also have a measurement of the capsule's total neutron yield. In plastic-shell capsules, for example, (12)C nuclei emit gamma rays at 4.44 MeV after excitation by 14.1 MeV neutrons from D+T fusion. These gamma rays can be measured by a new gamma-ray detector under development. Analysis of predicted signals is in progress, with results to date indicating that the method promises to be useful for diagnosing imploded capsules.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.3478690",
"title": "Using gamma-ray emission to measure areal density of inertial confinement fusion capsules",
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"abstract": "A comprehensive knowledge of the properties of high-energy-density plasmas is crucial to understanding and designing low-adiabat, inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions through hydrodynamic simulations. Warm-dense-matter (WDM) conditions are routinely accessed by low-adiabat ICF implosions, in which strong coupling and electron degeneracy often play an important role in determining the properties of warm dense plasmas. The WDM properties of deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) mixtures and ablator materials, such as the equation of state, thermal conductivity, opacity, and stopping power, were usually estimated by models in hydro-codes used for ICF simulations. In these models, many-body and quantum effects were only approximately taken into account in the WMD regime. Moreover, the self-consistency among these models was often missing. To examine the accuracy of these models, we have systematically calculated the static, transport, and optical properties of warm dense DT plasmas, using first-principles (FP) metho...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22e6304H/abstract",
"title": "Impact of first-principles properties of deuterium\u2013tritium on inertial confinement fusion target designsa)",
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"abstract": "Nuclear reactions taking place in stars are not straightforward to study in laboratories on Earth. Now, inertial-confinement fusion implosion experiments are reported that mimic the conditions for the hydrogen-burning phase in main-sequence stars.",
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys4220.pdf",
"title": "Thermonuclear reactions probed at stellar-core conditions with laser-based inertial-confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n The neutron imaging system based on the penumbral aperture for the inertial confinement fusion research at the 100 kilo-Joule laser facility has been developed. The aperture has been designed with a geometric model and fabricated by machining one half double-tapered cylinder into each of two tungsten slabs. The aperture is mounted into a box which helps to precisely fix two slabs to form a biconic-shaped aperture. The neutron image recording system has been constructed with a capillary-array neutron image detector, and tested with the static accelerator neutron source. The spatial resolution of neutron image detector can be within 1.1\u2009mm. The preliminary results of neutron imaging system in the exploding pusher target experiment at the 100 kilo-Joule laser facility have been presented.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "The neutron imaging system for inertial confinement fusion at the 100 kilo-Joule laser facility",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "Using quantum molecular-dynamics (QMD) methods based on the density functional theory, we have performed first-principles investigations of the ionization and thermal conductivity of polystyrene (CH) over a wide range of plasma conditions (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.5 to 100\u2009g/cm3 and T\u2009=\u200915 625 to 500 000\u2009K). The ionization data from orbital-free molecular-dynamics calculations have been fitted with a \u201cSaha-type\u201d model as a function of the CH plasma density and temperature, which gives an increasing ionization as the CH density increases even at low temperatures (T\u2009<\u200950\u2009eV). The orbital-free molecular dynamics method is only used to gauge the average ionization behavior of CH under the average-atom model in conjunction with the pressure-matching mixing rule. The thermal conductivities (\u03baQMD) of CH, derived directly from the Kohn\u2013Sham molecular-dynamics calculations, are then analytically fitted with a generalized Coulomb logarithm [(ln\u039b)QMD] over a wide range of plasma conditions. When compared with the traditional ionizatio...",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1255551-first-principles-investigations-ionization-thermal-conductivity-polystyrene-inertial-confinement-fusion-applications",
"title": "First-principles investigations on ionization and thermal conductivity of polystyrene for inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Ab initio quantum chemistry methods",
"Atomic physics",
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