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"abstract": "Solitons are generated by injecting energy provided by high power laser devices into a quiescent ICF plasma. The data obtained by laser fusion show a change \u03b4 n e in electronic density profile focused by ponderomotive force of laser radiation near the critical layer where w p = w 0 , w p being the plasma frequency and w 0 the laser frequency. This change that has a structure of soliton type, becomes as a solution of a nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS), solved as an inverse problem by means of the inverse scattering transform with one eigenvalue invariant in time, and representative of wave eigenvector. Electrical currents are given in function of the above mentioned change in the density profile of electrons and an average velocity of such electrons corresponding to a nonmaxwellian electronic velocity distribution. The z component of heat flow is a consequence of electrical currents generated, the generalized electrical field to classical transport, and the generalized expression of vectorial heat flow developed by Haines.",
"URL": "http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=33886",
"title": "Electric currents and heat flow generated by solitons near critical layer in the inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1999,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Electric current",
"Physics",
"Inverse scattering transform",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Ponderomotive force",
"Quantum electrodynamics",
"Plasma",
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"first_author": "J. F. Miramar Blazquez",
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"abstract": "In the experimental investigations of inertial confinement fusion, the laser-produced high-temperature plasma contains very abundant information, such as the electron temperature and density, ionization. In order to diagnose laser-plasma distribution in space and evolution in time, an elliptical curved crystal spectrometer has been developed and applied to diagnose X-ray of laser-produced plasma in 0.2~2.46\u2009nm region. According to the theory of Bragg diffraction, four kinds of crystal including LiF, PET, MiCa, and KAP were chosen as dispersive elements. The distance of crystal lattice varies from 0.4 to 2.6\u2009nm. Bragg angle is in the range of 30\u00b0~67.5\u00b0, and the spectral detection angle is in 55.4\u00b0~134\u00b0. The curved crystal spectrometer mainly consists of elliptical curved crystal analyzer, vacuum configuration, aligning device, spectral detectors and three-dimensional microadjustment devices. The spectrographic experiment was carried out on the XG-2 laser facility. Emission spectrum of Al plasmas, Ti plasma, and Au plasmas have been successfully recorded by using X-ray CCD camera. It is demonstrated experimentally that the measured wavelength is accorded with the theoretical value.",
"URL": "http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/stni/2012/804217.pdf",
"title": "A Novel Spectrometer for Measuring Laser-Produced Plasma X-Ray in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electron temperature",
"Spectrometer",
"Bragg's law",
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"Crystal",
"Wavelength",
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"first_author": "Zhu Gang",
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"sentence": "Emission spectrum of Al plasmas, Ti plasma, and Au plasmas have been successfully recorded by using X-ray CCD camera.",
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"abstract": "Hot-spot shape and electron temperature (Te) are key performance metrics used to assess the efficiency of converting shell kinetic energy into hot-spot thermal energy in inertial confinement fusion implosions. X-ray penumbral imaging offers a means to diagnose hot-spot shape and Te, where the latter can be used as a surrogate measure of the ion temperature (Ti) in sufficiently equilibrated hot spots. We have implemented a new x-ray penumbral imager on OMEGA. We demonstrate minimal line-of-sight variations in the inferred Te for a set of implosions. Furthermore, we demonstrate spatially resolved Te measurements with an average uncertainty of 10% with 6 \u03bcm spatial resolution.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0041038",
"title": "An x-ray penumbral imager for measurements of electron-temperature profiles in inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA.",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Thermal energy",
"Optics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Materials science",
"Image resolution",
"Electron temperature",
"X-ray",
"Omega",
"Shell (structure)"
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"first_author": "Patrick Adrian",
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"abstract": "Scaling relations to optimize implosion parameters for fast-ignition inertial confinement fusion are derived and used to design high-gain fast-ignition targets. A method to assemble thermonuclear fuel at high densities, high \u03c1R, and with a small-size hot spot is presented. Massive cryogenic shells can be imploded with a low implosion velocity VI on a low adiabat \u03b1 using the relaxation-pulse technique. While the low VI yields a small hot spot, the low \u03b1 leads to large peak values of the density and areal density. It is shown that a 750kJ laser can assemble fuel with VI\u22431.7\u00d7107cm\u2215s, \u03b1\u22430.7, \u03c1\u2243400g\u2215cc, \u03c1R\u22433g\u2215cm2, and a hot-spot volume of less than 10% of the compressed core. If fully ignited, this fuel assembly can produce high gains of interest to inertial fusion energy applications.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2127932",
"title": "High-density and high-\u03c1R fuel assembly for fast-ignition inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Area density",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
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"abstract": "This article deals with the development of a radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition thick film (175 \u03bcm thickness) derived from aliphatic chains, trans-2-butene, monomer mixed with hydrogen and various noble gases (helium, argon, and krypton). The main purpose was to engineer an amorphous hydrocarbon film (a-C:H) with low surface roughness of less than 20 nm, designed for use on an \u201cablator\u201d in a new \u201cMegaJoule\u201d laser facility. Morphology and roughness were characterized by atomic force microscopy. An improvement of 70% is obtained by adding a bias on the substrate.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JVST...20..366D/abstract",
"title": "Atomic force microscopy investigation of a-C:H films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Materials science",
"Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition",
"Hydrogen",
"Krypton",
"Argon",
"Amorphous solid",
"Chemical vapor deposition"
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"abstract": "Quality control of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target in the laser fusion program is vital to ensure that energy deposition from the lasers results in uniform compression and minimization of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. The technique of nuclear microscopy with ion beam analysis is a powerful method to provide characterization of ICF targets. Distribution of elements, depth profile, and density image of ICF targets can be identified by particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and scanning transmission ion microscopy. We present examples of ICF target characterization by nuclear microscopy at Fudan University in order to demonstrate their potential impact in assessing target fabrication processes.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23702102",
"title": "Characterization of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Targets Using PIXE, RBS, and STIM Analysis",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Ion beam analysis",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear microscopy",
"Rutherford backscattering spectrometry",
"Characterization (materials science)",
"Ion microscopy",
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"first_author": "Yongqiang Li",
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"abstract": "Monochromatic 6.151-keV radiographs of a highly unstable inertial confinement fusion capsule are shown. The capsule was driven by a 70-eV peak radiation temperature and exhibits numerous small-scale features down to the resolution of the backlighting diagnostic (about 15 \u03bcm ). The capsule experiment was done using the double-ended Z -pinch-driven hohlraum on the Sandia Z facility.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5936126/",
"title": "Monochromatic 6.151-keV Radiographs of a Highly Unstable Inertial Confinement Fusion Capsule Implosion",
"year_published": 2011,
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"sentence": "The capsule experiment was done using the double-ended Z-pinch-driven hohlraum on the Sandia Z facility.",
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"abstract": "Fuel areal density, , is a fundamental quantity for ICF implosions. For current and future targets, areal densities are large enough that a variety of neutron based diagnostic techniques can be used to determine fuel . This paper describes these techniques and gives an overview of the current experimental status",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991LPB.....9..119A/abstract",
"title": "Review of secondary and tertiary reactions, and neutron scattering as diagnostic techniques for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Neutron scattering",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Current (fluid)",
"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Area density",
"Particle scattering",
"Thermonuclear reaction"
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"first_author": "H. Azechi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 48,
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"abstract": "Aiming at the restriction of the number and the thickness of elements used in the inertial confinement fusion(ICF) system,especially in the final optics assembly,and utilizing the characteristic of easy integration of diffractive optical element(DOE),a new means to fabricate color separation grating(CSG) and beam sampling grating(BSG) on two surfaces of one fused-silica substrate with two-surface exposure method is presented.Thus the functions of harmonic wave separation and beam sampling are realized through one silica plate.The masks of CSG and BSG are fabricated by photolithograph and e-beam direct writing method,respectively,and the ion beam etching method is used in fabricating the combined CSG-BSG element.The experimental results show that the parameters such as energy utilization ratio,color separation ratio and sampling efficiency for 3\u03c9 harmonic wave are in accordance with those of separated CSG and BSG elements,which achieve the basic technical requirements of the final optics assembly of ICF driver.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JJZZ200611004.htm",
"title": "Fabrication of the Combined Color Separation Grating and Beam Sampling Grating Element Applied in Inertial Confinement Fusion Driver",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Blazed grating",
"Fabrication",
"Sampling (signal processing)",
"Beam (structure)",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Materials science",
"Grating",
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"first_author": "Guo Yong-kang",
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"abstract": "The ratio of D\u20103He to D\u2010D reactions (RD3He/RDD) is proportional to fuel \u03c1R for D2 and D\u2010T filled targets. For D2 filled targets, the ratio varies as (RD3He/RDD)=0.14\u03c1R, for \u03c1R\u22720.02 g/cm2. For present day D2 filled target experiments, it is necessary to detect 104 D\u20103He reactions against a background source of 108 D\u2010D reactions. For D2 filled targets, detection of the 14.7\u2010MeV proton of the D\u20103He reaction can be accomplished with sheets of the solid state nuclear track detector CR\u201039 and metal foils. Spatial coincidence can be used as a means of eliminating background due to imperfections in the track detector and background due to protons in the CR\u201039 which are elastically scattered by D\u2010D neutrons.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.332066",
"title": "D\u20103He proton yield as a diagnostic for D\u2010T and D2 filled inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Solid-state nuclear track detector",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Proton",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Detector"
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"first_author": "T. E. Blue",
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"abstract": "A feasibility study has been undertaken of a method for fabricating uniform, hollow silica aerogel spheres of controlled size, thickness, and porosity that may be required for manufacture of cryogenic inertial confinement fusion targets. The method is a combination of a droplet generation method and sol\u2010gel processing. The parameters controlling the properties of the resulting silica aerogel spheres are the detailed chemical makeup of the reactant solution (which consists of tetraethylorthosilicate, ethyl alcohol, and water) and the gelation medium (which consists of either ammonia and nitrogen gas or ammonium hydroxide), and the dimensions and relative positions of the nozzles used for the droplet generation. To monitor the hydrolysis and polymerization reactions infrared spectroscopy and 1H and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance were used. The characterization of the silica spheres was performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Hollow silica aerogel...",
"URL": "https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/evaluation-of-sol-gel-processing-as-a-method-for-fabricating-sphe",
"title": "Evaluation of sol\u2010gel processing as a method for fabricating spherical\u2010shell silica aerogel inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Spherical shell",
"Materials science",
"Scanning electron microscope",
"Ammonium hydroxide",
"Aerogel",
"Sol-gel",
"Chemical engineering",
"Chromatography",
"Porosity",
"Optical microscope"
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"first_author": "K. Y. Jang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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"sentence": "To monitor the hydrolysis and polymerization reactions infrared spectroscopy and 1H and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance were used.",
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"abstract": "This article describes the current status of the KrF development programme based on the Sprite laser system at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. High reliability and high shot rate have been demonstrated. Using a unique KrF-pumped Raman laser architecture, beam brightness exceeding 2\u00d71019 Wcm-2 sterad-1 giving a focussed intensity >5 \u00d71017 Wcm-2 has been achieved. The development of transform-limited short-pulse oscillators is shown to be of importance in avoiding spectral broadening in air propagation of high-intensity beams. Beam smoothing of KrF beams in a multiplexed configuration has been demonstrated for the first time. The technique of echelon-free induced spatial incoherence has been shown to produce smooth intensity distributions in the far field, which remain essentially unchanged on amplification. The development of pulsed-power systems capable of exciting multikilojoule laser amplifiers for the next phase of development, the Supersprite system, is briefly discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0263034600004936",
"title": "Development of high-performance KrF and Raman laser facilities for inertial confinement fusion and other applications",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Raman laser"
],
"first_author": "M. J. Shaw",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments involving fast laser heating of glass capsules containing gaseous nuclear fuel, some nuclear measurements cannot be rendered by standard hydrodynamics numerical simulations. The calculated values of the nuclear yield are found to be too high by more than a decade in some cases. The first kinetic simulations of the enclosed reacting gas have bridged only half that gap. In this Rapid Communication, using a hybrid ion kinetic-fluid numerical model which takes into account the kinetic interaction between the fuel and the pusher, we reach full agreement with the experimental yield data. We thus unambiguously demonstrate that the kinetic behavior of the system, resulting in both nonthermodynamic equilibrium of the ions comprising the fuel and strong pusher-fuel mixing, is the correct interpretation of the data.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.031201",
"title": "Nuclear yield reduction in inertial confinement fusion exploding-pusher targets explained by fuel-pusher mixing through hybrid kinetic-fluid modeling",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Reduction (mathematics)",
"Kinetic energy",
"Ion",
"Mixing (process engineering)",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear fuel",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Olivier Larroche",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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{
"abstract": "Cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) is a significant energy-loss mechanism in directly driven inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) targets. One strategy for mitigating CBET is to increase the bandwidth of the laser light, thereby disrupting the resonant three-wave interactions that underlie this nonlinear scattering process. Here, we report on numerical simulations performed with the wave-based code lpse that show a significant reduction in CBET for bandwidths of 2-5 THz (corresponding to a normalized bandwidth of 0.2%-0.6% at a laser wavelength of 351nm) under realistic plasma conditions. Such bandwidths are beyond those available with current high-energy lasers used for ICF, but could be achieved using stimulated rotation Raman scattering in diatomic gases like nitrogen.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.97.061202",
"title": "Mitigation of cross-beam energy transfer in inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas with enhanced laser bandwidth.",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Terahertz radiation",
"Diatomic molecule",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Raman scattering",
"Laser",
"Wavelength",
"Bandwidth (signal processing)",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Jason Bates",
"scholarly_citations_count": 46,
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},
{
"abstract": "Uncertainties regarding the feasibility of using an annular ''waterfall'' of liquid lithium to protect the first wall in inertial confinement fusion reactor cavities have prompted a theoretical investigation of annular jet stability. Infinitesimal perturbation techniques are applied to an idealized model of the jet with disturbances acting upon either or both of the free surfaces. Dispersion relations are derived that predict the range of disturbance frequencies leading to instability, as well as the perturbation growth rates and jet breakup length. The results are extended to turbulent annular jets and are evaluated for the lithium waterfall design. It is concluded that inherent instabilities due to turbulent fluctuations will not cause the jet to break up over distances comparable to the height of the reactor cavity.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981NucTF...1..285E/abstract",
"title": "Stability of the Lithium \u201cWaterfall\u201d First Wall Protection Concept for Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 1981,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Turbulence",
"Dispersion relation",
"Instability",
"Fusion power",
"Breakup",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Laminar flow",
"Fluid dynamics"
],
"first_author": "P. D. Esser",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "Measurements of the hot-electron generation by the two-plasmon-decay instability are made in plasmas relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Density-scale lengths of 400 {micro}m at n{sub cr}/4 in planar CH targets allowed the two-plasmon-decay instability to be driven to saturation for vacuum intensities above ~3.5 x 10{sup 14} W cm{sup -2}. In the saturated regime, ~1% of the laser energy is converted to hot electrons. The hot-electron temperature is measured to increase rapidly from 25 to 90 keV as the laser beam intensity is increased from 2 to 7 x 10{sup 14} W cm{sup -2}. This increase in the hot-electron temperature is compared with predictions from nonlinear Zakharov models.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.165003",
"title": "Saturation of the Two-Plasmon Decay Instability in Long-Scale-Length Plasmas Relevant to Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasmon",
"Physics",
"Planar",
"Saturation (chemistry)",
"Nonlinear system",
"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Dustin Froula",
"scholarly_citations_count": 60,
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"abstract": "We present kinetic two-dimensional Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations, including both self-consistent magnetic fields and ablating ion outflow, of a planar ablating foil subject to nonuniform laser irradiation. Even for small Hall parameters (\u03c9\u03c4_{ei}\u22720.05) self-generated magnetic fields are sufficient to invert and enhance pressure perturbations. The mode inversion is caused by a combination of the Nernst advection of the magnetic field and the Righi-Leduc heat flux. Nonlocal effects modify these processes. The mechanism is robust under plasma conditions tested; it is amplitude independent and occurs for a broad spectrum of perturbation wavelengths, \u03bb_{p}=10-100\u03bcm. The ablating plasma response to a dynamically evolving speckle pattern perturbation, analogous to an optically smoothed beam, is also simulated. Similar to the single-mode case, self-generated magnetic fields increase the degree of nonuniformity at the ablation surface by up to an order of magnitude and are found to preferentially enhance lower modes due to the resistive damping of high mode number magnetic fields.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30253597/",
"title": "Enhancement of pressure perturbations in ablation due to kinetic magnetized transport effects under direct-drive inertial confinement fusion relevant conditions.",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Order of magnitude",
"Heat flux",
"Amplitude",
"Nernst equation",
"Instability",
"Molecular physics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "D W Hill",
"scholarly_citations_count": 17,
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{
"abstract": "Peak x-ray powers as high as 280\u00b140 TW have been generated from the implosion of tungsten wire arrays on the Z Accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories. The high x-ray powers radiated by these z-pinches provide an attractive new driver option for high yield inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The high x-ray powers appear to be a result of using a large number of wires in the array which decreases the perturbation seed to the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) instability and diminishes other 3-D effects. Simulations to confirm this hypothesis require a 3-D MHD code capability, and associated databases, to follow the evolution of the wires from cold solid through melt, vaporization, ionization, and finally to dense imploded plasma. Strong coupling plays a role in this process, the importance of which depends on the wire material and the current time history of the pulsed power driver. Strong coupling regimes are involved in the plasmas in the convolute and transmission line of the powerflow system. Strong coupling can also play a role in the physics of the z-pinch-driven high yield ICF targeL Finally, strong coupling can occur in certain z-pinch-driven application experiments.",
"URL": "https://jp4.journaldephysique.org/articles/jp4/abs/2000/05/jp4200010PR508/jp4200010PR508.html",
"title": "The role of strong coupling in z-pinch-driven approaches to high yield inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Implosion",
"Ionization",
"Z-pinch",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Plasma",
"Pulsed power"
],
"first_author": "Thomas Alan Mehlhorn",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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{
"abstract": "Millimeter-sized CD foils fielded close (order mm) to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions have been proposed as a game-changer for improving energy resolution and allowing time-resolution in neutron spectrum measurements using the magnetic recoil technique. This paper presents results from initial experiments testing this concept for direct drive ICF at the OMEGA Laser Facility. While the foils are shown to produce reasonable signals, inferred spectral broadening is seen to be high (\u223c5 keV) and signal levels are low (by \u223c20%) compared to expectation. Before this type of foil is used for precision experiments, the foil mount must be improved, oxygen uptake in the foils must be better characterized, and impact of uncontrolled foil motion prior to detection must be investigated.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0040549",
"title": "Using millimeter-sized carbon-deuterium foils for high-precision deuterium-tritium neutron spectrum measurements in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion at the OMEGA laser facility.",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Millimeter",
"Optics",
"Neutron",
"Materials science",
"Recoil",
"Laser",
"Deuterium",
"Doppler broadening",
"FOIL method"
],
"first_author": "M. Gatu Johnson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "On the first inertial-confinement-fusion ignition facility, the target capsule will be DT filled through a long, narrow tube inserted into the shell. microg-scale shell perturbations Delta m' arising from multiple, 10-50 microm-diameter, hollow SiO2 tubes on x-ray-driven, ignition-scale, 1-mg capsules have been measured on a subignition device. Simulations compare well with observation, whence it is corroborated that Delta m' arises from early x-ray shadowing by the tube rather than tube mass coupling to the shell, and inferred that 10-20 microm tubes will negligibly affect fusion yield on a full-ignition facility.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/21024472",
"title": "Fill-Tube-Induced Mass Perturbations on X-Ray-Driven, Ignition-Scale, Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Capsule Shells and the Implications for Ignition Experiments",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Coupling (piping)",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"X-ray",
"Shell (structure)",
"Tube (fluid conveyance)"
],
"first_author": "Guy R. Bennett",
"scholarly_citations_count": 26,
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{
"abstract": "A neutron bang time and burn history monitor in inertial confinement fusion with fast ignition are necessary for plasma diagnostics. In the FIREX project, however, no detector attained those capabilities because high-intensity X-rays accompanied fast electrons used for plasma heating. To solve this problem, single-crystal CVD diamond was grown and fabricated into a radiation detector. The detector, which had excellent charge transportation property, was tested to obtain a response function for intense X-rays. The applicability for neutron bang time and burn history monitor was verified experimentally. Charge collection efficiency of 99.5% \u00b1 0.8% and 97.1% \u00b1 1.4% for holes and electrons were obtained using 5.486 MeV alpha particles. The drift velocity at electric field which saturates charge collection efficiency was 1.1 \u00b1 0.4 \u00d7 107 cm/s and 1.0 \u00b1 0.3 \u00d7 107 cm/s for holes and electrons. Fast response of several ns pulse width for intense X-ray was obtained at the GEKKO XII experiment, which is sufficiently fast for ToF measurements to obtain a neutron signal separately from X-rays. Based on these results, we confirmed that the single-crystal CVD diamond detector obtained neutron signal with good S/N under ion temperature 0.5\u20131 keV and neutron yield of more than 109 neutrons/shot.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26026521",
"title": "Response measurement of single-crystal chemical vapor deposition diamond radiation detector for intense X-rays aiming at neutron bang-time and neutron burn-history measurement on an inertial confinement fusion with fast ignition.",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Drift velocity",
"Electron",
"Neutron",
"Particle detector",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Diamond",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Detector"
],
"first_author": "Takehiro Shimaoka",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"sentence": "Charge collection efficiency of 99.5 0.8 and 97.1 1.4 for holes and electrons were obtained using 5.486 MeV alpha particles.",
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"sentence": "Fast response of several ns pulse width for intense X-ray was obtained at the GEKKO XII experiment, which is sufficiently fast for ToF measurements to obtain a neutron signal separately from X-rays.",
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"sentence": "Based on these results, we confirmed that the single-crystal CVD diamond detector obtained neutron signal with good SN under ion temperature 0.51 keV and neutron yield of more than 109 neutronsshot.",
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"abstract": "We describe absolutely calibrated instrumentation for measuring hard x\u2010ray continuum produced during laser irradiation of ICF targets. The instrumentation includes a crystal spectrograph and two collimated filtered scintillators. The absolutely calibrated crystal spectrograph achieves high sensitivity to x\u2010ray continuum over the energy range of 5 to 35 keV with continuous energy coverage and a resolving power E/\u0394E between 20 and 100. Time integrated spectra are recorded and stored electronically on a shot basis using two dimensional charge coupled device (CCD) camera readout of a proximity focused MCP detector close coupled to the x\u2010ray diffracting crystals. The filtered scintillators provide discrete, time\u2010resolved, high energy channels for recording integrated continuum in the 40\u201360 and 60\u201390 keV bands. End\u2010to\u2010end calibration of the crystal spectrograph was performed over the design energy interval. We discuss instrument design, calibration, and alignment and the factors affecting sensitivity and resolv...",
"URL": "https://public.hofstragroup.com/3207.2.pdf",
"title": "Hard x-ray continuum crystal spectrograph for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) diagnostics",
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"abstract": "Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are used to explore collisionless shock acceleration in the corona plasma surrounding the compressed core of an inertial confinement fusion pellet. We show that an intense laser pulse interacting with the long scale-length plasma corona is able to launch a collisionless shock around the critical density. The nonlinear wave travels up-ramp through the plasma reflecting and accelerating the background ions. Our results suggest that protons with characteristics suitable for ion fast ignition may be achieved in this way. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.",
"URL": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2020.0039",
"title": "Collisionless shock acceleration in the corona of an inertial confinement fusion pellet with possible application to ion fast ignition",
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{
"abstract": "The effectiveness of a dome-shaped wall covered by a thin gold foil (hollow wall) [M. Vandenboomgaerde et\u00a0al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 012713 (2018)PHPAEN1070-664X10.1063/1.5008669] in holding back the high-Z plasma expansion in a gas-filled hohlraum is demonstrated for the first time in experiments reproducing the irradiation conditions of indirect drive at the ignition scale. The setup exploits a 1D geometry enabling record of the complete history of the gold expansion for 8\u00a0ns by imaging its emission in multiple x-ray energy ranges featuring either the absorption zones or the thermal emission regions. The measured expansion dynamics is well reproduced by numerical simulations. This novel wall design could now be tailored for the megajoule scale to enable the propagation of the inner beams up to the equator in low gas-filled hohlraum thus allowing the fine-tuning of the irradiation symmetry on the timescale required for ignition.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.255002",
"title": "Experimental Evidence of Harnessed Expansion of a High-Z Plasma Using the Hollow Wall Design for Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "We present measurements of the effect of various levels of laser beam smoothing on both burnthrough time and the neutron yield in layered, deuterium-filled imploding microballoons. Burnthrough times are found to improve as smoothing is increased. This effect is believed to result from a reduction in the seeding of the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability with increasing smoothing. The results are in agreement with simulations that model the development of the RT instability from initial perturbation spectra inconsistent with measured changes in uniformity. The neutron yields are also observed to increase in the presence of smoothing, but are much less sensitive to uniformity changes than the burnthrough rates.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10045489",
"title": "Measurements of the effect of laser beam smoothing on direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion capsule implosions.",
"year_published": 1992,
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"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
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"Instability",
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{
"abstract": "Scintillation properties of Pr3+-doped 20Al(PO3)3-80 LiF glasses melted in N2 were investigated to seek a candidate for a scattered neutron scintillator in nuclear fusion diagnostics. The fluorescence lifetime of the sample with 217 nm ultraviolet femtosecond pulse excitation was measured to be 19.5 ns. More importantly, the fluorescence lifetime with alpha particles from 241Am radioisotope excitation was determined to be 6.7 ns. Based on our material design strategy, we have successfully developed the fast response time praseodymium-doped 6Li glass scintillator for scattered neutron diagnostics.",
"URL": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5485094/",
"title": "Custom-Designed Fast-Response Praseodymium-Doped Lithium 6 Fluoro-Oxide Glass Scintillator With Enhanced Cross-Section for Scattered Neutron Originated From Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Materials science",
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"abstract": "We have demonstrated efficient coupling of 0.35 $\\ensuremath{\\mu}\\mathrm{m}$ laser light for radiation production in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) cavity targets. Temperatures of 270 eV are measured in cavities used for implosions and 300 eV in smaller cavities, significantly extending the temperature range attained in the laboratory to those required for high-gain indirect drive ICF. High-contrast, shaped drive pulses required for implosion experiments have also been demonstrated for the first time. Low levels of scattered light and fast electrons are observed, indicating that plasma instability production is not significant.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2320",
"title": "High temperatures in inertial confinement fusion radiation cavities heated with 0.35 microm light.",
"year_published": 1994,
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"Physics",
"Electron",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Coupling (probability)",
"Atmospheric temperature range",
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"abstract": "Diode-pumped solid state lasers have the potential efficiency and repetition rate required for power production. One current candidate for laser materials is an Ytterbium doped ceramic. Yb doped sesquioxides are promising laser materials opening new fields during the research phase to demonstrate ignition and fusion gain (including the fast ignitor concept). We think that cryogenically cooled diode pumped Yb: ceramic laser is the best way to operating at high average power an that all of the operational features of the laser can be demonstrated at an aperture scale of only 10-15 cm.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhy4.133..829L/abstract",
"title": "Solid state laser design for inertial confinement fusion: Trends toward power production",
"year_published": 2006,
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"abstract": "The quality of the confinement and thermonuclear burn of inertial confinement fusion targets scales as the density\u2010radius product \u03c1R of the fuel. Neutron activation of trace elements placed in the fuel can be used to directly measure \u03c1R. This concept and several candidate tracers, 14N, 40Ar, and 79Br, are discussed.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JAP....51.6062C/abstract",
"title": "Determination of fuel density-radius product of inertial confinement fusion targets by neutron activation",
"year_published": 1980,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron",
"Nucleon",
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"Chemistry",
"Neutron activation analysis",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "The compression of a directly driven all-DT capsule has been simulated by the hydrodynamic code Multi1D. The capsule absorbs a total energy of about 100 kJ allowing for a maximum density of 650 g/cm3 and a maximum confinement parameter \u03c1R of 1.6 g/cm2. An ad-hoc 3D ray-tracing package has been developed to evaluate the uniformity of the deposition energy provided by the direct irradiation of the capsule. Two irradiation configurations with 32 and 48 laser beams characterized by a super-gaussian intensity profile have been considered. A robustness study has been performed as a function of the power imbalance. Neglecting any pointing errors and taking into account only for the power imbalance it is found that half of the shots performed with the two configurations provide the same irradiation uniformity. The 3D ray-tracing package has been also used to estimate the direct irradiation of a re-entrant cone inserted into the capsule. It is found that the direct irradiation of the cone surface reach a maximum intensity of 3 1014 W/cm2.",
"URL": "https://robots.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/244/2/022008/pdf",
"title": "3D ray-tracing package dedicated to the irradiation study of a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule",
"year_published": 2010,
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"abstract": "A set of laser implosion experiments were conducted at the OMEGA laser at the University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) to study the effect of 3 He concentration in DT-filled target shells on fusion yield in ICF implosions.. Eleven laser fusion shells consisting of 1100-\u03bcm diameter, hollow, fused silica spheres with 4.6 to 4.7-\u03bcm-thick walls were loaded with 520 kPa of deuterium-tritium (DT) and then with 3 He (101.3 or 520 kPa). The 3 He permeabilities of the shells were determined by measuring the pressure rate of rise into a system with known volume. A mathematical method was developed that relied on the experimental fill pressure and time, and the rate of rise data to solve differential equations using MathCAD to simultaneously calculate 3 He permeability and initial 3 He partial pressure inside the shell. Because of the high permeation rate for 3 He out of the shells compared to that for DT gas, shells had to be recharged with 3 He immediately before being laser imploded or \"shot\" at LLE. The 3 He partial pressure in each individual shell at shot time was calculated from the measured 3 He permeability. Two different partial pressures of 3 He inside the shell were shown to reduce neutron and gamma yields during implosion.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22109413",
"title": "Measurement of the 3He Permeability of DT-Filled Fused Silica Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Targets to Study the Effects of 3He on Neutron Emission During Implosion",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Neutron",
"Neutron emission",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Laboratory for Laser Energetics",
"Helium-3",
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"abstract": "We present results from the comparison of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) simulations with data from the implosions of inertial confinement fusion capsules with separated reactants performed on the OMEGA laser facility. Each capsule, referred to as a \u201cCD Mixcap,\u201d is filled with tritium and has a polystyrene (CH) shell with a deuterated polystyrene (CD) layer whose burial depth is varied. In these implosions, fusion reactions between deuterium and tritium ions can occur only in the presence of atomic mix between the gas fill and shell material. The simulations feature accurate models for all known experimental asymmetries and do not employ any adjustable parameters to improve agreement with experimental data. Simulations are performed with the RAGE radiation-hydrodynamics code using an Implicit Large Eddy Simulation (ILES) strategy for the hydrodynamics. We obtain good agreement with the experimental data, including the DT/TT neutron yield ratios used to diagnose mix, for all burial depths of the deuterated shell layer. Additionally, simulations demonstrate good agreement with converged simulations employing explicit models for plasma diffusion and viscosity, suggesting that the implicit sub-grid model used in ILES is sufficient to model these processes in these experiments. In our simulations, mixing is driven by short-wavelength asymmetries and longer-wavelength features are responsible for developing flows that transport mixed material towards the center of the hot spot. Mix material transported by this process is responsible for most of the mix (DT) yield even for the capsule with a CD layer adjacent to the tritium fuel. Consistent with our previous results, mix does not play a significant role in TT neutron yield degradation; instead, this is dominated by the displacement of fuel from the center of the implosion due to the development of turbulent instabilities seeded by long-wavelength asymmetries. Through these processes, the long-wavelength asymmetries degrade TT yield more than the DT yield and thus bring DT/TT neutron yield ratios into agreement with experiment. Finally, we present a detailed comparison of the flows in 2D and 3D simulations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4959117",
"title": "Detailed high-resolution three-dimensional simulations of OMEGA separated reactants inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Turbulence",
"Plasma diffusion",
"Computational physics",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Brian Haines",
"scholarly_citations_count": 47,
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"abstract": "The baseline DT ice layer inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ignition capsule design requires a hot spot convergence ratio of \u223c34 with a hot spot that is formed from DT mass originally residing in a very thin layer at the inner DT ice surface. In the present paper, we propose alternative ICF capsule designs in which the hot spot is formed mostly or entirely from mass originating within a spherical volume of DT vapor. Simulations of the implosion and hot spot formation in two DT liquid layer ICF capsule concepts\u2014the DT wetted hydrocarbon (CH) foam concept and the \u201cfast formed liquid\u201d (FFL) concept\u2014are described and compared to simulations of standard DT ice layer capsules. 1D simulations are used to compare the drive requirements, the optimal shock timing, the radial dependence of hot spot specific energy gain, and the hot spot convergence ratio in low vapor pressure (DT ice) and high vapor pressure (DT liquid) capsules. 2D simulations are used to compare the relative sensitivities to low-mode x-ray flux asymmetries in the DT ice and DT liquid capsules. It is found that the overall thermonuclear yields predicted for DT liquid layer capsules are less than yields predicted for DT ice layer capsules in simulations using comparable capsule size and absorbed energy. However, the wetted foam and FFL designs allow for flexibility in hot spot convergence ratio through the adjustment of the initial cryogenic capsule temperature and, hence, DT vapor density, with a potentially improved robustness to low-mode x-ray flux asymmetry.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4822342",
"title": "Alternative hot spot formation techniques using liquid deuterium-tritium layer inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Cryogenics",
"Atomic physics",
"Vapor pressure",
"Implosion",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Energy source",
"Mechanics",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Vapour density"
],
"first_author": "R. E. Olson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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"entity": "tritium"
},
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "DT liquid layer ICF capsule"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "DT wetted hydrocarbon CH foam concept"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "fast formed liquid FFL concept"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "DT ice layer capsule"
},
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "hot spot"
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"entity": "hydrocarbon"
},
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"entity": "CH foam"
}
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"sentence": "1D simulations are used to compare the drive requirements, the optimal shock timing, the radial dependence of hot spot specific energy gain, and the hot spot convergence ratio in low vapor pressure DT ice and high vapor pressure DT liquid capsules.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
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"sentence": "2D simulations are used to compare the relative sensitivities to low-mode -ray flux asymmetries in the DT ice and DT liquid capsules.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "DT ice capsule"
},
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"entity": "deuterium"
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"sentence": "It is found that the overall thermonuclear yields predicted for DT liquid layer capsules are less than yields predicted for DT ice layer capsules in simulations using comparable capsule size and absorbed energy.",
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"sentence": "However, the wetted foam and FFL designs allow for flexibility in hot spot convergence ratio through the adjustment of the initial cryogenic capsule temperature and, hence, DT vapor density, with a potentially improved robustness to low-mode -ray flux asymmetry.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
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{
"abstract": "The values of the externally applied thermal gradients that give rise to uniform liquid layers of a ternary deuterium\u2013tritium mixture inside a cryogenic spherical shell inertial confinement fusion target are calculated using a model recently developed by the authors. It is shown that the surface tension gradients induced by the component separation at the liquid\u2013vapor interface pull the liquid upward, thus counteracting the gravity\u2010induced fuel sagging and forming dynamically stable uniform liquid layers. The governing equations are the equations of continuity, momentum, energy, and mass diffusion\u2013convection, which are solved using finite\u2010difference methods. The solutions indicate that one needs fairly large positive thermal gradients, obtained by keeping the top of the target warmer than the bottom, in order to create uniform liquid layers on the inner surface of the target.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JVST....6.1876V/abstract",
"title": "An analysis of the thermally induced formation of a uniform liquid layer of ternary deuterium\u2013tritium mixture inside a cryogenic spherical shell inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 1988,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Spherical shell",
"Fabrication",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Thermal",
"Mechanics",
"Momentum",
"Deuterium",
"Ternary operation",
"Surface tension"
],
"first_author": "V. Varadarajan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"entity": "convection"
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{
"abstract": "Two example ultrahigh-spatial-resolution laser-backlit grazing-incidence x-ray microscope designs for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research have been described [Appl. Opt.40, 4570 (2001)]. Here details of fabrication, assembly, and optical surface errors that are characteristic of present state-of-the-art superpolished multilayer-coated spherical mirrors are given. They indicate that good image qualities can be expected; in particular, <0.5-\u00b5m spatial resolution at very high x-ray energies (up to 25 keV) appears to be feasible: Existing ICF imaging diagnostics approach \u223c2 \u00b5m spatial at low (<2 keV) energy. The improvement in resolution compared with that of other grazing-incidence devices is attributed to a fortuitous residual on-axis aberration dependence on short wavelengths; recent advances in mirror fabrication, including a new thin-film deposition technique to correct figure errors precisely in one dimension; and novel design. For even higher resolutions, a means of creating precise aspherical mirrors of spheric-quality microroughness may be possible by use of the same deposition technique.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18360500",
"title": "Advanced laser-backlit Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Imaging Systems for Inertial Confinement Fusion Research. II. Tolerance Analysis.",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Spatial frequency",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Fabrication",
"Image resolution",
"X-ray optics",
"Laser",
"Microscope",
"Curved mirror"
],
"first_author": "Guy R. Bennett",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"sentence": "Here details of fabrication, assembly, and optical surface errors that are characteristic of present state-of-the-art superpolished multilayer-coated spherical mirrors are given.",
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{
"sentence": "They indicate that good image qualities can be expected in particular, 0.5-\u00b5m spatial resolution at very high -ray energies up to 25 keV appears to be feasible Existing ICF imaging diagnostics approach 2 \u00b5m spatial at low 2 keV energy.",
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"sentence": "The improvement in resolution compared with that of other grazing-incidence devices is attributed to a fortuitous residual on-axis aberration dependence on short wavelengths recent advances in mirror fabrication, including a new thin-film deposition technique to correct figure errors precisely in one dimension and novel design.",
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"sentence": "For even higher resolutions, a means of creating precise aspherical mirrors of spheric-quality microroughness may be possible by use of the same deposition technique.",
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}
]
},
{
"abstract": "To measure the burn history in an inertial confinement fusion experiment, we have developed a new neutron detector based on plastic scintillation fibers. Twenty-five fiber scintillators were arranged in a geometry compensation configuration by which the time-of-flight difference of the neutrons is compensated by the transit time difference of light passing through the fibers. Each fiber scintillator is spliced individually to an ultraviolet optical fiber that is coupled to a streak camera. We have demonstrated a significant improvement of sensitivity compared with the usual bulk scintillator coupled to a bundle of the same ultraviolet fibers.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1147667",
"title": "Fiber scintillator/streak camera detector for burn history measurement in inertial confinement fusion experiment",
"year_published": 1997,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Streak camera",
"Scintillator",
"Optical fiber",
"Optoelectronics",
"Fiber",
"Neutron detection",
"Detector"
],
"first_author": "N. Miyanaga",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "The authors present an improved strategy for performing simulations of inertial confinement fusion. The commonly used strategy of beginning the simulation in two dimensions and later mapping it to three dimensions has significant shortcomings. The authors demonstrate that introducing suitable nonuniform perturbations at the time of the mapping produces results in good agreement with purely three-dimensional simulations and with available experimental data.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.89.053302",
"title": "Three-dimensional simulation strategy to determine the effects of turbulent mixing on inertial-confinement-fusion capsule performance.",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Plasma turbulence",
"Three dimensional simulation",
"Turbulent mixing",
"Experimental data",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Brian Haines",
"scholarly_citations_count": 44,
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}
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},
{
"abstract": "The double Z-pinch hohlraum high-yield concept [Hammer et al., Phys. Plasmas 6, 2129 (1999)] utilizes two 63-MA Z pinches to heat separate primary hohlraums at either end of a secondary hohlraum containing the cryogenic fusion capsule. Recent experiments on the Z accelerator [Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)] at Sandia National Laboratories have developed an advanced single-sided power feed, double Z-pinch load to study radiation symmetry and pinch power balance using implosion capsules [Cuneo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 215004 (2002)]. Point-projection x-ray imaging with the Z-Beamlet Laser mapped the trajectory and distortion of 2-mm diameter plastic ablator capsules. Using the backlit capsule distortion as a symmetry diagnostic, the ability to predictably tune symmetry at the <10% level in fluence by modifying the hohlraum geometry has been demonstrated. Systematic control of the time-integrated P2 Legendre mode asymmetry coefficient over a range of \u00b16% (\u00b12% considering points nearest the...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhPl...10.1854V/abstract",
"title": "Radiation symmetry control for inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions in double Z-pinch hohlraums on Z",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Distortion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Pinch",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Z-pinch",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Roger Alan Vesey",
"scholarly_citations_count": 29,
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},
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"entity": "radiation"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "Point-projection -ray imaging with the Z-Beamlet Laser mapped the trajectory and distortion of 2-mm diameter plastic ablator capsules.",
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"sentence": "Using the backlit capsule distortion as a symmetry diagnostic, the ability to predictably tune symmetry at the 10 level in fluence by modifying the hohlraum geometry has been demonstrated.",
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"sentence": "Systematic control of the time-integrated P2 Legendre mode asymmetry coefficient over a range of 6 2 considering points nearest the...",
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},
{
"abstract": "The authors measure crucial neutron cross sections for ${}^{124}$Xe, a fusion dopant in deuterium-tritium capsules, with a predicted high neutron-capture rate. The data provides an accurate experimental basis to interpret measurements of the ${}^{125}$Xe/${}^{123}$Xe ratio, which is a sensitive diagnostic tool for the fuel density of the plasma in the capsules during the implosion.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1181157-comprehensive-sets-xe-xe-xe-xe-cross-section-data-assessment-inertial-confinement-deuterium-tritium-fusion-plasma",
"title": "Comprehensive sets of Xe 124 ( n , \u03b3 ) Xe 125 and Xe 124 ( n , 2 n ) Xe 123 cross-section data for assessment of inertial-confinement deuterium-tritium fusion plasma",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Dopant",
"Implosion",
"Fusion plasma",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Megha Bhike",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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{
"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion experiments at both the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics OMEGA laser facility currently utilize Cherenkov detectors, with fused silica as the Cherenkov medium. At the NIF, the Quartz Cherenkov Detectors improve the precision of neutron time-of-flight measurements; and at OMEGA, the Diagnostic for Areal Density provides measurements of capsule shell areal densities. An inherent property of fused silica is the radiator's relatively low energy threshold for Cherenkov photon production (Ethreshold < 1\u00a0MeV), making it advantageous over gas-based Cherenkov detectors for experiments requiring low-energy \u03b3 detection. The Vacuum Cherenkov Detector (VCD) has been specifically designed for efficient detection of low energy \u03b3's. Its primary use is in implosion experiments, which will study reactions relevant to stellar and big-bang nucleosynthesis, such as T(4He,\u03b3)7Li, 4He(3He,\u03b3)7Be, and 12C(p,\u03b3)13N. The VCD is compatible with LLE's standard Ten-Inch Manipulator diagnostic insertion module. This work will outline the design and characterization of the VCD as well as provide results from recent experiments conducted at the OMEGA laser facility.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0101830",
"title": "The Vacuum Cherenkov Detector (VCD) for \u03b3-ray measurements in inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Cherenkov radiation",
"Implosion",
"Cherenkov detector",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Van de Graaff generator",
"Detector",
"Nuclear physics",
"Neutron",
"Optics",
"Laser",
"Plasma",
"Beam (structure)"
],
"first_author": "J Jeet",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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}
]
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"sentence": "An inherent property of fused silica is the radiators relatively low energy threshold for Cherenkov photon production Ethreshold 4He,\u03b37Li, 4He3He,\u03b37Be, and 12Cp,\u03b313N. The VCD is compatible with LLEs standard Ten-Inch Manipulator diagnostic insertion module.",
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"abstract": "Experiments have been performed to measure the effect of /sup 137//sub 55/Cs gamma emission on the length and distribution of long chains of CO/sub 2/ laser-induced plasma beads in atmospheric pressure air. Schlieren photography data show that negative ions produced by the /sup 137//sub 55/Cs source result in a shift of the breakdown plasma to lower CO/sub 2/ laser intensity regions. No significant change in the total plasma length or uniformity has been observed. These experiments are relevant to the role of wall activation in fusion reactors using electron or light ion beams injected through plasma channels.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6934955-effects-gamma-emission-laser-ionized-plasma-channels-inertial-confinement-fusion-reactors",
"title": "Effects of gamma emission on laser ionized plasma channels for inertial confinement fusion reactors",
"year_published": 1983,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Ionization",
"Atmospheric pressure",
"Fusion power",
"Laser",
"Gamma ray",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Ronald M. Gilgenbach",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "Time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy is used to study the implosion of indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion capsules on the Nova laser. Through the use of Ar dopant in the fuel, measurements of the peak temperature, from emission line ratios, and density, from line broadening, are obtained. These measurements indicate peak electron temperatures of [similar to]1--1.6 keV and electron and deuteron densities in the range of (1.0--2.0)[times]10[sup 24] cm[sup [minus]3], depending on the type of laser drive used. These ion densities, which approach those of stellar interiors, are the highest inferred by direct analysis of Stark-braodened line profiles.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1263",
"title": "X-ray spectroscopic measurements of high densities and temperatures from indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion capsules.",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Atomic electron transition",
"Implosion",
"Spectroscopy",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Spectral line",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Emission spectrum"
],
"first_author": "B. A. Hammel",
"scholarly_citations_count": 117,
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"abstract": "Neutron-based diagnostics are typically used to infer compressed core conditions such as areal density and ion temperature in deuterium\u2013tritium (D\u2013T) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. Asymmetries in the observed neutron-related quantities are important to understanding failure modes in these implosions. Neutrons from fusion reactions and their subsequent interactions including elastic scattering and neutron-induced deuteron breakup reactions are tracked to create spectra. It is shown that background subtraction is important for inferring areal density from backscattered neutrons and is less important for the forward-scattered neutrons. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of a cryogenic implosion on the OMEGA Laser System [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] using the hydrodynamic code HYDRA [Marinak et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 2275 (2001)] is post-processed using the tracking code IRIS3D. It is shown that different parts of the neutron spectrum from the view can be mapped into different regions of the implosion, enabling an inference of an areal-density map. It is also shown that the average areal-density and an areal-density map of the compressed target can be reconstructed with a finite number of detectors placed around the target chamber. Ion temperatures are inferred from the width of the D\u2013D and D\u2013T fusion neutron spectra. Backgrounds can significantly alter the inferred ion temperatures from the D\u2013D reaction, whereas they insignificantly influence the inferred D\u2013T ion temperatures for the areal densities typical of OMEGA implosions. Asymmetries resulting in fluid flow in the core are shown to influence the absolute inferred ion temperatures from both reactions, although relative inferred values continue to reflect the underlying asymmetry pattern. The work presented here is part of the wide range of the first set of studies performed with IRIS3D. This code will continue to be used for post-processing detailed hydrodynamic simulations and interpreting observed neutron spectra in ICF implosions.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5016856",
"title": "Three-dimensional modeling of the neutron spectrum to infer plasma conditions in cryogenic inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Elastic scattering",
"Implosion",
"Computational physics",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "F. Weilacher",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility are designed to understand the basic principles of creating self-sustaining fusion reactions by laser driven compression of deuterium-tritium (DT) filled cryogenic plastic capsules. The neutron imaging diagnostic provides information on the distribution of the central fusion reaction region and the surrounding DT fuel by observing neutron images in two different energy bands for primary (13-17 MeV) and down-scattered (6-12 MeV) neutrons. From this, the final shape and size of the compressed capsule can be estimated and the symmetry of the compression can be inferred. These experiments provide small sources with high yield neutron flux. An aperture design that includes an array of pinholes and penumbral apertures has provided the opportunity to image the same source with two different techniques. This allows for an evaluation of these different aperture designs and reconstruction algorithms.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23126842",
"title": "Simultaneous usage of pinhole and penumbral apertures for imaging small scale neutron sources from inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Neutron source",
"Nuclear physics",
"Pinhole",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Neutron flux"
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"first_author": "N. Guler",
"scholarly_citations_count": 17,
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{
"abstract": "Measurements of the ratio of dt to dd neutrons from pure deuterium fuel have been used as a method for determination of fuel areal density (\u3008\u03c1R\u3009). The relationship between fuel \u3008\u03c1R\u3009 and dt neutron production becomes uncertain for \u3008\u03c1R\u3009 values large enough that the 1.01\u2010MeV tritons from the d(d,t)p reaction lose a significant amount of energy in the fuel. A method based on neutron spectroscopy is described that improves the determination of fuel \u3008\u03c1R\u3009 in the region where tritons lose significant energy but have not yet thermalized. Charged particle stopping powers relevant to inertial confinement fusion ignition conditions may also be determined.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JAP....62.2233C/abstract",
"title": "Neutron spectra from inertial confinement fusion targets for measurement of fuel areal density and charged particle stopping powers",
"year_published": 1987,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Stopping power (particle radiation)",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Neutron spectroscopy",
"Energy source",
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"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "M. D. Cable",
"scholarly_citations_count": 72,
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"abstract": "The areal density (\u03c1R) of cryogenic DT implosions on Omega is inferred by measuring the spectrum of neutrons that elastically scatter off the dense deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fuel. Neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) techniques are used to measure the energy spectrum with high resolution. High signal-to-background data has been recorded on cryogenic DT implosions using a well-collimated 13.4-m line of sight and an nTOF detector with an advanced liquid scintillator compound. An innovative method to analyze the elastically scattered neutron spectra was developed using well-known cross sections of the DT nuclear reactions. The estimated areal densities are consistent with alternative \u03c1R measurements and 1-D simulations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4742926",
"title": "High-resolution spectroscopy used to measure inertial confinement fusion neutron spectra on Omega (invited).",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Neutron",
"Scintillator",
"Particle detector",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Neutron spectroscopy",
"Deuterium",
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"first_author": "Chad Forrest",
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"abstract": "The formulation of a general method is presented for the stability analysis of the spherically shaped surface of a gas bubble inside a thin, finite, incompressible liquid layer of a ternary D\u2013T mixture as found in a spherical cryogenic inertial confinement fusion target. A force balance on the liquid\u2013vapor interface is performed to find the initial surface\u2010tension gradient required to hold the liquid layer uniform. A node centered, finite volume, central difference formulation is then used to solve numerically the transient continuity, Navier\u2013Stokes, and energy equations in the presence of a variety of nonaxisymmetric perturbations. The approach used in establishing the appropriate numerical procedures is described.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5603718-general-method-stability-analysis-uniform-liquid-fuel-layer-inside-spherical-shell-inertial-confinement-fusion-target",
"title": "A general method for the stability analysis of a uniform liquid fuel layer inside a spherical shell inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Spherical shell",
"Physics",
"Finite difference",
"Navier\u2013Stokes equations",
"Finite volume method",
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"abstract": "Abstract Nano\u2010TiO2 doped polystyrene (PS) materials (TiO2\u2010d\u2010PS) used for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets were prepared by means of melt blending. The effect of the pretreatment process, including coupling agents and ultrasonic dispersion on nano\u2010TiO2, was studied. Tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the TiO2\u2010d\u2010PS materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to characterize the degree of dispersion of nano\u2010TiO2 in the PS matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements were introduced to demonstrate the surface state of untreated and pretreated nano\u2010TiO2. The results showed that coupling agents improved the interfacial adhesion between the PS matrix and dopants; ultrasonic dispersion contributed to the increase in the tensile properties of the TiO2\u2010d\u2010PS materials. The dispersion stability of nano\u2010TiO2 powder and the stability of the TiO2\u2010d\u2010PS materials were sig...",
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"title": "Preparation and Characterization of Nano\u2010TiO2 Doped Polystyrene Materials by Melt Blending for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Ultimate tensile strength",
"Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy",
"Composite material",
"Dispersion (optics)",
"Materials science",
"Scanning electron microscope",
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"abstract": "During the past few years, substantial progress has been made in developing experimental techniques capable of investigating the response of materials to dynamic loading on nanosecond time scales and shorter, with multiple diagnostics probing different aspects of the behavior. These relatively short time scales are scientifically interesting because plastic flow and phase changes in common materials with simple crystal structures\u2014such as iron\u2014may be suppressed, allowing unusual states to be induced and the dynamics of plasticity and polymorphism to be explored. Loading by laser-induced ablation can be particularly convenient: this technique has been used to impart shocks and isentropic compression waves from \u223c1to200GPa in a range of elements and alloys, with diagnostics including line imaging surface velocimetry, surface displacement (framed area imaging), x-ray diffraction (single crystal and polycrystal), ellipsometry, and Raman spectroscopy. A major motivation has been the study of the properties of beryllium under conditions relevant to the fuel capsule in inertial confinement fusion: magnetically driven shock and isentropic compression shots at Z were used to investigate the equation of state and shock melting characteristics, complemented by laser ablation experiments to investigate plasticity and heterogeneous response from the polycrystalline microstructure. These results will help to constrain acceptable tolerances on manufacturing, and possible loading paths, for inertial fusion ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Laser-based techniques are being developed further for future material dynamics experiments, where it should be possible to obtain high quality data on strength and phase changes up to at least 1TPa.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhPl...12e6308S/abstract",
"title": "Dynamic response of materials on subnanosecond time scales, and beryllium properties for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Physics",
"Fusion ignition",
"Velocimetry",
"Dynamic loading",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Laser ablation",
"Beryllium",
"Mechanics",
"Shock wave"
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"first_author": "Damian Swift",
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"abstract": "A novel X-ray diagnostic of laser-fusion plasmas is described, allowing 2D monochromatic images of hot, dense plasmas to be obtained in any X-ray photon energy range, over a large domain, on a single-shot basis. The device (named Energy-encoded Pinhole Camera - EPiC) is based upon the use of an array of many pinholes coupled to a large area CCD camera operating in the single-photon mode. The available X-ray spectral domain is only limited by the Quantum Efficiency of scientific-grade X-ray CCD cameras, thus extending from a few keV up to a few tens of keV. Spectral 2D images of the emitting plasma can be obtained at any X-ray photon energy provided that a sufficient number of photons had been collected at the desired energy. Results from recent ICF related experiments will be reported in order to detail the new diagnostic.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.0405",
"title": "A novel technique for single-shot energy-resolved 2D X-ray imaging of plasmas relevant for the Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Photon",
"Quantum efficiency",
"Pinhole camera",
"Photon energy",
"Range (particle radiation)",
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"abstract": "An accurate equation of state for deuterium-tritium mixture is of crucial importance in inertial confinement fusion. The equation of state can determine the compressibility of the imploding target and the energy deposited into the fusion fuel. In the present work, a new deuterium-tritium equation of state, which is calculated according to quantum molecular dynamic and orbital free molecular dynamic simulations, has been used to study the target implosion hydrodynamics. The results indicate that the peak density predicted by the new equation of state is \u223c10% higher than the quotidian equation of state data. During the implosion, the areal density and neutron yield are also discussed.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4922900",
"title": "Applications of deuterium-tritium equation of state based on density functional theory in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Density functional theory",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Computational physics",
"Equation of state",
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"first_author": "Cong Wang",
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"abstract": "The next generation of large scale fusion devices--ITER/LMJ/NIF--will require diagnostic components to operate in environments far more severe than those encountered in present facilities. This harsh environment is the result of high fluxes of neutrons, gamma rays, energetic ions, electromagnetic radiation, and in some cases, debris and shrapnel, at levels several orders of magnitude higher than those experienced in today's devices. The similarities and dissimilarities between environmental effects on diagnostic components for the inertial confinement and magnetic confinement fusion fields have been assessed. Areas in which considerable overlap have been identified are optical transmission materials and optical fibers in particular, neutron detection systems and electronics needs. Although both fields extensively use cables in the hostile environment, there is little overlap because the environments and requirements are very different.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/79/10/10.1063/1.2972024",
"title": "Diagnostic components in harsh radiation environments : Possible overlap in R&D requirements of inertial confinement and magnetic fusion systems",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Physics",
"Orders of magnitude (temperature)",
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"Aerospace engineering",
"Neutron",
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"first_author": "J.-L. Bourgade",
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"abstract": "A new direct method to measure fuel-pusher mixing rate in deutrium fuel is presented. The method involves two secondary nuclear fusion reactions, D(t, n)4He and D(3He, p)4He, where triton and 3He nucleus are the products of primary fusion reactions. The required conditions for which the method may be applied are also briefly discussed.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JaJAP..26L1301N/abstract",
"title": "Two Secondary Fusion Reactions in Deuterium Fuel as a Diagnostic for Fuel-Pusher Mixing Rate in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1987,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Mixing (physics)",
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"Chemistry",
"Nuclear fuel",
"Thermonuclear reaction",
"Muon-catalyzed fusion",
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"sentence": "The method involves two secondary nuclear fusion reactions, Dt, n4He and D3He, p4He, where triton and 3He nucleus are the products of primary fusion reactions.",
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"abstract": "Experiments designed to investigate the transition to non-collisional behavior in D3He-gas inertial confinement fusion target implosions display increasingly large discrepancies with respect to simulations by standard hydrodynamics codes as the expected ion mean-free-paths \u03bbc increase with respect to the target radius R (i.e., when the Knudsen number NK=\u03bbc/R grows). To take properly into account large NK's, multi-ion-species Vlasov-Fokker-Planck computations of the inner gas in the capsules have been performed, for two different values of NK, one moderate and one large. The results, including nuclear yield, reactivity-weighted ion temperatures, nuclear emissivities, and surface brightness, have been compared with the experimental data and with the results of hydrodynamical simulations, some of which include an ad hoc modeling of kinetic effects. The experimental results are quite accurately rendered by the kinetic calculations in the smaller-NK case, much better than by the hydrodynamical calculations. Th...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4939025",
"title": "Ion-kinetic simulations of D-3He gas-filled inertial confinement fusion target implosions with moderate to large Knudsen number",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Vlasov equation",
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"abstract": "The need of cryogenic hydrogenic fuels in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ignition targets has been long been established. Efficient implosion of such targets has mandated keeping the adiabat of the main fuel layer at low levels to ensure drive energies are kept at reasonable minima. The use of cryogenic fuels helps meet this requirement and has therefore become the standard in most ICF ignition designs. To date most theoretical ICF ignition target designs have assumed a homogeneous layer of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel kept slightly below the triple point. However, recent work has indicated that, as cryogenic fuel layers are formed inside an ICF capsule, isotopic dissociation of the tritium (T), deuterium (D), and DT takes place leading to a \u201cfractionation\u201d of the final ice layer. This paper will numerically investigate the effects that various scenarios of fractionation have on hot-spot formation, ignition, and burn in ICF ignition target designs.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:38050222",
"title": "Effect of experimentally observed hydrogenic fractionation on inertial confinement fusion ignition target performance",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Fusion ignition",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Implosion",
"Cryogenic fuel",
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"abstract": "We identify vapor-etched grain boundary grooves on the solid-vapor interface as the main source of surface roughness in the deuterium-tritium (D\u2013T) fuel layers, which are solidified and then cooled. Current inertial confinement fusion target designs impose stringent limits to the cross-sectional area and total volume of these grooves. Formation of these grain boundaries occurs over time scales of hours as the dislocation network anneals and is inevitable in a plastically deformed material. Therefore, either cooling on a much shorter time scale or a technique that requires no cooling after solidification should be used to minimize the roughness.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/94/6/10.1063/1.3080655",
"title": "Single crystal growth and formation of defects in deuterium-tritium layers for inertial confinement nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Mechanics",
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"abstract": "In the overall design of an inertial fusion reactor driven by ion beams or lasers the target design plays a central role. The concept of central ignition is used to reduce the input energy of the driver as much as possible. In this respect, the range of the 3.5 MeV alpha particles at 1\u201320 keV released by the fusion reactions i n D-T is crucial for estimating the driver parameters. Further, for the calculation of the pellet gain and the burn processes, the ranges of alpha particles at temperatures up to 200 keV and at densities up to 1000 gcm\u22123 must be accurately known. The 14.1 MeV neutrons produced during the D-T reaction can collide with the deuterium and tritium ions and produce suprathermal knock-on ions which then slow down in the background plasma. This effect must also be calculated, especially for reactor-size pellets for which the pellet \u03c1R is comparable to the neutron mean free path. The stopping power of low atomic fusion products and deuterium and tritium ions in D-T is calculated, using the dielectric function theory for the stopping power of electrons. The theory of the energy deposition of ions in fully ionized, quantum and classical, ideal and non-ideal dense plasmas is reviewed. The GORGON computer code is used for the numerical calculations. The results obtained are compared with the results of other authors and with their theoretical methods.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/26/5/002",
"title": "Theory and calculation of the energy loss of charged particles in inertial confinement fusion burning plasmas",
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"abstract": "The burn characteristics are examined of an inertially confined advanced fuel pellet ignited by D-T burn, i.e. a D-T ignitor/D-D fuel and a D-T ignitor/D-3He fuel pellet. With the help of numerical simulations of a bare target model, conditions are derived for the pellet compression needed in an advanced fuel fusion reactor. It is found that a D-T/D-D pellet having a total \u03c1R value of ~ 13 gcm\u22122 and an ignitor with a \u03c1R of ~ 5 gcm\u22122 is required for a reactor operating without tritium breeding blanket. A scaling chart of the fuel burnup and the internal tritium breeding ratio is given, and a condition to be imposed on the ignitor for efficient burn is discussed.",
"URL": "http://stacks.iop.org/0029-5515/28/i=4/a=008/pdf",
"title": "Burn characteristics of D-T ignited D-D and D-3He fuel pellets for inertial confinement fusion reactors",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Pellet",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Burnup",
"Blanket",
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"abstract": "AbstractThe recent High Yield Lithium-Injection Fusion Energy (HYLIFE-II) reactor design employs a curtain of oscillating molten-salt sheet jets to protect the fusion chamber walls. The current literature is inadequate for predicting how well the geometry of these turbulent jets can be controlled in a vacuum environment. Designing such jet systems requires experimental investigation, and this paper outlines scaled experiments to validate HYLIFE-II jet requirements.",
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"title": "Scale modeling of oscillating sheet jets for the HYLIFE-II inertial-confinement fusion reactor",
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"abstract": "Targets have been designed that produce moderate to high gain when directly driven by lasers. The intrinsic sensitivity of these targets to hydro instabilities is found using the FAST(2D) multidimensional radiation hydrocode [J. H. Gardner, A. J. Schmitt, J. P. Dahlburg et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 1935 (1998)], which simulates the simultaneous behavior of a large bandwidth (e.g., l=2\u2013256) of perturbations from compression to acceleration, and then to stagnation and burn. The development of the structure in these multimode simulations is benchmarked to theoretical analysis and single-mode calculations, which reveals the need to \u201crenormalize\u201d the simulation after compression. The simulations predict that a direct drive point design is expected to degrade significantly from its one-dimensional clean yield, yet still ignite and give appreciable gain. Simulations of high-gain pellets using a spike prepulse to inhibit Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov growth show a considerable robustness, with high (>100) gains possible even wit...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhPl...11.2716S/abstract",
"title": "Large-scale high-resolution simulations of high gain direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Multi-mode optical fiber",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Computational physics",
"Laser",
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"first_author": "Andrew J. Schmitt",
"scholarly_citations_count": 33,
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"abstract": "A long-standing problem in the field of laser-plasma interactions is to successfully employ multiple-ion species plasmas to reduce stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hohlraum conditions. Multiple-ion species increase significantly the linear Landau damping for acoustic waves. Consequently, recent hohlraum designs for indirect-drive ignition on the National Ignition Facility investigate wall liner material options so that the liner gain for parametric instabilities will be below threshold for the onset SBS. Although the effect of two-ion species plasmas on Landau damping has been directly observed with Thomson scattering, early experiments on SBS in these plasmas have suffered from competing non-linear effects or laser beam filamentation. In this study, a reduction of SBS scattering to below the percent level has been observed in hohlraums at Omega that emulate the plasma conditions in an indirect drive ICF experiments. These experiments have measured the laser-plasma interaction processes in ignition-relevant high-electron temperature regime demonstrating Landau damping as a controlling process for SBS. The hohlraums have been filled with various fractions of CO{sub 2} and C{sub 3}H{sub 8} varying the ratio of the light (H) to heavy (C and O) ion density from 0 to 2.6. They have been heated by 14.5 kJmore\u00a0\u00bb of 351-nm light, thus increasing progressively Landau damping by an order of magnitude at constant electron density and temperature. A delayed 351-nm interaction beam, spatially smoothed to produce a 200-{micro}m laser spot at best focus, has propagated along the axis of the hohlraum. The backscattered light, both into the lens and outside, the transmitted light through the hohlraum plasma and the radiation temperature of the hohlraum has been measured. For ignition relevant laser intensities (3-9 10{sup 14} Wcm{sup -2}), we find that the SBS reflectivity scales as predicted with Landau damping from >30% to <1%. Simultaneously, the hohlraum radiation temperature increased indicating improved coupling of the heater beams. These observations provide strong justification to pursue employing multiple-ion species plasmas in current target designs for the first attempt at ignition on the National Ignition Facility.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPTI1006N/abstract",
"title": "Suppression of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in multiple-ion species inertial confinement fusion Hohlraum Plasmas.",
"year_published": 2007,
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"Atomic physics",
"Scattering",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "First measurements of hydrodynamic growth near peak implosion velocity in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion at the National Ignition Facility were obtained using a self-radiographing technique and a preimposed Legendre mode 40, \u03bb=140\u2009\u2009\u03bcm, sinusoidal perturbation. These are the first measurements of the total growth at the most unstable mode from acceleration Rayleigh-Taylor achieved in any ICF experiment to date, showing growth of the areal density perturbation of \u223c7000\u00d7. Measurements were made at convergences of \u223c5 to \u223c10\u00d7 at both the waist and pole of the capsule, demonstrating simultaneous measurements of the growth factors from both lines of sight. The areal density growth factors are an order of magnitude larger than prior experimental measurements and differed by \u223c2\u00d7 between the waist and the pole, showing asymmetry in the measured growth factors. These new measurements significantly advance our ability to diagnose perturbations detrimental to ICF implosions, uniquely intersecting the change from an accelerating to decelerating shell, with multiple simultaneous angular views.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.035001",
"title": "Measurement of Hydrodynamic Growth near Peak Velocity in an Inertial Confinement Fusion Capsule Implosion using a Self-Radiography Technique",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Legendre polynomials",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Order of magnitude",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Area density",
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"first_author": "Louisa Pickworth",
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"abstract": "We suggest that a potentially dominant but previously neglected source of pusher-fuel and hot-spot \u201cmix\u201d may have been the main degradation mechanism for fusion energy yields of modern inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules designed and fielded to achieve high yields\u2014not hydrodynamic instabilities. This potentially dominant mix source is the spallation of small chunks or \u201cgrains\u201d of pusher material into the fuel regions whenever (1) the solid material adjacent to the fuel changes its phase by nucleation and (2) this solid material spalls under shock loading and sudden decompression. We describe this mix mechanism, support it with simulations and experimental evidence, and explain how to eliminate it and thereby allow higher yields for ICF capsules and possibly ignition at the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1241970-spallation-dominant-source-pusher-fuel-hot-spot-mix-inertial-confinement-fusion-capsules",
"title": "Spallation as a dominant source of pusher-fuel and hot-spot mix in inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Spallation",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Fusion ignition",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Fusion power",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"first_author": "Charles D. Orth",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"abstract": "The significance and nature of ion kinetic effects in D3He-filled, shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions are assessed through measurements of fusion burn profiles. Over this series of experiments, the ratio of ion-ion mean free path to minimum shell radius (the Knudsen number, NK) was varied from 0.3 to 9 in order to probe hydrodynamic-like to strongly kinetic plasma conditions; as the Knudsen number increased, hydrodynamic models increasingly failed to match measured yields, while an empirically-tuned, first-step model of ion kinetic effects better captured the observed yield trends [Rosenberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 185001 (2014)]. Here, spatially resolved measurements of the fusion burn are used to examine kinetic ion transport effects in greater detail, adding an additional dimension of understanding that goes beyond zero-dimensional integrated quantities to one-dimensional profiles. In agreement with the previous findings, a comparison of measured and simulated burn profiles shows that models including ion transport effects are able to better match the experimental results. In implosions characterized by large Knudsen numbers (NK\u2009\u223c\u20093), the fusion burn profiles predicted by hydrodynamics simulations that exclude ion mean free path effects are peaked far from the origin, in stark disagreement with the experimentally observed profiles, which are centrally peaked. In contrast, a hydrodynamics simulation that includes a model of ion diffusion is able to qualitatively match the measured profile shapes. Therefore, ion diffusion or diffusion-like processes are identified as a plausible explanation of the observed trends, though further refinement of the models is needed for a more complete and quantitative understanding of ion kinetic effects.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1183656-assessment-ion-kinetic-effects-shock-driven-inertial-confinement-fusion-icf-implosions-using-fusion-burn-imaging",
"title": "Assessment of ion kinetic effects in shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions using fusion burn imaging",
"year_published": 2015,
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"abstract": "The effects of thickness perturbations on the stability of a uniformly thick liquid layer of a ternary deuterium\u2013tritium mixture inside a spherical\u2010shell cryogenic inertial confinement fusion target are investigated. Initially, the surface tension gradient required at the liquid\u2013vapor interface to keep the liquid fuel layer uniform is calculated directly by balancing the forces acting on the interface. This method is much faster than the trial\u2010and\u2010error method previously employed. Once the value of the surface tension coefficient is known for each cell, the transient, incompressible Navier\u2013Stokes equations, along with the continuity equation, are solved using the volume\u2010of\u2010fluid algorithm for given perturbations. The solution gives the transient behavior of the liquid fuel layer for varying liquid layer thicknesses and different perturbation amplitudes and wavelengths.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1116/1.576248",
"title": "An analysis of the stability of a uniform liquid fuel layer inside a spherical-shell cryogenic inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Spherical shell",
"Cryogenics",
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"Atomic physics",
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"Liquid fuel",
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"first_author": "M. M. Islam Raja",
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"abstract": "The alpha-particle energy deposition mechanism modifies the ignition conditions of the thermonuclear Deuterium-Tritium fusion reactions, and constitutes a key issue in achieving high gain in Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions. One-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations have been performed with the code Multi-IFE [R. Ramis and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Comp. Phys. Comm. 203, 226 (2016)] to simulate the implosion of a capsule directly irradiated by a laser beam. The diffusion approximation for the alpha energy deposition has been used to optimize three laser profiles corresponding to different implosion velocities. A Monte-Carlo package has been included in Multi-IFE to calculate the alpha energy transport, and in this case the energy deposition uses both the LP [C.K. Li and R.D. Petrasso, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3059 (1993)] and the BPS [L.S. Brown, D.L. Preston, and R.L. Singleton Jr., Phys. Rep. 410, 237 (2005)] stopping power models. Homothetic transformations that maintain a constant implosion velocity have been used to map out the transition region between marginally-igniting and high-gain configurations. The results provided by the two models have been compared and it is found that - close to the ignition threshold - in order to produce the same fusion energy, the calculations performed with the BPS model require about 10% more invested energy with respect to the LP model.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.07729",
"title": "Effects of alpha stopping power modelling on the ignition threshold in a directly-driven Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Physics",
"Stopping power (particle radiation)",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Ignition system",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
"Computational physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics"
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"first_author": "Mauro Temporal",
"scholarly_citations_count": 19,
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"abstract": "Obtaining an accurate equation of state (EOS) of polystyrene (CH) is crucial to reliably design inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules using CH/CH-based ablators. With first-principles calculations, we have investigated the extended EOS of CH over a wide range of plasma conditions (\u03c1=0.1to100g/cm(3) and T=1000 to 4,000,000 K). When compared with the widely used SESAME-EOS table, the first-principles equation of state (FPEOS) of CH has shown significant differences in the low-temperature regime, in which strong coupling and electron degeneracy play an essential role in determining plasma properties. Hydrodynamic simulations of cryogenic target implosions on OMEGA using the FPEOS table of CH have predicted \u223c30% decrease in neutron yield in comparison with the usual SESAME simulations. This is attributed to the \u223c5% reduction in implosion velocity that is caused by the \u223c10% lower mass ablation rate of CH predicted by FPEOS. Simulations using CH-FPEOS show better agreement with measurements of Hugoniot temperature and scattered light from ICF implosions.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26565353/",
"title": "First-principles equation of state of polystyrene and its effect on inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Electron degeneracy pressure",
"Physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Atomic physics",
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"Polystyrene",
"Omega",
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"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
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"abstract": "Diagnosing plasma magnetization in inertial confinement fusion implosions is important for understanding how magnetic fields affect implosion dynamics and to assess plasma conditions in magnetized implosion experiments. Secondary deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) reactions provide two diagnostic signatures to infer neutron-averaged magnetization. Magnetically confining fusion tritons from deuterium\u2013deuterium (DD) reactions in the hot spot increases their path lengths and energy loss, leading to an increase in the secondary DT reaction yield. In addition, the distribution of magnetically confined DD-triton is anisotropic, and this drives anisotropy in the secondary DT neutron spectra along different lines of sight. Implosion parameter space as well as sensitivity to the applied B-field, fuel \u03c1R, temperature, and hot-spot shape will be examined using Monte Carlo and 2D radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0043381",
"title": "Diagnosing plasma magnetization in inertial confinement fusion implosions using secondary deuterium-tritium reactions.",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Implosion",
"Magnetization",
"Deuterium",
"Plasma",
"Anisotropy"
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"first_author": "H. Sio",
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"abstract": "The use of measured spectra of secondary fusion protons for studying physical characteristics of D2-filled inertial confinement fusion capsules is described theoretically and demonstrated with data from implosions in the OMEGA 60-beam laser facility. Spectra were acquired with a magnet-based charged-particle spectrometer and with a range-filter-based spectrometer utilizing filters and CR39 nuclear track detectors. Measurement of mean proton energy makes possible the study of a capsule\u2019s total areal density (\u03c1R), since that is what affects the energy loss suffered by protons as they pass through fuel and shell while leaving the capsule. Details of specific shots will be presented. It is also shown that similar techniques should prove useful for diagnosis of future experiments with cryogenic D2-filled capsules.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RScI...72..863S/abstract",
"title": "Diagnostic use of secondary proton spectra for D2-filled inertial confinement fusion targets (abstract)",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Magnet",
"Cryogenics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Area density",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Deuterium"
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"first_author": "F. H. S\u00e9guin",
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"abstract": "In inertial fusion experiments, the use of polymer shells provides more efficient ablative implosion and significantly reduced radiation preheat compared with the glass shells currently used. We have developed a method of fabricating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) shells overcoated with a polystyrene (PS) layer. The method utilizes the emulsion technique previously developed by us, and employs three different liquid phases. A 5 wt. % aqueous PVA solution is mixed with a 7 wt. % PS solution in dichloromethane while stirring. The mixture is then poured into a 1 wt. % PS solution in cidhloromethane while stirring. The mixture is then poured into a 1 wt. % aqueous gelatin solution. The resulting emulsion is heated to evaporate the dichloromethane, resulting in solid PS shells encapsulating the PVA solution. The PS shells are subsequently washed and dried in vacuum to drive off the remaining water. As a result, a PVA shell is formed inside an overcoating PS shell which exhibits a good surface quality in the outer diameter and wall thickness regime currently desired by inertial confinement fusion experimenters.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.574740",
"title": "Development of polyvinyl alcohol shells overcoated with polystyrene layer for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1987,
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"Composite material",
"Aqueous solution",
"Materials science",
"Polystyrene",
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"Polyvinyl alcohol",
"Gelatin",
"Surface coating",
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"sentence": "The mixture is then poured into a 1 wt. aqueous gelatin solution.",
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"sentence": "The resulting emulsion is heated to evaporate the dichloromethane, resulting in solid PS shells encapsulating the PVA solution.",
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"entity": "water"
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"sentence": "As a result, a PVA shell is formed inside an overcoating PS shell which exhibits a good surface quality in the outer diameter and wall thickness regime currently desired by inertial confinement fusion experimenters.",
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{
"abstract": "A combined approach to study cold rarefied matter is introduced that includes a semianalytical method based on the free-energy minimization and ab initio calculations based on the finite-temperature density-functional theory. The approach is used to calculate the ionization state of hydrocarbon (CH) under the shock-release conditions in inertial confinement fusion. The dielectric constant of CH is calculated using the Kubo-Greenwood formulation and contribution from atomic polarizabilities is found to be as important as the free-electron contribution. Using the ionization state and dielectric constant, the electron density profile in the rarefaction wave of the shock-release plasma is obtained.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.104.045207",
"title": "Ionization state and dielectric constant in cold rarefied hydrocarbon plasmas of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron density",
"Rarefaction",
"Dielectric",
"Ab initio quantum chemistry methods",
"Atomic physics",
"Ionization",
"Hydrocarbon",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "A. Shvydky",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "A double Z pinch driving a cylindrical secondary hohlraum from each end has been developed which can indirectly drive intertial confinement fusion capsule implosions with time-averaged radiation fields uniform to 2%-4%. 2D time-dependent view factor and 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations using the measured primary hohlraum temperatures show that capsule convergence ratios of at least 10 with average distortions from sphericity of /r 200 MJ.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.215004",
"title": "Double Z-pinch hohlraum drive with excellent temperature balance for symmetric inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions.",
"year_published": 2002,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Sphericity",
"Z-pinch",
"Hohlraum",
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"first_author": "M. E. Cuneo",
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"abstract": "Implosion asymmetry is a crucial problem quenching ignition in the field of inertial confinement fusion. A forward-calculation method based on 1D and 2D hydrodynamic simulations has been developed to generate and to study the x-ray images of hot-spot self-emission, indicating asymmetry integrated over the entire drive pulse. It is shown that the x-ray imaging photon energy should be higher to avoid the influence of remaining shell. The contour level (percentage of the maximum emission intensity) and spatial resolution should be as low as possible, optimally less than 20% and 3 microns, for characterization of higher-mode signatures such as P8 to P12 by x-ray self-emission images. On the contrary, signatures of lower-mode such as P2 remain clear at all contour levels and spatial resolutions. These key results can help determine the optimal diagnostics, laser and target parameters for implosion experiments. Recent typical hot-spot asymmetry measurements and applications on Shenguang 100kJ-class laser facility are also reported.",
"URL": "http://pst.hfcas.ac.cn/EN/10.1088/2058-6272/ab9804",
"title": "Study of the asymmetry of hot-spot self-emission imaging of inertial confinement fusion implosion driven by high-power laser facilities",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Implosion",
"Image resolution",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Photon energy",
"Asymmetry",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "Dong Yunsong",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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{
"abstract": "The linear stability analysis of accelerated double ablation fronts is carried out numerically with a self-consistent approach. Accurate hydrodynamic profiles are taken into account in the theoretical model by means of a fitting parameters method using 1D simulation results. Numerical dispersion relation is compared to an analytical sharp boundary model [Yanez et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 052701 (2011)] showing an excellent agreement for the radiation dominated regime of very steep ablation fronts, and the stabilization due to smooth profiles. 2D simulations are presented to validate the numerical self-consistent theory.",
"URL": "http://oa.upm.es/16283/",
"title": "Self-consistent numerical dispersion relation of the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability of double ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Dispersion relation",
"Fusion power",
"Ablation",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Numerical analysis",
"Computer simulation",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Carlos Yanez",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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{
"abstract": "To quantitatively control the aspect ratio of hollow glass microspheres(HGMs)for inertial confinement fusion(ICF)targets,a model was developed to describe the relationship between HGM aspect ratios and compositions and pressures of furnace gas,based on the process analysis of transformation mechanism from gel microspheres to HGMs in the drop-tower furnace.Furthermore,the mean diameters and aspect ratios of HGM batches under different compositions and pressures of furnace gas were experimentally investigated.The results showed that the shell-blowing process from the initial molten glass bubble to the resulting liquid HGM could be regulated by the partial pressures of argon gas in the furnace atmosphere,and therefore the diameters and aspect ratios of HGMs could be quantitatively controlled by the partial pressure of argon gas in the furnace atmosphere.However,it was infeasible to produce large-diameter HGMs with target quality by simply reducing the partial pressures of argon gas to zero.To meet the stringent requirements of ICF targets,special furnace gases with enough partial pressures of helium gas must be used to obtain high quality HGMs with good sphericity,surface finish and high yield.Except for the extreme operation conditions of excessively high(0.08MPa)or low(0.01 MPa)partial pressures of argon gas in the furnace atmosphere,the predicted values of the model proposed in this work agreed well with the experimental results.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HGSZ201211015.htm",
"title": "Quantitative control of aspect ratios of hollow glass microspheres used for inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Bubble",
"Composite material",
"Sphericity",
"Materials science",
"Aspect ratio (image)",
"Glass microsphere",
"Partial pressure",
"Surface finish"
],
"first_author": "Wei Sheng",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
"abstract": "The pulsed, localized fusion source in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) permits scale-down of reactor dimensions and fusion yield in development facilities while still maintaining full-scale reactor surface and volume energy loads. Hence, the power and geometric scale of ICF development facilities can be much smaller than comparable magnetic fusion facilities. The power is reduced by reducing both the pulse rate and the target gain; however, full gain and pulse rate experiments of limited duration will be possible. At least three engineering facilities will be required for the development of heavy-ion beam or short wavelength laser driven fusion power. The design and construction times required for large facilities produce a nominal plan with a demonstration (DEMO) plant operating around the year 2018, and a crash plan with DEMO operation in 2009. Fusion breeder development is expected to follow a similar time line, except that a crash (option-limited) plan could succeed as early as the turn of the century.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_24726",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion development options: Facility characteristics and schedules from a reactor physics viewpoint",
"year_published": 1986,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Volume (computing)",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fusion",
"Power (physics)",
"Beam (structure)",
"Crash",
"Nuclear physics",
"Amplifier",
"Fusion power"
],
"first_author": "James A. Blink",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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{
"abstract": "A prototype framing x\u2010ray camera has been developed for photographic studies of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets irradiated by charged particle beams. Electron images from five, independently gated, microchannel plates are transported out of the radiation field by means of a toroidal magnetic field and are permanently recorded on film. The calculated, effective exposure time is \u2a7d5 ns (FWHM), and the resolution at the object is presently limited by the x\u2010ray pinhole optics to \u223c0.5 mm. Time\u2010resolved photographic studies have been made of luminous targets irradiated by pulsed electron and ion beams. The camera has also been adapted for single frame, x\u2010radiographic studies of nonluminous imploding targets.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647052",
"title": "Five-frame, x-ray camera for charged particle, inertial confinement fusion studies.",
"year_published": 1980,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Optics",
"Physics",
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"abstract": "Ultrafast two-dimensional (2D) x-ray imaging with a temporal resolution better than 10 ps is of great importance in diagnosing the final stages of the imploded core plasmas of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. The multi-imaging x-ray streak camera (MIXS) has been one of such imaging techniques. Recently, we have proposed another scheme, a 2D sampling-image x-ray streak camera method (2D-SIXS). In this scheme, a 2D image is sampled two dimensionally with a set of sampling points distributed regularly over the whole image on a cathode plate of an x-ray streak camera. The sampled image is streaked, and then, reconstructed to form the time-resolved 2D images like movie pictures. In this article, we report results of our proof-of-principle experiments of 2D-SIXS scheme performed at Gekko-XII glass laser system. A gold-coated spherical target was irradiated by three beams (0.53 \u03bcm) of Gekko-XII laser. Streaked data of 2D-SIXS were obtained and a series of time-resolved 2D x-ray images were successfully reconstructed. 2D-SIXS is suitable for very fast, short-lived, and small x-ray sources such as a hot spark in the ICF plasma as well as short-pulse-laser-produced plasmas.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RScI...70..620S/abstract",
"title": "Two-dimensional sampling-image x-ray streak camera for ultrafast imaging of inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
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"abstract": "The possibility of igniting D 3 He plasma in the fast-ignition, inertial confinement fusion scheme is discussed. Use of a small amount of DT fuel as an igniter is indispensable in order to mitigate the requirement on driver energy. Simulations have been made for a DT/ D 3 He fuel compressed to 2000 ~ 4000 times the liquid density. The DT igniter is placed at the edge of the compressed fuel. The work shows that it is possible to obtain sufficient pellet gains (\u2265100) with realistic driver energy below 10 MJ. The essential roles of DT fusion neutron and nuclear elastic scattering are clarified. The possibility to reduce the amount of DT fuel is discussed.",
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"title": "IGNITION AND BURN PROPERTIES OF DT/D3He FUEL FOR FAST-IGNITION INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION",
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"Fusion ignition",
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"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "Mode 1 radiation drive asymmetry (pole-to-pole imbalance) at significant levels can have a large impact on inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This asymmetry distorts the cold confining shell and drives a high-speed jet through the hot spot. The perturbed hot spot shows increased residual kinetic energy and reduced internal energy, and it achieves reduced pressure and neutron yield. The altered implosion physics manifests itself in observable diagnostic signatures, especially the neutron spectrum which can be used to measure the neutron-weighted flow velocity, apparent ion temperature, and neutron downscattering. Numerical simulations of implosions with mode 1 asymmetry show that the resultant simulated diagnostic signatures are moved toward the values observed in many NIF experiments. The diagnostic output can also be used to build a set of integrated implosion performance metrics. The metrics indicate that P1 has a significant impact on implosion performance a...",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/21/4/10.1063/1.4870390",
"title": "Mode 1 drive asymmetry in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Radiation",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
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"abstract": "Abstract First principles microphysics models are essential to the design and analysis of high energy density physics experiments. Using experimental data to investigate the underlying physics is also essential, particularly when simulations and experiments are not consistent with each other. This is a difficult task, due to the large number of physical models that play a role, and due to the complex and noisy nature of the experiments. This results in a large number of parameters that make any inference a daunting task; it is also very important to consistently treat both experimental and prior understanding of the problem. In this paper we present a Bayesian method that includes both these effects, and allows the inference of a set of modifiers that have been constructed to give information about microphysics models from experimental data. We pay particular attention to radiation transport models. The inference takes into account a large set of experimental parameters and an estimate of the prior knowledge through a modified \u03c7 2 function, which is minimised using an efficient genetic algorithm. Both factors play an essential role in our analysis. We find that although there is evidence of inaccuracies in off-line calculations of X-ray drive intensity and Ge L shell absorption, modifications to radiation transport are unable to reconcile differences between 1D HYDRA simulations and the experiment.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574181813000529",
"title": "Bayesian inference of inaccuracies in radiation transport physics from inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Statistical physics",
"Bayesian inference",
"Inference",
"Uncertainty quantification",
"Probability and statistics",
"Microphysics",
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"abstract": "We describe the design and function of a new time and space resolved x-ray spectrometer for use in Z-pinch inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development experiments. The spectrometer is designed to measure x-rays in the range of 0.5-1.5 A (8-25 keV) with a spectral resolution \u03bb/\u0394\u03bb \u223c 400. The purpose of this spectrometer is to measure the time- and one-dimensional space-dependent electron temperature and density during stagnation. These relatively high photon energies are required to escape the dense plasma created at stagnation and to obtain sensitivity to electron temperatures \u22733 keV. The spectrometer is of the Cauchois type, employing a large 30 \u00d7 36 mm2, transmissive quartz optic for which a novel solid beryllium holder was designed. The performance of the crystal was verified using offline tests, and the integrated system was tested using experiments on the Z pulsed power accelerator.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28147637",
"title": "A new time and space resolved transmission spectrometer for research in inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Spectral resolution",
"Radiation",
"Z-pinch",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Plasma",
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"abstract": "DANTE is a diagnostic used to measure the x-radiation drive produced by heating a high-Z cavity (\"hohlraum\") with high-powered laser beams. It records the spectrally and temporally resolved radiation flux at x-ray energies between 50 eV and 20 keV. Each sensor configuration on DANTE is composed of filters, mirrors, and x-ray diodes to define 18 different x-ray channels whose output is voltage as a function of time. The absolute flux is then determined from the photometric calibration of the sensor configuration and a spectral reconstructing algorithm. The reconstruction of the spectra vs time from the measured voltages and known response of each channel has presented challenges. We demonstrate a novel approach here for quantifying the error on the determined flux based on the channel sensor configuration and most commonly used reconstruction algorithm. In general, we find that the integrated spectral flux from a hohlraum can robustly be reconstructed (within \u223c14%) using a traditional unfold approach with as few as ten channels due to the underlying assumption of a largely Planckian spectral intensity distribution.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33820103/",
"title": "Spectral sensor error analysis for measuring x-ray radiation drive using the DANTE diagnostic toward inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"year_published": 2021,
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"abstract": "Neutron spectra from secondary ^{3}H(d,n)\u03b1 reactions produced by an implosion of a deuterium-gas capsule at the National Ignition Facility have been measured with order-of-magnitude improvements in statistics and resolution over past experiments. These new data and their sensitivity to the energy loss of fast tritons emitted from thermal ^{2}H(d,p)^{3}H reactions enable the first statistically significant investigation of charged-particle stopping via the emitted neutron spectrum. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, constrained to match a number of observables from the implosion, were used to predict the neutron spectra while employing two different energy loss models. This analysis represents the first test of stopping models under inertial confinement fusion conditions, covering plasma temperatures of k_{B}T\u22481-4\u2009\u2009keV and particle densities of n\u2248(12-2)\u00d710^{24}\u2009\u2009cm^{-3}. Under these conditions, we find significant deviations of our data from a theory employing classical collisions whereas the theory including quantum diffraction agrees with our data.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31702328",
"title": "Neutron Time-of-Flight Measurements of Charged-Particle Energy Loss in Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas.",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Physics",
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"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
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"abstract": "The ignition conditions, under which a thermonuclear burn wave propagates from an initial hot spot, and the characteristics of the propagating burn wave are investigated using a set of self-similar solutions. Although the self-similar solutions exist only for external density profile that decreases as \u03c1out\u221dr\u22121, they are shown to provide natural ignition criteria and critical profiles for more general density profiles. The concept of working lines (WLs), attractors of trajectories in the \u03c1R\u2212T plane of propagating burn waves, is introduced for density profiles \u03c1out\u221dr\u2212\u03c9. The WLs are found to be close and almost parallel to the ignition line (IL). The distance of the WLs from the IL is given analytically and shown to depend on all the physical processes involved. The spatial profiles of a burn wave propagating along the WLs are shown to be closely related to the self-similar critical profiles.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhPl....4.1385K/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion ignition criteria, critical profiles, and burn wave propagation using self-similar solutions",
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"Line (formation)",
"Attractor",
"Plane (geometry)",
"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "The observation of large, self-generated electric fields ($\\ensuremath{\\ge}{10}^{9}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{V}/\\mathrm{m}$) in imploding capsules using proton radiography has been reported [C. K. Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 225001 (2008)]. A model of pressure gradient-driven diffusion in a plasma with self-generated electric fields is developed and applied to reported neutron yield deficits for equimolar $\\mathrm{D}^{3}\\mathrm{He}$ [J. R. Rygg et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 052702 (2006)] and $(\\mathrm{DT})^{3}\\mathrm{He}$ [H. W. Herrmann et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 056312 (2009)] fuel mixtures and Ar-doped deuterium fuels [J. D. Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11, 339 (2004)]. The observed anomalies are explained as a mild loss of deuterium nuclei near capsule center arising from shock-driven diffusion in the high-field limit.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvL.105k5005A/abstract",
"title": "Plasma Barodiffusion in Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Implosions: Application to Observed Yield Anomalies in Thermonuclear Fuel Mixtures",
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"Neutron",
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"Isotopes of helium",
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"abstract": "The National Diagnostic Working Group (NDWG) has led the effort to fully exploit the major inertial confinement fusion/high-energy density facilities in the US with the best available diagnostics. These diagnostics provide key data used to falsify early theories for ignition and suggest new theories, recently leading to an experiment that exceeds the Lawson condition required for ignition. The factors contributing to the success of the NDWG, collaboration and scope evolution, and the methods of accomplishment of the NDWG are discussed in this Review. Examples of collaborations in neutron and gamma spectroscopy, x-ray and neutron imaging, x-ray spectroscopy, and deep-ultraviolet Thomson scattering are given. An abbreviated history of the multi-decade collaborations and the present semiformal management framework is given together with the latest National Diagnostic Plan.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "National Diagnostic Working Group (NDWG) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF)/high-energy density (HED) science: The whole exceeds the sum of its parts.",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Detailed knowledge of energy exchange between electrons and ions is of fundamental importance for the description of temperature relaxation and also other nonequilibrium physics in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). We present a theoretical model for the temperature relaxation rate and the related generalized Coulomb logarithm based on the Quantum Lenard\u2013Balescu (QLB) kinetic equation, where no special cutoffs are needed to be introduced. To describe the collective modes characterizing the ionic acoustic waves, a single-pole approximation is introduced for the ionic dielectric response. The proposed model for the generalized Coulomb logarithm is examined over a wide range of plasma conditions for electron temperatures between 102 and 105\u2009eV and electron densities between 1022 and \n \n \n \n 10\n \n 26\n \n \n \n \n c\n m\n \n \n \u2212\n 3\n \n \n \n \n . The values of the generalized Coulomb logarithm are demonstrated to be in excellent agreement with the ones evaluated using the original QLB kinetic approach but with much less computational cost. Comparisons with molecular dynamics simulations and other theoretical approaches are presented. For further applications of our model, we present results for the recently measured experimental Coulomb logarithm. Compared to other widely applied models such as the Landau\u2013Spitzer Coulomb logarithm, our model provides more consistent descriptions for the results of molecular dynamics simulations and also for the experimental outcomes. Our model for the generalized Coulomb logarithm is easy to calculate and can benefit efficient and reliable simulations for the ICF implosions.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/acee96/pdf",
"title": "Temperature relaxation and generalized Coulomb logarithm in two-temperature dense plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion implosions",
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"Relaxation (psychology)",
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"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "It is suggested that current requirements for high-gain inertial confinement fusion targets can be significantly reduced by using a properly shaped energetic ion beam. A criterion for programming is suggested and calculated numerically. Shaping reduces current requirements by a factor of 6 as compared with a constant pulse of the same maximal power.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JPhD...16..315H/abstract",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion of simple ablative pellets via a voltage-shaped ion beam",
"year_published": 1983,
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"abstract": "Green light (2$\\omega$) has the potential to drive ignition target for laser fusion with significantly more energy than blue light (3$\\omega$) and a relatively higher damage threshold for the optic components in the final optic assembly, but it has issues of a relatively low laser to x-ray conversion efficiency and a hard x-ray spectrum as compared to 3$\\omega$. In this paper, we propose to drive a foam hohlraum wall with an ignition laser pulse by taking a 4$\\omega$ laser at the pre-pulse and a 2$\\omega$ laser at the main-pulse, called as 4$\\omega$ - 2$\\omega$ ignition pulse. This novel design has the following advantages: (1) benefiting from 2$\\omega$ of its relatively high energy output and low damage threshold during main-pulse, (2) benefiting from foam in its relatively high laser to x-ray conversion efficiency and relatively low M-band fraction in re-emission, (3) benefiting from 4$\\omega$ of its low LPI during pre-pulse. From our 1D simulations with Au material, the laser to x-ray conversion in a foam driven by 4$\\omega$ - 2$\\omega$ pulse has an increase of $28\\%$ as compared to a solid target driven by 3$\\omega$ with the same pulse shape. The relatively thin optical depth of foam is one of the main reasons for the increase of laser to x-ray conversion efficiency inside a foam target.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00178",
"title": "Foam Au driven by 4$\\omega$ - 2$\\omega$ ignition laser pulse for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Ignition system",
"Optical depth (astrophysics)",
"Materials science",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Green-light",
"Pulse (physics)",
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"Laser power scaling"
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"first_author": "Ke Lan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "For the first time the differential cross section for the elastic neutron-triton (n-{sup 3}H) and neutron-deuteron (n-{sup 2}H) scattering at 14.1 MeV has been measured by using an inertial confinement fusion facility. In these experiments, which were carried out by simultaneously measuring elastically scattered {sup 3}H and {sup 2}H ions from a deuterium-tritium gas-filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosion, the differential cross section for the elastic n-{sup 3}H scattering was obtained with significantly higher accuracy than achieved in previous accelerator experiments. The results compare well with calculations that combine the resonating-group method with an ab initio no-core shell model, which demonstrate that recent advances in ab initio theory can provide an accurate description of light-ion reactions.",
"URL": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc828861/m2/1/high_res_d/1091884.pdf",
"title": "Measurements of the Differential Cross Sections for the Elastic n \u2212 H 3 and n \u2212 H 2 Scattering at 14.1 MeV by Using an Inertial Confinement Fusion Facility",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Nucleon",
"Atomic physics",
"Scattering",
"Elastic scattering",
"Implosion",
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"abstract": "We report on the analyses of x-ray-imaging spectroscopy data from experiments to study interspecies ion separation in direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion experiments on the Omega laser facility. This is a continuation of recent, related research [S. C. Hsu et al., Euro Phys. Lett. 115, 65001 (2016); T. R. Joshi et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 056305 (2017)]. The targets were argon (Ar)-doped, deuterium (D2)-filled spherical plastic shells of varying D2-Ar relative and total gas pressures. We used a time- and space-integrated spectrometer, streaked crystal spectrometer, and up to three time-gated multi-monochromatic x-ray imagers (MMIs) fielded along different lines of sight to record x-ray spectral features obtained from the implosions. The MMI data were recorded between first-shock convergence and slightly before the neutron bang time. We confirm the presence of interspecies ion separation as reported in our recent work. Extensions to the previous work include (a) the inclusion of shell mix in the data analysis, which slightly changes the amount of inferred species separation, (b) observation of species separation closer to the neutron bang time, and (c) fielding of the particle x-ray temporal diagnostic (PXTD) [H. Sio et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 11D701 (2016)] to infer the relative timing between the neutron bang time and peak x-ray emission. Experimentally inferred species separation is compared with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that include a multi-ion-species transport model.We report on the analyses of x-ray-imaging spectroscopy data from experiments to study interspecies ion separation in direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion experiments on the Omega laser facility. This is a continuation of recent, related research [S. C. Hsu et al., Euro Phys. Lett. 115, 65001 (2016); T. R. Joshi et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 056305 (2017)]. The targets were argon (Ar)-doped, deuterium (D2)-filled spherical plastic shells of varying D2-Ar relative and total gas pressures. We used a time- and space-integrated spectrometer, streaked crystal spectrometer, and up to three time-gated multi-monochromatic x-ray imagers (MMIs) fielded along different lines of sight to record x-ray spectral features obtained from the implosions. The MMI data were recorded between first-shock convergence and slightly before the neutron bang time. We confirm the presence of interspecies ion separation as reported in our recent work. Extensions to the previous work include (a) the inclusion of shell mix in the data an...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhPl...26f2702J/abstract",
"title": "Progress on observations of interspecies ion separation in inertial-confinement-fusion implosions via imaging x-ray spectroscopy",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"X-ray spectroscopy",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrometer",
"Argon",
"Deuterium"
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"abstract": "Here, we present the application of an advanced sparse Gaussian process-based machine learning algorithm to the challenge of predicting the yields of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The algorithm is used to investigate the parameter space of an extremely robust ICF design for the National Ignition Facility, the \u201cSimplest Design\u201d; deuterium\u2013tritium gas in a plastic ablator with a Gaussian, Planckian drive. In particular, we show that: 1) GPz has the potential to decompose uncertainty on predictions into uncertainty from lack of data and shot-to-shot variation; 2) it permits the incorporation of science-goal-specific cost-sensitive learning (CSL) , e.g., focusing on the high-yield parts of parameter space; and 3) it is very fast and effective in high dimensions.",
"URL": "https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10566/5944",
"title": "Using Sparse Gaussian Processes for Predicting Robust Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosion Yields",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Statistical physics",
"Gaussian",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Computer science",
"Gaussian process",
"Convergence (routing)",
"Parameter space",
"Thermal radiation",
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"first_author": "P. W. Hatfield",
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"abstract": "Three-dimensional (3-D) implosion asymmetries lead to significant variations in ion-temperature measurements in inertial confinement fusion experiments. We present an analytical method to generalize the physical properties of velocity variance in the Brysk ion-temperature model. This analysis provides a consistent explanation for the 3-D effects of inferred ion-temperature variations for various single modes and multimodes modeled by the deceleration-phase hydrocode DEC3D and the neutron transport code IRIS3D. The effect of the hot-spot flow asymmetry on variations in ion-temperature measurements is shown to be uniquely determined by a complete set of six hot-spot flow parameters. An approximated solution to the minimum inferred ion temperature is derived and shown to be close to the thermal ion temperature for low mode l\u2009=\u20091, which exhibits the largest anisotropic velocity variance in the single-mode spectrum. The isotropic velocity variance for low mode l\u2009=\u20092 is shown to result in the minimum inferred ion temperatures being well above the thermal ion temperature.Three-dimensional (3-D) implosion asymmetries lead to significant variations in ion-temperature measurements in inertial confinement fusion experiments. We present an analytical method to generalize the physical properties of velocity variance in the Brysk ion-temperature model. This analysis provides a consistent explanation for the 3-D effects of inferred ion-temperature variations for various single modes and multimodes modeled by the deceleration-phase hydrocode DEC3D and the neutron transport code IRIS3D. The effect of the hot-spot flow asymmetry on variations in ion-temperature measurements is shown to be uniquely determined by a complete set of six hot-spot flow parameters. An approximated solution to the minimum inferred ion temperature is derived and shown to be close to the thermal ion temperature for low mode l\u2009=\u20091, which exhibits the largest anisotropic velocity variance in the single-mode spectrum. The isotropic velocity variance for low mode l\u2009=\u20092 is shown to result in the minimum inferred i...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25j2710W/abstract",
"title": "Impact of three-dimensional hot-spot flow asymmetry on ion-temperature measurements in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
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"Thermal",
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"Neutron transport",
"Flow (psychology)",
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"abstract": "The ion temperature varying during inertial confinement fusion implosions changes the amount of Doppler broadening of the fusion products, creating subtle changes in the fusion neutron pulse as it moves away from the implosion. A diagnostic design to try to measure these subtle effects is introduced-leveraging the fast time resolution of gas Cherenkov detectors along with a multi-puck array that converts a small amount of the neutron pulse into gamma-rays, one can measure multiple snapshots of the neutron pulse at intermediate distances. Precise measurements of the propagating neutron pulse, specifically the variation in the peak location and the skew, could be used to infer time-evolved ion temperature evolved during peak compression.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0101887",
"title": "Design of multi neutron-to-gamma converter array for measuring time resolved ion temperature of inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "A method to simultaneously image both the absorption and the self-emission of an imploding inertial confinement fusion plasma has been demonstrated on the OMEGA Laser System. The technique involves the use of a high-Z backlighter, half of which is covered with a low-Z material, and a high-speed x-ray framing camera aligned to capture images backlit by this masked backlighter. Two strips of the four-strip framing camera record images backlit by the high-Z portion of the backlighter, while the other two strips record images aligned with the low-Z portion of the backlighter. The emission from the low-Z material is effectively eliminated by a high-Z filter positioned in front of the framing camera, limiting the detected backlighter emission to that of the principal emission line of the high-Z material. As a result, half of the images are of self-emission from the plasma and the other half are of self-emission plus the backlighter. The advantage of this technique is that the self-emission simultaneous with backlighter absorption is independently measured from a nearby direction. The absorption occurs only in the high-Z backlit frames and is either spatially separated from the emission or the self-emission is suppressed by filtering, or by using a backlighter much brighter than the self-emission, or by subtraction. The masked-backlighter technique has been used on the OMEGA Laser System to simultaneously measure the emission profiles and the absorption profiles of polar-driven implosions.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4894832",
"title": "Masked-backlighter technique used to simultaneously image x-ray absorption and x-ray emission from an inertial confinement fusion plasmaa)",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Framing (visual arts)",
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"abstract": "Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments are conducted in polymer capsule in which nuclear products are located. The polymer capsule is based on polystyrene polymer and are obtained by using a triphasic emulsion process. The capsule characteristics mainly depend on the number average molecular weight, the molecular weight dispersity and finally the atomic composition. It has been shown that the surface quality of capsule is directly connected to the polydispersity index. The best results have been obtained by using polystyrene which exhibited polydispersity index inferior to 1.20. The aim of this study is to develop organometallic polymers by using living radical controlled polymerization process in order to control physical properties and final composition.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_17909",
"title": "Organometallic Polymers Obtained by Living Radical Polymerization: Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments",
"year_published": 2002,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Radical polymerization",
"Dispersity",
"Molar mass distribution",
"Materials science",
"Polystyrene",
"Chemical engineering",
"Polymerization",
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"first_author": "David-Quillot Frank",
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"abstract": "The nonlinear propagation of laser beams, smoothed by spatial and temporal bandwidth, near the critical density surface of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets has been modeled. The interplay between filamentation and forward and backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is described in the presence of light reflected from the critical density surface and high absorption of light near the critical density. The spectrum of backscattered light develops a red shift due to SBS, which can be seeded by the reflection of light from the critical surface. The intensity of backscattered light decreases moderately as the bandwidth of smoothing by spectral dispersion is increased.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhPl...11.2994M/abstract",
"title": "Modeling of stimulated Brillouin scattering near the critical-density surface in the plasmas of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets",
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Brillouin scattering",
"Rayleigh scattering",
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"Bandwidth (signal processing)",
"Plasma",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n In this work, the gas-Cherenkov detector with an off-axis parabolic reflector (OprGCD) is designed using the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, which is helpful to improve the collection efficiency of Cherenkov photons. The method to study the performance of OprGCD based on femtosecond laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beams is presented. Cherenkov signals with high signal-to-noise ratio were obtained, and the measured Cherenkov signals changing with the CO2 pressure were consistent well with the simulation results. The design and study of this OprGCD system lay the foundation for the application of fusion gamma diagnostics system in large laser facilities of China.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PlST...23a5201S/abstract",
"title": "Design and performance study of a gas-Cherenkov detector with an off-axis parabolic reflector for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2020,
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"first_author": "Zifeng Song",
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"abstract": "The paper describes the preparation of the short-pulse high-energy laser PETAL that will be coupled to the French megajoule laser (LMJ) of CEA. The LMJ/PETAL facility will be opened to academic access for the international research community. In parallel diagnostics are being developed within the PETAL project and many physical problems are being addressed ranging from the study of the problems of radiation generation and activation issues to the problem of generation of large amplitude electromagnetic pulses.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.688a2012D/abstract",
"title": "Preparation of the high power laser system PETAL for experimental studies of inertial confinement fusion and high energy density states of matter",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ranging",
"Optics",
"Engineering",
"Electromagnetic pulse",
"Radiation",
"Power (physics)",
"Energy density",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "Emmanuel d'Humi\u00e8res",
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"abstract": "Accurate knowledge of the equation of state (EOS) of deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) mixtures is critically important for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Although the study of EOS is an old topic, there is a longstanding lack of global accurate EOS data for DT within a unified theoretical framework. DT fuel goes through very wide ranges of density and temperature from a cold condensed state to a hot dense plasma where ions are in a moderately or even strongly coupled state and electrons are in a partially or strongly degenerate state. The biggest challenge faced when using first-principles methods for obtaining accurate EOS data for DT fuel is the treatment of electron\u2013ion interactions and the extremely high computational cost at high temperatures. In the present work, we perform extensive state-of-the-art ab initio quantum Langevin molecular dynamics simulations to obtain EOS data for DT mixtures at densities from 0.1 g/cm3 to 2000 g/cm3 and temperatures from 500 K to 2000 eV, which are relevant to ICF processes. Comparisons with average-atom molecular dynamics and orbital-free molecular dynamics simulations show that the ionic strong-coupling effect is important for determining the whole-range EOS. This work can supply accurate EOS data for DT mixtures within a unified ab initio framework, as well as providing a benchmark for various semiclassical methods.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0008231",
"title": "Unified first-principles equations of state of deuterium-tritium mixtures in the global inertial confinement fusion region",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Ab initio",
"Computational physics",
"Semiclassical physics",
"Equation of state",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Degenerate energy levels",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Dongdong Kang",
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"category": "Plasma property",
"entity": "hot dense plasma"
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{
"category": "Particle",
"entity": "ions"
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"category": "Particle",
"entity": "electrons"
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{
"sentence": "The biggest challenge faced when using first-principles methods for obtaining accurate EOS data for DT fuel is the treatment of electronion interactions and the extremely high computational cost at high temperatures.",
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"sentence": "In the present work, we perform extensive state-of-the-art ab initio quantum Langevin molecular dynamics simulations to obtain EOS data for DT mixtures at densities from 0.1 gcm3 to 2000 gcm3 and temperatures from 500 K to 2000 eV, which are relevant to ICF processes.",
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"sentence": "Comparisons with average-atom molecular dynamics and orbital-free molecular dynamics simulations show that the ionic strong-coupling effect is important for determining the whole-range EOS.",
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"abstract": "Improving the description of the equation of state (EOS) of deuterium-tritium (DT) has recently been shown to change significantly the gain of an inertial confinement fusion target [S. X. Hu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 235003 (2010)]. Here we use an advanced multiphase EOS, based on ab initio calculations, to perform a full optimization of the laser pulse shape with hydrodynamic simulations starting from 19 K in DT ice. The thermonuclear gain is shown to be a robust estimate over possible uncertainties of the EOS. Two different target designs are discussed, for shock ignition and self-ignition. In the first case, the areal density and thermonuclear energy can be recovered by slightly increasing the laser energy. In the second case, a lower in-flight adiabat is needed, leading to a significant delay (3 ns) in the shock timing of the implosion.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22026681",
"title": "Change in inertial confinement fusion implosions upon using an ab initio multiphase DT equation of state.",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ab initio quantum chemistry methods",
"Atomic physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Implosion",
"Ab initio",
"Equation of state",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
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{
"abstract": "The Trident Nd:glass laser system operates as an experimental facility supporting the national Inertial Confinement Fusion program at Los Alamos. The laser has two identical main beam lines with 14-cm-disk final amplifiers. The beams are frequency doubled, expanded to 19.2 cm, and focused on target with a variety of focusing optics. A third beam with 10-cm disk final amplifiers is also frequency doubled and used as a target-shooting or diagnostic beam simultaneously with the other two beams. The facility provides a flexible combination of energy, pulse-shaping capabilities, and diagnostic tools for laser-target interaction experiments.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21052257",
"title": "Trident: a versatile high-power Nd:glass laser facility for inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"year_published": 1995,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Spatial filter",
"Nova (laser)",
"Beam (structure)",
"Amplifier",
"Beam splitter",
"Regenerative amplification",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "N. K. Moncur",
"scholarly_citations_count": 64,
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"abstract": "Titanium doped hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) with atom ratio of Ti to Si (Ti/Si) from 2% to 20% were fabricated by dried gel method. Effects of titanium concentration on elements distribution and properties of gels and HGMs were investigated. Results show that elements in both gels and HGMs distribute uniformly when Ti/Si is no more than 5%. On the contrary, sodium chloride are separated out and acetic acid volatilizes from gels with a higher titanium concentration and the elements distribution becomes nonuniform. Furthermore, loss of sodium and acetate ion results in insufficient blowing and refining during the process of fabricating HGMs, and further leads to the decrease of quality on morphology, geometry and uniformity of spheres.",
"URL": "https://www.scientific.net/AMM.672-674.396",
"title": "Fabrication of Titanium Doped Hollow Glass Microspheres for Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets by Dried Gel Method",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Atom",
"Materials science",
"Glass microsphere",
"Acetic acid",
"Chemical engineering",
"Titanium",
"Sodium",
"Doping"
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"first_author": "Li Fang",
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"abstract": "The target performance of laser direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) can be limited by the development of hydrodynamic instabilities resulting from the nonhomegeneous laser absorption at the target surface, i.e., the laser imprint on the ablator. To understand and describe the formation of these instabilities, the early ablator evolution during the laser irradiation should be considered. In this work, an improved modeling of the solid-to-plasma transition of a polystyrene ablator for laser direct-drive ICF is proposed. This model is devoted to be implemented in hydrocodes dedicated to ICF which generally assume an initial plasma state. The present approach consists of the two-temperature model coupled to the electron, ion and neutral dynamics including the chemical fragmentation of polystyrene. The solid-to-plasma transition is shown to significantly influence the temporal evolution of both free electron density and temperatures, which can lead to different shock formation and propagation compared with an initial plasma state. The influence of the solid-to-plasma transition on the shock dynamics is evidenced by considering the scaling law of the pressure with respect to the laser intensity. The ablator transition is shown to modify the scaling law exponent compared with an initial plasma state.",
"URL": "https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03394721",
"title": "Improved modeling of the solid-to-plasma transition of polystyrene ablator for laser direct-drive inertial confinement fusion hydrocodes.",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Materials science",
"Polystyrene",
"Laser",
"Mechanics",
"Plasma",
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"first_author": "A. Pineau",
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{
"abstract": "The x-ray drive on a capsule in an inertial confinement fusion setup is crucial for ignition. Unfortunately, a direct measurement has not been possible so far. We propose an angular radiation temperature simulation to predict the time-dependent drive on the capsule. A simple model, based on the view-factor method for the simulation of the radiation temperature, is presented and compared with the experimental data obtained using the OMEGA laser facility and the simulation results acquired with VISRAD code. We found a good agreement between the time-dependent measurements and the simulation results obtained using this model. The validated model was then used to analyze the experimental results from the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. More specifically, the variations of the peak radiation temperatures at different view angles with the albedo of the hohlraum, the motion of the laser spots, the closure of the laser entrance holes, and the deviation of the laser power were investigated. Furthermore, the time-dependent radiation temperature at different orientations and the drive history on the capsule were calculated. The results indicate that the radiation temperature from \u201cU20W112\u201d (named according to the diagnostic hole ID on the target chamber) can be used to approximately predict the drive temperature on the capsule. In addition, the influence of the capsule on the peak radiation temperature is also presented.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22408125-angular-radiation-temperature-simulation-time-dependent-capsule-drive-prediction-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "Angular radiation temperature simulation for time-dependent capsule drive prediction in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Radiation",
"Ignition system",
"Laser power scaling",
"Heat transfer",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum"
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"first_author": "Longfei Jing",
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{
"abstract": "This Letter reports on a series of high-adiabat implosions of cryogenic layered deuterium-tritium (DT) capsules indirectly driven by a ``high-foot'' laser drive pulse at the National Ignition Facility. High-foot implosions have high ablation velocities and large density gradient scale lengths and are more resistant to ablation-front Rayleigh-Taylor instability induced mixing of ablator material into the DT hot spot. Indeed, the observed hot spot mix in these implosions was low and the measured neutron yields were typically 50% (or higher) of the yields predicted by simulation. On one high performing shot (N130812), 1.7 MJ of laser energy at a peak power of 350 TW was used to obtain a peak hohlraum radiation temperature of $\\ensuremath{\\sim}300\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{eV}$. The resulting experimental neutron yield was $(2.4\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}0.05)\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}{10}^{15}$ DT, the fuel $\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$ was $(0.86\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}0.063)\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{g}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and the measured ${T}_{\\text{ion}}$ was $(4.2\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}0.16)\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{keV}$, corresponding to 8 kJ of fusion yield, with $\\ensuremath{\\sim}1/3$ of the yield caused by self-heating of the fuel by $\\ensuremath{\\alpha}$ particles emitted in the initial reactions. The generalized Lawson criteria, an ignition metric, was 0.43 and the neutron yield was $\\ensuremath{\\sim}70%$ of the value predicted by simulations that include \\ensuremath{\\alpha}-particle self-heating.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.055001",
"title": "High-adiabat high-foot inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments on the national ignition facility.",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
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"abstract": "A high-frequency train of 5\u2013100-ps pulses (picket fence) is\r\nproposed to improve significantly the third-harmonic frequency\r\nconversion of Nd:glass lasers that are used to generate\r\nhigh-contrast-shaped pulses for inertial confinement fusion (ICF)\r\ntargets. High conversion efficiency of the low-power foot of a\r\nshaped ICF pulse is obtained by use of a low duty cycle,\r\nmulti-gigahertz train of \u223c20-ps pulses with high peak power. Even\r\nwith less than 10% duty cycle, continuous illumination is maintained\r\non the target by a combination of temporal broadening schemes. The\r\npicket fence approach is analyzed, and the practical limits are\r\nidentified as applied to the National Ignition Facility laser. It\r\nis found that the higher conversion efficiency allows \u223c40% more\r\nthird-harmonic energy to be delivered to the target, potentially\r\nenabling the larger drive needed for high-yield ICF target\r\ndesigns. In addition, the frequency conversion efficiency of these\r\nshort pulses saturates much more readily, which reduces the transfer of\r\nfluctuations at the fundamental and thus greatly improves the power\r\nstability of the third harmonic.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-39-36-6931",
"title": "Ultrafast picket fence pulse trains to enhance frequency conversion of shaped inertial confinement fusion laser pulses.",
"year_published": 2000,
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"abstract": "The direct and indirect drive schemes for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) make use of a large number of laser beams arranged in a symmetric angular distribution. The preferential decay geometry of the three waves resonant couplings, mainly responsible for backscattered light in single beam experiments, may then be deeply modified in the region of crossing beams where collective laser plasma instabilities could develop. Such instabilities can occur for laser beams having a common symmetry axis along which they drive a common daughter wave. The collective coupling results in an increase of the growth gain with the increase of the number of interacting beams and produce energy losses in new backward directions. We have taken advantage of the multiple beams of the Omega laser facility and of its large battery of diagnostics to study the physics related to this multiple beams interaction in the regimes of high temperature plasmas relevant of the direct and indirect drive schemes to ICF. Experiments performed in a planar open geometry have evidenced the large amplification of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) electromagnetic waves almost transverse to the density gradient as theoretically predicted 40 years ago. This was achieved in long scale-length high-temperature plasmas in which two beams couple to the same scattered electromagnetic wave further demonstrating this multiple-beams collective SRS interaction. The collective nature of the coupling and the amplification at large angles from the density gradient increase the global SRS losses and produce light scattered in novel directions out of the planes of incidence of the beams. Indirect drive experiments were performed in rugby ball shaped Hohlraum irradiated by 40 beams. Large instantaneous (peak reflectivity >30%) Brillouin sidescattering was evidenced to originate from the collective Brillouin amplification of a shared ion acoustic wave driven along the Hohlraum axis by a cone of 10 beams. In this paper, the scattering geometry is detailed for the two types of collective instabilities showing that they produce light scattered in novel very precise directions located far from the original aperture of the beams where the diagnostics are usually set-up. This scattered light could be measured on Omega thanks to the flexibility of the facility. Key features of the light scattered by collective instabilities are identified that would allow to recognize their signatures in more complex, less diagnosed experiments.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/ab5acd",
"title": "Experimental investigation of the collective stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering of multiple laser beams in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
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"abstract": "Shock release from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) shells poses a great challenge to single-fluid hydrodynamic equations, especially for describing materials composed of different ion species. This has been evidenced by a recent experiment [Haberberger et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 235001 (2019)], in which low-density plasmas (${10}^{19}$ to ${10}^{20}\\text{ }\\text{ }{\\mathrm{cm}}^{\\ensuremath{-}3}$) are measured to move far ahead of what radiation-hydrodynamic simulations predict. To understand such experimental observations, we have performed large-scale nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations of shock release in polystyrene (CH) at experimental conditions. These simulations revealed that upon shock releasing from the back surface of a CH foil, hydrogen can stream out of the bulk of the foil due to its mass being lighter than carbon. This released hydrogen, exhibiting a much broader velocity distribution than carbon, forms low-density plasmas moving in nearly constant velocities ahead of the in-flight shell, which is in quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements. Such kinetic effect of species separation is currently missing in single-fluid radiation-hydrodynamics codes for ICF simulations.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvL.125j5001Z/abstract",
"title": "Species Separation and Hydrogen Streaming upon Shock Release from Polystyrene under Inertial Confinement Fusion Conditions.",
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"Ion",
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"Materials science",
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"abstract": "Abstract This work aims at identifying common potential problems that future fusion devices will encounter for both magnetic and inertial confinement approaches in order to promote joint efforts and to avoid duplication of research. Firstly, a comparison of radiation environments found in both fusion reaction chambers will be presented. Then, wall materials, optical components, cables and electronics will be discussed, pointing to possible future areas of common research. Finally, a brief discussion of experimental techniques available to simulate the radiation effect on materials is included.",
"URL": "http://oa.upm.es/11458/2/INVE_MEM_2011_105304.pdf",
"title": "Potential common radiation problems for components and diagnostics in future magnetic and inertial confinement fusion devices",
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"Electronics",
"Aerospace engineering",
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"abstract": "A self\u2010consistent numerical model has been developed to describe the thermally induced behavior of a liquid layer of hydrogen isotopes inside a spherical inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target and to calculate the far\u2010field temperature gradient which will sustain a uniform liquid layer. This method is much faster than the trial\u2010and\u2010error method previously employed. The governing equations are the equations of continuity, momentum, energy, mass diffusion\u2013convection, and conservation of the individual isotopic species. Ordinary and thermal diffusion equations for the diffusion of fluxes of the species are included. These coupled equations are solved by a finite\u2010difference method using upwind schemes, variable mesh, and rigorous boundary conditions. The solution methodology unique to the present problem is discussed in detail. In particular, the significance of the surface tension gradient driven flows (also called as Marangoni flows) in forming uniform liquid layers inside ICF targets is demonstrated. Usi...",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/7182241-self-consistent-numerical-model-analyzing-thermal-layering-liquid-mixtures-hydrogen-isotopes-inside-spherical-inertial-confinement-fusion-target",
"title": "Self\u2010consistent numerical model for analyzing thermal layering of liquid mixtures of hydrogen isotopes inside a spherical inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 1992,
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"abstract": "Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is undergoing more detailed research to increase neutron yield and will require high resolution imaging near the target. Neutron damage to diagnostics remains a serious issue in understanding and achieving ICF. We have demonstrated that Gallium Nitride (GaN) optoelectronic devices have exceptional neutron radiation hardness, by systematic testing of neutron radiation effects in GaN devices and materials with elevated neutron fluence levels and a broad neutron energy spectrum. During the 2013-2017 run cycles at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), we irradiated various GaN materials and devices with fast and thermal plus resonance neutrons at several beamlines. This paper presents a radiation hardness study for Aluminum Gallium Nitride and Gallium Nitride (AlGaN/GaN) deep UV LEDs irradiated at the LANSCE 4FP60R beamline. The fluence level was up to 2.4 \u00d7 1013 neutrons/cm2 for neutrons with energies greater than 0.1 MeV. The device performance was monitored in real time. After three years of irradiation studies, we found that the GaN devices maintained operation in the forward active region. The current and voltage relation (I-V curves) varied insignificantly in the linear region. Our results demonstrate the radiation hardness needed for laser fusion diagnostics at least up to 1017 neutron yield per shot, if the diagnostics is placed 1 m away from the target, where the neutron fluence per shot is approximately 8 \u00d7 1011 n/cm2. The GaN devices can operate for multiple shots.",
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"title": "Gallium nitride (GaN) devices as a platform technology for radiation hard inertial confinement fusion diagnostics.",
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"abstract": "Time-gated, monoenergetic radiography with 15-MeV protons provides unique measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Images obtained during acceleration, coasting, deceleration, and stagnation display a comprehensive picture of spherical implosions. Critical information inferred from such images, hitherto unavailable, characterizes the spatial structure and temporal evolution of self-generated fields and plasma areal density. Results include the first observation of a radial electric field inside the imploding capsule. It is initially directed inward (at $\\ensuremath{\\sim}{10}^{9}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{V}/\\mathrm{m}$), eventually reverses direction ($\\ensuremath{\\sim}{10}^{8}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{V}/\\mathrm{m}$), and is the probable consequence of the evolution of the electron pressure gradient.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvL.100v5001L/abstract",
"title": "Monoenergetic-proton-radiography measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion.",
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"abstract": "Electro-optic data-acquisition systems encode the output from voltage-history diagnostics onto optical signals. The optical signals can propagate long distances over fiber-optic links without degrading the bandwidth of the encoded signal while protecting the recording electronics from overvoltage damage. The sinusoidal response and tolerance to high-input voltages of the Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator used for the encoding leads to the additional advantage of a high dynamic range and a reduced need for manually swapping attenuators. We have demonstrated a single-shot, electro-optic data-acquisition system with a 600:1 dynamic range. This system provides optical isolation and a bandwidth of 6 GHz. The prototype system uses multiple optical wavelengths to allow for the multiplexing of up to eight signals onto one photodetector.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/83/10/10.1063/1.4742013",
"title": "A single-shot, multiwavelength electro-optic data-acquisition system for inertial confinement fusion applications (invited).",
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"abstract": "We compare the reduced non-local electron transport model developed by Schurtz et al. [Phys. Plasmas 7, 4238 (2000)] to Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations. Two new test cases are considered: the propagation of a heat wave through a high density region into a lower density gas, and a one-dimensional hohlraum ablation problem. We find that the reduced model reproduces the peak heat flux well in the ablation region but significantly over-predicts the coronal preheat. The suitability of the reduced model for computing non-local transport effects other than thermal conductivity is considered by comparing the computed distribution function to the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck distribution function. It is shown that even when the reduced model reproduces the correct heat flux, the distribution function is significantly different to the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck prediction. Two simple modifications are considered which improve agreement between models in the coronal region.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/96765385",
"title": "A comparison of non-local electron transport models for laser-plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
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"abstract": "Radial profiles of nuclear burn in directly driven, inertial-confinement-fusion implosions have been systematically studied for the first time using a proton emission imaging system sensitive to energetic 14.7MeV protons from the fusion of deuterium (D) and 3-helium (He3) at the OMEGA laser facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. Experimental parameters that were varied include capsule size, shell composition and thickness, gas fill pressure, and laser energy. Clear relationships have been identified between changes in a number of these parameters and changes in the size of the burn region, which we characterize here by the median \u201cburn radius\u201d Rburn containing half of the total DHe3 reactions. Different laser and capsule parameters resulted in burn radii varying from 20to80\u03bcm. For example, reducing the DHe3 fill pressure from 18to3.6atm in capsules with 20\u03bcm thick CH shells resulted in Rburn changing from 31to25\u03bcm; this reduction is attributed to increased fuel-shell mix for the mor...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhPl...13h2704S/abstract",
"title": "Measured dependence of nuclear burn region size on implosion parameters in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Physics",
"Proton emission",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Helium-3",
"Laser",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Radius"
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"first_author": "Fredrick Seguin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 17,
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"abstract": "Deuterium-tritium inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility have demonstrated yields ranging from 0.8 to $7\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}{10}^{14}$, and record fuel areal densities of 0.7 to $1.3\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{g}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These implosions use hohlraums irradiated with shaped laser pulses of 1.5--1.9 MJ energy. The laser peak power and duration at peak power were varied, as were the capsule ablator dopant concentrations and shell thicknesses. We quantify the level of hydrodynamic instability mix of the ablator into the hot spot from the measured elevated absolute x-ray emission of the hot spot. We observe that DT neutron yield and ion temperature decrease abruptly as the hot spot mix mass increases above several hundred ng. The comparison with radiation-hydrodynamic modeling indicates that low mode asymmetries and increased ablator surface perturbations may be responsible for the current performance.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24010449",
"title": "Onset of hydrodynamic mix in high-velocity, highly compressed inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum"
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"first_author": "T. Ma",
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"sentence": "These implosions use hohlraums irradiated with shaped laser pulses of 1.5--1.9 MJ energy.",
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"sentence": "The laser peak power and duration at peak power were varied, as were the capsule ablator dopant concentrations and shell thicknesses.",
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"sentence": "We quantify the level of hydrodynamic instability mix of the ablator into the hot spot from the measured elevated absolute -ray emission of the hot spot.",
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"abstract": "Parametric system studies of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor system to transmute fission products from a LWR economy have been carried out. The ICF reactors would produce net power in addition to transmuting fission products. The particular ICF concept examined is an impact fusion approach termed HYPERFUSE, in which hypervelocity pellets, traveling on the order of 100 to 300 km/sec, collide with each other or a target block in a reactor chamber and initiate a thermonuclear reaction. The DT fusion fuel is contained in a shell of the material to be transmuted, e.g., /sup 137/Cs, /sup 90/Sr, /sup 129/I, /sup 99/Tc, etc. The 14-MeV fusion neutrons released during the pellet burn cause transmutation reactions (e.g., (n,2n), (n,..cap alpha..), (n,..gamma..), etc.) that convert the long-lived fission products (FP's) either to stable products or to species that decay with a short half-life to a stable product. The transmutation parametric studies conclude that the design of the hypervelocity projectiles should emphasize the achievement of high densities in the transmutation regions (greater than the DT fusion fuel density), as well as the DT ignition and burn criterion (rho R = 1.0 to 3.0) requirements. These studies also indicate that masses on the ordermore\u00a0\u00bb of 1.0 g at densities of rho greater than or equal to 500.0 g/cm/sup 3/ are required for a practical fusion-based fission product transmutation system.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7089222/",
"title": "HYPERFUSE: a hypervelocity inertial confinement system for fusion energy production and fission waste transmutation",
"year_published": 1981,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear fission product",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
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"Nuclear transmutation",
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"abstract": "Experimental results from indirectly driven ignition implosions during the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) [M. J. Edwards et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013)] achieved a record compression of the central deuterium-tritium fuel layer with measured areal densities up to 1.2\u2009g/cm2, but with significantly lower total neutron yields (between 1.5 \u00d7 1014 and 5.5 \u00d7 1014) than predicted, approximately 10% of the 2D simulated yield. An order of magnitude improvement in the neutron yield was subsequently obtained in the \u201chigh-foot\u201d experiments [O. A. Hurricane et al., Nature 506, 343 (2014)]. However, this yield was obtained at the expense of fuel compression due to deliberately higher fuel adiabat. In this paper, the design of an adiabat-shaped implosion is presented, in which the laser pulse is tailored to achieve similar resistance to ablation-front instability growth, but with a low fuel adiabat to achieve high compression. Comparison with measured performance shows a factor of 3\u201310\u00d7 improvement in the neutron yield (>40% of predicted simulated yield) over similar NIC implosions, while maintaining a reasonable fuel compression of >1\u2009g/cm2. Extension of these designs to higher laser power and energy is discussed to further explore the trade-off between increased implosion velocity and the deleterious effects of hydrodynamic instabilities.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:47060003",
"title": "Design of indirectly driven, high-compression Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions with improved hydrodynamic stability using a 4-shock adiabat-shaped drive",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Neutron",
"Ignition system",
"Compression (physics)",
"Atomic physics",
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"first_author": "Jose Milovich",
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"abstract": "A three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation code is developed to describe the transport of fusion-produced particles in inertially-confined fusion plasmas. Simulation results on the energy distribution, spatial image and secondary activation reaction are obtained. The results show that limitations exist to diagnostic approaches such as particle imaging, and thus unfolding procedures such as Monte Carlo simulation are required.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130003464874",
"title": "Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation of Fusion Particle Transport and Its Imaging in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1984,
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"Physics",
"Statistical physics",
"Dynamic Monte Carlo method",
"Fusion",
"Direct simulation Monte Carlo",
"Monte Carlo method",
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"first_author": "Takayasu Mochizuki",
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"abstract": "Measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth for a high-density carbon ablator for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility are reported. We observe significant unexpected features on the capsule surface created by shadows of the capsule fill tube, as illuminated by laser-irradiated x-ray spots on the hohlraum wall. These shadows increase the spatial size and shape of the fill tube perturbation in a way that can significantly degrade performance in layered implosions compared to previous expectations. The measurements were performed at a convergence ratio of \u223c2 using in-flight x-ray radiography. The initial seed due to shadow imprint is estimated to be equivalent to \u223c50-100 nm of solid ablator material. This discovery has prompted the need for a mitigation strategy for future inertial confinement fusion designs as proposed here.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..95c1204M/abstract",
"title": "X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube.",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Instability",
"National Ignition Facility",
"X-ray",
"Initial Seed",
"Convergence ratio",
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"first_author": "Andrew MacPhee",
"scholarly_citations_count": 50,
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"abstract": "In the context of inertial confinement fusion, optical smoothing is a technique used to provide laser irradiation as homogeneous as possible. It is required for limiting the development of laser-plasma instabilities, in particular, stimulated Brillouin backscattering (SBS). Here, we carefully compare longitudinal and transverse smoothing by spectral dispersion in an ideal smoothing configuration for each case. With 3D codes, we have simulated SBS in a gold plasma. We show that, as opposed to common belief, the time evolution of the SBS reflectivity exhibits some differences between both smoothing schemes. First, the asymptotic values of the saturation levels are not quite the same. With a simple ray description and computing the SBS gain for each ray, we were able to explain this difference. Moreover, the dynamics of SBS are also somewhat different. We have shown that SBS dynamics are driven by the time evolution of speckle properties and in particular by the effective interaction length between the Brillouin backscattered light and the hot-spots. This effective interaction length depends both on the longitudinal velocity and on the length of the hot-spots. As a matter of fact, synchronizing the effective interaction lengths of both smoothing schemes also synchronizes the backscattering curves before reaching the saturation level.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhPl...26d2707D/abstract",
"title": "Comparison of longitudinal and transverse smoothing by spectral dispersion on stimulated Brillouin backscattering in inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2019,
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"abstract": "The complementary techniques of ion microtomography (IMT) and particle\u2010induced x\u2010ray emission (PIXE) are used to provide submicron\u2010scale characterization of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets for density uniformity, sphericity, and trace\u2010element spatial distributions. ICF target quality control in the laser fusion program is important to ensure that the energy deposition from the lasers results in uniform compression and minimization of Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instabilities. We obtain 1% total electron density determinations using IMT with spatial resolution approaching 2 \u03bcm. Utilizing PIXE, we can map out dopant and impurity distributions with elemental detection sensitivities on the order of a few parts per million. We present examples of ICF target characterization by IMT and PIXE in order to demonstrate their potential impact in assessing target fabrication processes.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JVST...10.1164A/abstract",
"title": "Ion microtomography and particle\u2010induced x\u2010ray emission analysis of direct drive inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electron density",
"Ion",
"Particle-induced X-ray emission",
"Atomic physics",
"Image resolution",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Resolution (electron density)"
],
"first_author": "A. J. Antolak",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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"sentence": "ICF target quality control in the laser fusion program is important to ensure that the energy deposition from the lasers results in uniform compression and minimization of RayleighTaylor instabilities.",
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"sentence": "We obtain 1 total electron density determinations using IMT with spatial resolution approaching 2 \u03bcm.",
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"sentence": "We present examples of ICF target characterization by IMT and PIXE in order to demonstrate their potential impact in assessing target fabrication processes.",
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"abstract": "In the local thermodynamic equilibrium approximation, we study the problems on low-temperature volume ignition of DT fuel. The temperature and compression threshold of volume ignition are given by solving the ion, electric and radiation energy equation. The ignitions points are affected by the albedo, DT mass, abundance ratio, etc. At the point of ignition, the temperature reduces with the increase of areal density. The trends of variations in radiation and electron temperature become closer to each other. The most important fact is that the subsequent development of the system can be given by analyzing the stationary solution based on the linear stability method. In other words, we can estimate whether the system can enter into a deep-burning state by using this method.",
"URL": "http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.7498/aps.64.045205",
"title": "Critical value of volume ignition and condition of nonequilibriem burning of DT in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Fusion ignition",
"Thermodynamic equilibrium",
"Ignition system",
"Volume (thermodynamics)",
"Electron temperature",
"Linear stability",
"Mechanics",
"Critical value"
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"first_author": "Zhao Ying-Kui",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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"abstract": "Experiments have recently been conducted at the National Ignition Facility utilizing inertial confinement fusion capsule ablators that are 175 and 165\u2009\u2009\u03bcm in thickness, 10% and 15% thinner, respectively, than the nominal thickness capsule used throughout the high foot and most of the National Ignition Campaign. These three-shock, high-adiabat, high-foot implosions have demonstrated good performance, with higher velocity and better symmetry control at lower laser powers and energies than their nominal thickness ablator counterparts. Little to no hydrodynamic mix into the DT hot spot has been observed despite the higher velocities and reduced depth for possible instability feedthrough. Early results have shown good repeatability, with up to 1/2 the neutron yield coming from \u03b1-particle self-heating.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25910132",
"title": "Thin Shell, High Velocity Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Nominal size",
"Instability",
"Feedthrough",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "T. Ma",
"scholarly_citations_count": 58,
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"sentence": "Early results have shown good repeatability, with up to 12 the neutron yield coming from \u03b1-particle self-heating.",
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{
"abstract": "Neutron penumbral imaging technique has been demonstrated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and has been used at CEA (France) to image inertial confinement fusion cores. The information contained in a penumbral image is degraded by the aperture and the camera. In addition, getting an estimate of the source requires some special numerical reconstruction techniques. One of the major steps to achieving a few \u03bcm spatial resolution required on the National Ignition Facility/LMJ project is careful analysis of all the information regarding the degradation processes. The first prototype version of SIRINC is presented. The degradation models will be discussed. Particular attention will be given to refinements to the reconstruction technique.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/72/1/10.1063/1.1326898",
"title": "SIRINC: A code for assessing and optimizing the neutron imaging diagnostic capabilities in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Iterative reconstruction",
"Neutron imaging",
"Aperture",
"Image resolution",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Neutron detection",
"Image processing"
],
"first_author": "O. Delage",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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{
"abstract": "A line VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector) has been designed and commissioned at the Sandia National Laboratory\u2019s Z-machine. The instrument consists of an F/2 collection system, beam transport, and an interferometer table that contains two Mach\u2013Zehnder type interferometers and an eight channel Gated Optical Imaging (GOI) system. The VISAR probe laser operates at the 532 nm wavelength, and the GOI bandpass is 540\u2013600 nm. The output of each interferometer is passed to an optical streak camera with four selectable sweep speeds. The system is designed with three interchangeable optics modules to select a full field of view of 1 mm, 2 mm, or 4 mm. The optical beam transport system connects the target image plane to the interferometers and the gated optical imagers. The target is integrated into a sacrificial final optics assembly that is integral to the transport beamline.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5141093",
"title": "The design of a line velocity interferometer for any reflector for inertial confinement experiments on the Z-machine",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Image plane",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Streak camera",
"Interferometry",
"Astronomical interferometer",
"Velocity interferometer system for any reflector",
"Reflector (antenna)",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "P. Datte",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"sentence": "The target is integrated into a sacrificial final optics assembly that is integral to the transport beamline.",
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"abstract": "We discuss the processing of data recorded with multimonochromatic x-ray imagers (MMI) in inertial confinement fusion experiments. The MMI records hundreds of gated, spectrally resolved images that can be used to unravel the spatial structure of the implosion core. In particular, we present a new method to determine the centers in all the array of images, a better reconstruction technique of narrowband implosion core images, two algorithms to determine the shape and size of the implosion core volume based on reconstructed broadband images recorded along three-quasiorthogonal lines of sight, and the removal of artifacts from the space-integrated spectra.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JAP...109i3303N/abstract",
"title": "Processing of spectrally resolved x-ray images of inertial confinement fusion implosion cores recorded with multimonochromatic x-ray imagers",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Implosion",
"Core (optical fiber)",
"Fusion power",
"Narrowband",
"Spectral line",
"Image processing"
],
"first_author": "T. Nagayama",
"scholarly_citations_count": 21,
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{
"abstract": "We explore various laser-produced plasma and inertial confinement fusion applications of phase-contrast x-ray radiography, and we show how the main features of these enhancements can be considered from a geometrical optics perspective as refraction enhancements. This perspective simplifies the analysis and often permits simple analytical formulas to be derived that predict the enhancements. We explore a raytrace approach to various material interface applications, and we explore a more general example of refractive bending of x rays by an implosion plasma. We find that refraction-enhanced x-ray radiography of implosions may provide a means to quantify density differences across shock fronts as well as density variations caused by local heating due to high-Z dopants. We also point out that refractive bending by implosions plasmas can blur fine radiograph features and can also provide misleading contrast information on area-backlit pinhole imaging experiments unless its effects are taken into consideration.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/21352217-refraction-enhanced-ray-radiography-inertial-confinement-fusion-laser-produced-plasma-applications",
"title": "Refraction-enhanced x-ray radiography for inertial confinement fusion and laser-produced plasma applications",
"year_published": 2009,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Geometrical optics",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Refraction",
"Industrial radiography",
"Pinhole",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Jeffrey A. Koch",
"scholarly_citations_count": 46,
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"sentence": "We also point out that refractive bending by implosions plasmas can blur fine radiograph features and can also provide misleading contrast information on area-backlit pinhole imaging experiments unless its effects are taken into consideration.",
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{
"abstract": "There are many advantages for frontally located beam smoothing elements in terminal optical system of the inertial confinement fusion \uff08ICF\uff09 driver, but it will also exert an influence on the working state of the frequency conversion system at the same time. This paper studies the influence from the viewpoints of system integration and optimization. Based on the non-linear transmission theory of high power laser and adopting coupled-wave differential equations and perturbation theory, we calculate the third harmonic conversion efficiency, optical characteristics in near and far field as well as the shape of focal spot when CPP is laid before the frequency conversion system. Then we put forward the method for the optimization of detuning angle and thickness of the frequency conversion crystal, in order to reduce influence on ICF system when CPP is laid before the frequency conversion system. The third harmonic conversion efficiency, contrast ratio and encircled energy before and after optimization are compared and analyzed. The results show that the optimization of frequency conversion system is very effective in reducing the impact on the beam quality and the third harmonic conversion efficiency when CPP is laid before the frequency conversion system.",
"URL": "http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/EN/Y2009/V58/I7/04598",
"title": "Optimization of frequency conversion system in inertial confinement fusion driver for frontally located beam smoothing elements",
"year_published": 2009,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Laser beam quality",
"Optics",
"Engineering",
"Contrast ratio",
"Encircled energy",
"Power (physics)",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Near and far field",
"Laser"
],
"first_author": "Yao Xin",
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"abstract": "The design of a radiation driven capsule suitable for use in a heavy ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion reactor system is discussed. Numerical simulations of compression, ignition and burn of the capsule are presented. These simulations have been carried out using the one-dimensional, three-temperature, Lagrangian radiation hydrodynamic computer code MEDUSA-KAT. The capsule consists of a 4 mg cryogenic spherical DT shell surrounded by an ablator shell made of a mixture of 90% Li and 10% Au atoms. Inside the fuel shell there is a low density DT gas. It has been found that an input radiation energy of 5.00 MJ is needed to implode the capsule, and the implosion yields about 660 MJ output thermonuclear energy. The capsule energy gain is thus about 130, which may be sufficient to operate a heavy ion beam driven reactor system because of the relatively high efficiency of the heavy ion driver. A study of the capsule gain as a function of the input parameters has also been carried out. It is found that the gain is not sensitive to a variation in the prepulse temperature and prepulse duration of up to 50%",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992NucFu..32..581T/abstract",
"title": "Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of implosions of reactor size indirect drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "We have successfully developed a technique to control fuel mass loaded in a cryogenic foam target for laser fusion research. An empty cavity is formed inside a spherical shell filled with liquid deuterium by heating the foam shell immersed in liquid deutrium. The foam shell target is then pulled out of the liquid. The liquid deuterium is frozen by increasing flow rate of liquid helium which cools the cryostat and reducing the pressure of surrounding gaseous deuterium. The target is irradiated by the laser beams from Gekko XII laser system. The detailed technique in this method and numerical evaluation on thermal balance in the target are presened.",
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"title": "Control of Fuel Mass Loaded in a Cryogenic Foam Target for Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiment",
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"abstract": "Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are designed to understand and test the basic principles of self-sustaining fusion reactions by laser driven compression of deuterium-tritium (DT) filled cryogenic plastic (CH) capsules. The experimental campaign is ongoing to tune the implosions and characterize the burning plasma conditions. Nuclear diagnostics play an important role in measuring the characteristics of these burning plasmas, providing feedback to improve the implosion dynamics. The Neutron Imaging (NI) diagnostic provides information on the distribution of the central fusion reaction region and the surrounding DT fuel by collecting images at two different energy bands for primary (13-15MeV) and downscattered (10-12MeV) neutrons. From these distributions, the final shape and size of the compressed capsule can be estimated and the symmetry of the compression can be inferred. The first downscattered neutron images from imploding ICF capsules are shown in this paper.",
"URL": "https://epjwoc.epj.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2013/20/epjconf_ifsa2011_13018/epjconf_ifsa2011_13018.html",
"title": "First downscattered neutron images from Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "A knock-on deuteron imager (KoDI) has been implemented to measure the fuel and hotspot asymmetry of cryogenic inertial confinement fusion implosions on OMEGA. Energetic neutrons produced by D-T fusion elastically scatter (\"knock on\") deuterons from the fuel layer with a probability that depends on \u03c1R. Deuterons above 10\u00a0MeV are produced by near-forward scattering, and imaging them is equivalent to time-integrated neutron imaging of the hotspot. Deuterons below 6\u00a0MeV are produced by a combination of side scattering and ranging in the fuel, and encode information about the spatial distribution of the dense fuel. The KoDI instrument consists of a multi-penumbral aperture positioned 10-20\u00a0cm from the implosion using a ten-inch manipulator and a detector pack at 350\u00a0cm from the implosion to record penumbral images with magnification of up to 35\u00d7. Range filters and the intrinsic properties of CR-39 are used to distinguish different charged-particle images by energy along the same line of sight. Image plates fielded behind the CR-39 record a 10\u00a0keV x-ray image using the same aperture. A maximum-likelihood reconstruction algorithm has been implemented to infer the source from the projected penumbral images. The effects of scattering and aperture charging on the instrument point-spread function are assessed. Synthetic data are used to validate the reconstruction algorithm and assess an appropriate termination criterion. Significant aperture charging has been observed in the initial experimental dataset, and increases with aperture distance from the implosion, consistent with a simple model of charging by laser-driven EMP.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0099301",
"title": "A knock-on deuteron imager for measurements of fuel and hotspot asymmetry in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions (invited).",
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"abstract": "Kammash and Galbraith (see ibid., vol.29, p.1079 (1989)) calculated the energy gain factor Q for the MICF pellet by using a simplified set of particle and energy balance equations and reported that, for a typical example, a Q value of approximately 300 is obtainable with an input energy of approximately 4 MJ (Q is the ratio of the fusion energy to the input energy). The input energy is equal to the initial thermal energy. They proposed to apply the concept to space propulsion. On the other hand, Hasegawa et al (1988) have performed numerical simulations by using the hydrodynamic code HISHO together with theoretical estimation and found a Q value of approximately 15 with a laser input energy of 25 MJ for a typical MICF target. The authors have tried to explain the differences in the input energy requirement and gain values between these works",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992NucFu..32.1483N/abstract",
"title": "Comments on the paper by T. Kammash, D.L. Galbraith, A high gain fusion reactor based on the magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion (MICE) concept",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion and inertial fusion energy experiments diagnose the geometry of the fusion region through imaging of the neutrons released through fusion reactions. Pinhole arrays typically used for such imaging require thick substrates to obtain high contrast along with a small pinhole diameter to obtain high resolution capability, resulting in pinholes that have large aspect ratios. This leads to expensive pinhole arrays that have small solid angles and are difficult to align. Here, we propose a coded aperture with scatter and partial attenuation (CASPA) for fusion neutron imaging that relaxes the thick substrate requirement for good image contrast. These coded apertures are expected to scale to larger solid angles and are easier to align without sacrificing imaging resolution or throughput. We use Monte Carlo simulations (Geant4) to explore a coded aperture design to measure neutron implosion asymmetries on fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and discuss the viability of this technique, matching the current nominal resolution of 10 \u00b5m. The results show that a 10 mm thick tungsten CASPA can image NIF implosions with neutron yields above 1014 with quality comparable to unprocessed data from a current NIF neutron imaging aperture. This CASPA substrate is 20 times thinner than the current aperture arrays for fusion neutron imaging and less than one mean free-path of 14.1 MeV neutrons through the substrate. Since the resolution, solid angle, and throughput are decoupled in coded aperture imaging, the resolution and solid angle achievable with future designs will be limited primarily by manufacturing capability.",
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"title": "A coded aperture with sub-mean free-path thickness for neutron implosion geometry imaging on inertial confinement fusion and inertial fusion energy experiments.",
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"abstract": "We adopt a technique, known in the machine learning community as transfer learning, to reduce the bias of computer simulation using very sparse experimental data. Unlike the Bayesian calibration, which is commonly used to estimate the simulation bias, the transfer learning approach discussed in this article involves calculating an artificial neural network surrogate model of the simulations. Assuming that the simulation code correctly predicts the trends in the experimental data but it is subject to unknown biases, we then partially retrain, or transfer learn, the initial surrogate model to match the experimental data. This process eliminates the bias while still taking advantage of the physics relations learned from the simulation. Transfer learning can be easily adapted to a wide range of problems in science and engineering. In this article, we carry out numerical tests to investigate the applicability of this technique to predict the observable outcomes of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments under new conditions. Using our synthetic validation data set, we demonstrate that an accurate predictive model can be built by retraining an initial surrogate model with experimental data volumes so small that they are relevant to the ICF problem. This opens up new opportunities for knowledge transfer and building predictive models in physics. After implementing transfer learning in a standard neural network, we successfully extended the method to a more complex, generative adversarial network architecture, which will be needed for predicting not only scalars but also diagnostic images in our future work.",
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"title": "Erratum to \u201cTransfer Learning as a Tool for Reducing Simulation Bias: Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion\u201d",
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"abstract": "AbstractPolymer microspheres can be used as fuel containers for laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) due to their low atomic number, low density, and high thermal stability. The thin\u2010walled polymer microspheres are prone to cracking due to an increase in the diameter to thickness ratio (diameter/wall thickness). The effect of polystyrene (PS) and Poly (\u03b1\u2010methyl styrene) (PAMS) materials commonly used in ICF experiments on the quality of thin\u2010walled microspheres is investigated. PS hollow microspheres show better sphericity, smoother surface, and lower cracking rate than PAMS microspheres. Moreover, the heat treatment of solidified PS microspheres can improve the strength so that the cracking rate of the microspheres decreases. The relative mechanism of how the molecular structure affect the quality is also discussed. This study provides some guidance for the preparation of thin\u2010walled polymer microspheres with high quality for ICF experiments.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Effect of polymer molecular structure on the quality of thin\u2010walled hollow microspheres for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "A family of exact similarity solutions for inviscid compressible ablative flows in slab symmetry with nonlinear heat conduction is proposed for studying unsteadiness and compressibility effects on the hydrodynamic stability of ablation fronts relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Dynamical multi-domain Chebyshev spectral methods are employed for computing both the similarity solution and its time-dependent linear perturbations. This approach has been exploited to analyse the linear stability properties of two self-similar ablative configurations subjected to direct laser illumination asymmetries. Linear perturbation temporal and reduced responses are analysed, evidencing a maximum instability for illumination asymmetries of zero transverse wavenumber as well as three distinct regimes of ablation-front distortion evolution, and emphasizing the importance of the mean flow unsteadiness, compressibility and stratification.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFM...609....1C/abstract",
"title": "Linear perturbation response of self-similar ablative flows relevant to inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.075002.",
"URL": "http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/27768355",
"title": "Erratum: First Measurements of Fuel-Ablator Interface Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 075002 (2016)].",
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"abstract": "The effects of plasma density inhomogeneities on the growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an ablatively accelerated inertial confinement fusion target are studied part analytically. The density profile is simulated by means of suitable exponentials in various spatial regions of interest and analytical equations, determining the growth rate of the instability, are derived. Results for the fastest growth rate are presented and discussed for a wide class of realistic profile parameters. A reduction in the growth rate of the instability is predicted particularly at low wavenumbers. A comparison of the present results with the analytical results for a simple step-wise density profile indicates that this reduction in the growth rate may be attributed to the finite density gradients present.",
"URL": "http://stacks.iop.org/0741-3335/28/i=1B/a=003?key=crossref.26154a4737e1d9391c5a3b184d35f6ea",
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"abstract": "The size of pulse compression gratings (PCG) is very big in the ICF system, so we obtained a large size grating by mechanically stitching small caliber gratings. And we design the splicing mechanism to be a 5-DOF Parallel Mechanism with macro/micro dual feed drive control to meet the requirements of large travel, high precision, high stability and 5-DOF of the grating tiling. The macro-moving part is designed to be the 5PTS-1PPS parallel mechanism, using the Feed Mechanism of ballscrew with Stepper Motor Drive.The micro-moving part is designed to be 5TSP-1PPS parallel mechanism, using the feed mechanism of Flexure Hinge with Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuator. We derived control algorithm of parallel mechanism by the method of the Kinematics of parallel mechanism. We analyzed the systematic error and put forward the error correction method in order to improve the positioning accuracy. At last, we designed an optical detecting system to evaluate the feasibility of this scheme, the positioning accuracy and the Stability of parallel Splicing structure. The results showed that the mechanism performance can meet the requirements of grating tiling work.",
"URL": "https://www.scientific.net/KEM.579-580.373",
"title": "The Application of a Grating Tiling Device with Parallel Mechanism in an Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) System",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Error detection and correction",
"Engineering",
"Pulse compression",
"Actuator",
"Mechanism (engineering)",
"Inverse kinematics",
"Electronic engineering",
"Grating",
"Image stitching",
"Kinematics"
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"first_author": "Zhong Xi Shao",
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"abstract": "Particle-in-cell (PIC) and fluid simulations of two-plasmon decay (TPD) instability under conditions relevant to inertial confinement fusion show the importance of convective modes. Growing at the lower density region, the convective modes can cause pump depletion and are energetically dominant in the nonlinear stage. The PIC simulations show that TPD saturates due to ion density fluctuations, which can turn off TPD by raising the instability threshold through mode coupling.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.175002",
"title": "Growth and saturation of convective modes of the two-plasmon decay instability in inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Plasmon",
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"Saturation (chemistry)",
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"Atomic physics",
"Mode coupling",
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"first_author": "Rui Yan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 51,
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"abstract": "Neutron Imaging System (NIS) has been used to image the burn volume and cold fuel volume of imploding fusion capsules. In this work, we present a design of neutron imaging aperture for inertial confinement fusion in Laser Fusion Research Center. Since the total neutron yield should be less than 1014, the penumbral aperture has been chosen. A geometric model has been developed to assess the performance of the neutron imaging system, including the spatial resolution, the field of view and the signal-to-noise ratio. This model reproduces the performances of neutron image systems on OMEGA. The spatial resolution of designed NIS is about 22 \u03bcm for a field of view of 250 \u03bcm. The signal-to-noise ratio can be better than 10, if the neutron yield is higher than 1013.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/14/11/C11007/pdf",
"title": "Design of Neutron Imaging Aperture for Inertial Confinement Fusion in Laser Fusion Research Center",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Geometric modeling",
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"Optics",
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"Field of view",
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"Aperture",
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"first_author": "Zhongjing Chen",
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"abstract": "Accurate knowledge of the optical properties of a warm dense deuterium-tritium (DT) mixture is important for reliable design of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions using radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. The opacity of a warm dense DT shell essentially determines how much radiation from hot coronal plasmas can be deposited in the DT fuel of an imploding capsule. Even for the simplest species of hydrogen, the accurate calculation of their opacities remains a challenge in the warm-dense matter regime because strong-coupling and quantum effects play an important role in such plasmas. With quantum-molecular-dynamics (QMD) simulations, we have derived a first-principles opacity table (FPOT) of deuterium (and the DT mixture by mass scaling) for a wide range of densities from \u03c1(D)=0.5 to 673.518g/cm(3) and temperatures from T=5000K up to the Fermi temperature T(F) for each density. Compared with results from the astrophysics opacity table (AOT) currently used in our hydrocodes, the FPOT of deuterium from our QMD calculations has shown a significant increase in opacity for strongly coupled and degenerate plasma conditions by a factor of 3-100 in the ICF-relevant photon-energy range. As conditions approach those of classical plasma, the opacity from the FPOT converges to the corresponding values of the AOT. By implementing the FPOT of deuterium and the DT mixture into our hydrocodes, we have performed radiation-hydrodynamics simulations for low-adiabat cryogenic DT implosions on the OMEGA laser and for direct-drive-ignition designs for the National Ignition Facility. The simulation results using the FPOT show that the target performance (in terms of neutron yield and energy gain) could vary from \u223c10% up to a factor of \u223c2 depending on the adiabat of the imploding DT capsule; the lower the adiabat, the more variation is seen in the prediction of target performance when compared to the AOT modeling.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.033111",
"title": "First-principles opacity table of warm dense deuterium for inertial-confinement-fusion applications",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Fermi energy",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Hydrogen",
"Deuterium",
"Opacity",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 55,
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"abstract": "A concept for using an intermediate distance (0.3-3.0\u00a0m) neutron time-of-flight (nToF) to provide a constraint on the measurement of the time-dependence of ion temperature in inertial confinement fusion implosions is presented. Simulated nToF signals at different distances are generated and, with a priori knowledge of the burn-averaged quantities and burn history, analyzed to determine requirements for a future detector. Results indicate a signal-to-noise ratio >50 and time resolution <20\u00a0ps to constrain the ion temperature gradient to \u223c\u00b125% (0.5 keV/100\u00a0ps).",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0099933",
"title": "Constraining time-dependent ion temperature measurements in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions with an intermediate distance neutron time-of-flight (nToF) detector.",
"year_published": 2022,
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"first_author": "A S Moore",
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"abstract": "The ignition temperature of a thermonuclear fusion reaction is found to decrease on adding a small amount of tritium (x ~ 0.0112) to deuterium fusion pellet. In this paper the catalytic regime for tritium has been analyzed by changing the fraction of tritium (x). The initial density and temperature of the pellet are also found to influence the ignition conditions in a major way. A zero dimensional three temperature model which includes the energy deposition of charged particles via small and large angle Coulomb scattering, nuclear scattering and collective plasma effects has been used. A density-temperature regime is found where internal tritium breeding occurs even on including all the radiative loss mechanisms like bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/208/1/012003/pdf",
"title": "Study of the ignition requirements and burn characteristics of DT x pellets for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"Lawson criterion",
"Atomic physics",
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"Tritium",
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"first_author": "Karabi Ghosh",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n A new class of beam configurations is proposed for symmetric-direct-drive inertial confinement fusion laser systems. These configurations are based on spherical t-designs that are studied in spherical design theory in mathematics (Delsarte et al 1977 Geom. Dedicata \n 6 363). Employing t-design configurations offers elimination of spherical-harmonic intensity modulations for modes \n \n \n \n \u2113\n \u2a7d\n t\n \n \n \n . Additionally, these configurations provide fast decay of intensity nonuniformities with increasing number of beams and symmetric intensity patterns on the surface of the target. Methods developed in spherical design theory offer a convenient, systematic way of obtaining beam configurations for an arbitrary number of beams.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/aca685/pdf",
"title": "Optimization of irradiation configuration using spherical t-designs for laser-direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Intensity (physics)",
"Fusion",
"Laser",
"Beam (structure)",
"Physics",
"Materials science",
"Computational physics",
"Optics",
"Philosophy",
"Linguistics"
],
"first_author": "A. Shvydky",
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"abstract": "We have recently installed a real\u2010time holographic interferometry system on one of our experimental vacuum chambers. This system, which utilizes an argon laser at 488.0 nm and a Newport Research HC\u2010300 holographic camera, will be used to develop and document liquid layer targets for inertial confinement fusion experiments. An interference image is produced when the image of a liquid layer target is superimposed on the stored holograph of the same target with the fuel held in the gas phase. This real\u2010time interference image is due to the change in the fuel state and is a direct measure of the liquid layer uniformity. Routine use of this imaging system will allow us to develop the techniques needed to produce acceptable liquid layers in targets 1\u20132 mm in diameter with walls 5\u201350 \u03bcm thick. We will discuss the techniques and configuration used to adopt this system for the vibration noise inherent in an experimental chamber.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.575233",
"title": "A real\u2010time holographic interferometry technique for measuring cryogenic fuel layers in large inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Holographic interferometry",
"Interferometry",
"Cryogenics",
"Holography",
"Cryogenic fuel",
"Interference (communication)",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "T. R. Pattinson",
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"abstract": "We report first direct experimental evidence of interspecies ion separation in direct-drive ICF experiments performed at the OMEGA laser facility via spectrally, temporally and spatially resolved imaging x-ray-spectroscopy data [S. C. Hsu et al., EPL 115, 65001 (2016)]. These experiments were designed based on the expectation that interspecies ion thermo-diffusion would be strongest for species with large mass and charge difference. The targets were spherical plastic shells filled with D2 and a trace amount of Ar (0.1% or 1% by atom). Ar K-shell spectral features were observed primarily between the time of first-shock convergence and slightly before neutron bang time, using a time- and space-integrated spectrometer, a streaked crystal spectrometer, and two gated multi-monochromatic x-ray imagers fielded along quasi-orthogonal lines of sight. Detailed spectroscopic analyses of spatially resolved Ar K-shell lines reveal deviation from the initial 1% Ar gas fill and show both Ar-concentration enhancement and depletion at different times and radial positions of the implosion. The experimental results are interpreted with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that include recently implemented, first-principles models of interspecies ion diffusion. The experimentally inferred Ar-atom-fraction profiles agree reasonably with calculated profiles associated with the incoming and rebounding first shock.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.04276",
"title": "Observation and modeling of interspecies ion separation in inertial confinement fusion implosions via imaging x-ray spectroscopy",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Diffusion (business)",
"X-ray spectroscopy",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Atom",
"Implosion",
"Spectrometer",
"Molecular physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Deuterium"
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"first_author": "T. Joshi",
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"abstract": "In an earlier preliminary design study, we proposed a novel nuclear-pumped laser-driven (NPL) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) power reactor that represents an important variation on the \u201cneutron feedback\u201d concept for ICF. This NPL-driven ICF concept also included an advanced, DT-seeded, D3He-fueled pellet and magnetic protection of the first wall of the reactor chamber. Advantages that were demonstrated for this approach included increased efficiency for laser-to-target energy coupling, increased efficiency for thermalto-electric energy conversion, and reduced neutron activation and waste. The coupling efficiency is enhanced because a nuclear-pumped flashlamp is directly pumped by fission fragments from uranium micropellets within the lamp medium. The thermal conversion efficiency is greater because a large fraction of the ICF pellets thus, neutron-induced activity in the first wall is decreased and safety is increased. The initial study indicated these factors could result in a required driver energy of 5 MJ (vice 10 MJ currently projected) and a pellet gain of only 50 (vice 100 currently projected) for a feasible l,000-MWe power reactor operating with approximately six pellets per second. The current study includes a refined analysis of an NPL-driven ICF power reactor of this type. A cylindrical design for the fission/NPL blanket is selected as a \u201cnatural\u201d geometry for pumping the NPL. Required enrichments and criticalities are then predicted for the multiplication of the fusion neutron yield needed to pump the NPL. Based upon these results, we report a more detailed parametric study of the efficiencies for converting neutron, X-ray, and plasma yields from advanced ICF pellets into electrical and optical energy flows required in this concept. We also examined breeding tritium in a lithium blanket layer. Results from these studies help define topics and parameter spaces for further research on this unique reactor concept.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/parametric-design-study-of-a-nuclearpumped-laserdriven-inertial-confinement-fusion-power-plant/C51DD29FA9C355F16AB4E4FF2E22129A",
"title": "Parametric design study of a nuclear-pumped laser-driven inertial confinement fusion power plant",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Energy transformation",
"Neutron",
"Materials science",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Blanket",
"Power station",
"Nuclear pumped laser",
"Neutron activation"
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"first_author": "Denis Beller",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "Hydrodynamic instabilities, such as the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor and Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instabilities, play a central role when trying to achieve net thermonuclear fusion energy via the method of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The development of hydrodynamic instabilities on both sides of the compressed shell may cause shell breakup and ignition failure. A newly developed statistical mechanics model describing the evolution of the turbulent mixing zone from an initial random perturbation is presented. The model will be shown to compare very well both with full numerical simulations and with experiments, performed using high power laser systems, and using shock tubes. Applying the model to typical ICF implosion conditions, an estimation of the maximum allowed target, in-flight aspect ratio as a function of equivalent surface roughness, will be derived.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999LPB....17..465O/abstract",
"title": "Studies in the nonlinear evolution of the Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities and their role in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Breakup",
"Shell (structure)",
"Mechanics",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Classical mechanics",
"Shock (mechanics)",
"Statistical mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Dan Oron",
"scholarly_citations_count": 14,
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"abstract": "Relations between stagnation and in-flight phases are derived both analytically and numerically, for hydrodynamic variables relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions. Scaling laws are derived for the stagnation values of the shell density and areal density and for the hot-spot pressure, temperature, and areal density. A simple formula is also derived for the thermonuclear energy gain and in-flight aspect ratio. Implosions of cryogenic deuterium-tritium capsules driven by UV laser energies ranging from 25kJto2MJ are simulated with a one-dimensional hydrodynamics code to generate the implosion database used in the scaling law derivation. These scaling laws provide guidelines for optimized fuel assembly and laser pulse design for direct-drive fast ignition and conventional inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/910165-hydrodynamic-relations-direct-drive-fast-ignition-conventional-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
"title": "Hydrodynamic relations for direct-drive fast-ignition and conventional inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2007,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Area density",
"Implosion",
"Aspect ratio (image)",
"Laser",
"Mechanics",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Atmospheric-pressure plasma"
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"first_author": "C. D. Zhou",
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"abstract": "We report on a study of laser plasma instabilities with 527\u2009nm laser pulses in an intensity range of 0.5\u00d71013\u22121.1\u00d71015\u2009Wcm\u22122 and plasma parameters entering a regime that is relevant for direct drive inertial confinement fusion. Using the kilojoule high repetition rate L4n laser at the Extreme Light Infrastructure\u2014Beamlines, more than 1300 shots were collected, and the onset and the growth of stimulated Brioullin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) were studied with a high confidence level. The measured onset intensities are 0.2\u00d71014\u2009Wcm\u22122 for SBS and 1.4\u00d71014\u2009Wcm\u22122 for SRS. At the maximum intensity, the total fraction of backscattered energy reaches 2.5% for SBS and 0.1% for SRS. These results are of high relevance for advanced concepts for inertial fusion energy, which rely on the use of 527\u2009nm laser light to drive the implosion of the fuel target, and in particular, they can be used as a benchmark for advanced simulations.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Investigation of laser plasma instabilities driven by 527\u2009nm laser pulses relevant for direct drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2024,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasma",
"Laser",
"Fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Plasma instability",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Optics",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "Experiments have been performed to measure the effect of /sup 137//sub 55/Cs gamma emission on the length and distribution of long chains of CO/sub 2/ laser-induced plasma beads in atmospheric pressure air. Schlieren photography data show that negative ions produced by the /sup 137//sub 55/Cs source result in a shift of the breakdown plasma to lower CO/sub 2/ laser intensity regions. No significant change in the total plasma length or uniformity has been observed. These experiments are relevant to the role of wall activation in fusion reactors using electron or light ion beams injected through plasma channels.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_22800",
"title": "Effects of Gamma Emission on Laser Ionized Plasma Channels for Inertial Confinement Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 1983,
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"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Ionization",
"Atmospheric pressure",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma diagnostics",
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"abstract": "There has been rapid progress in inertial fusion in the past few years. This progress spans the construction of ignition facilities, a wide range of target concepts and the pursuit of integrated programmes to develop fusion energy using lasers, ion beams and z-pinches.Two ignition facilities are under construction, the national ignition facility (NIF) in the United States and the laser megajoule (LMJ) in France, and both projects are progressing towards an initial experimental capability. The laser integration line prototype beamline for LMJ and the first four beams of NIF will be available for experiments in 2003. The full 192 beam capability of NIF will be available in 2009 and ignition experiments are expected to begin shortly after that time.There is steady progress in target science and target fabrication in preparation for indirect-drive ignition experiments on NIF. Advanced target designs may lead to 5\u201310 times more yield than initial target designs. There has also been excellent progress on the science of ion beam and z-pinch-driven indirect-drive targets.Excellent progress on direct-drive targets has been obtained on the Omega laser at the University of Rochester. This includes improved performance of targets with a pulse shape predicted to result in reduced hydrodynamic instability. Rochester has also obtained encouraging results from initial cryogenic implosions.There is widespread interest in the science of fast ignition because of its potential for achieving higher target gain with lower driver energy and relaxed target fabrication requirements. Researchers from Osaka have achieved outstanding implosion and heating results from the Gekko XII Petawatt facility and implosions suitable for fast ignition have been tested on the Omega laser.A broad-based programme to develop lasers and ion beams for inertial fusion energy (IFE) is under way with excellent progress in drivers, chambers, target fabrication and target injection. KrF and diode pumped solid-state lasers are being developed in conjunction with dry-wall chambers and direct-drive targets. Induction accelerators for heavy ions are being developed in conjunction with thick-liquid protected wall chambers and indirect-drive targets.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/45/12A/015",
"title": "The US inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ignition programme and the inertial fusion energy (IFE) programme",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Beamline",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Nanotechnology",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
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"first_author": "J. D. Lindl",
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"sentence": "Excellent progress on direct-drive targets has been obtained on the Omega laser at the University of Rochester.",
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"sentence": "This includes improved performance of targets with a pulse shape predicted to result in reduced hydrodynamic instability.",
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"sentence": "Researchers from Osaka have achieved outstanding implosion and heating results from the Gekko XII Petawatt facility and implosions suitable for fast ignition have been tested on the Omega laser.",
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"sentence": "A broad-based programme to develop lasers and ion beams for inertial fusion energy IFE is under way with excellent progress in drivers, chambers, target fabrication and target injection.",
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"sentence": "KrF and diode pumped solid-state lasers are being developed in conjunction with dry-wall chambers and direct-drive targets.",
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"sentence": "Induction accelerators for heavy ions are being developed in conjunction with thick-liquid protected wall chambers and indirect-drive targets.",
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{
"abstract": "The hohlraum shape attracts considerable attention because there is no successful ignition method for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion at the National Ignition Facility. The available hohlraums are typically designed with simple conic curves, including ellipses, parabolas, arcs, or Lame curves, which allow only a few design parameters for the shape optimization, making it difficult to improve the performance, e.g., the energy coupling efficiency or radiation drive symmetry. A novel free-form hohlraum design and optimization approach based on the non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) model is proposed. In the present study, (1) all kinds of hohlraum shapes can be uniformly represented using NURBS, which is greatly beneficial for obtaining the optimal available hohlraum shapes, and (2) such free-form uniform representation enables us to obtain an optimal shape over a large design domain for the hohlraum with a more uniform radiation and higher drive temperature of the fuel capsule. Finally, a hohlraum is optimized and evaluated with respect to the drive temperature and symmetry at the Shenguang III laser facility in China. The drive temperature and symmetry results indicate that such a free-form representation is advantageous over available hohlraum shapes because it can substantially expand the shape design domain so as to obtain an optimal hohlraum with high performance.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22299690-novel-free-form-hohlraum-shape-design-optimization-laser-driven-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "Novel free-form hohlraum shape design and optimization for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Conic section",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Shape optimization",
"Hohlraum",
"Spline (mathematics)",
"Ellipse"
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"first_author": "Shaoen Jiang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 15,
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{
"abstract": "Multilayer direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion targets are shown to significantly reduce two-plasmon decay (TPD) driven hot-electron production while maintaining high hydrodynamic efficiency. Implosion experiments on the OMEGA laser used targets with silicon layered between an inner beryllium and outer silicon-doped plastic ablator. A factor-of-5 reduction in hot-electron generation ($g50\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{keV}$) was observed in the multilayer targets relative to pure CH targets. Three-dimensional simulations of the TPD-driven hot-electron production using a laser-plasma interaction code (lpse) that includes nonlinear and kinetic effects show good agreement with the measurements. The simulations suggest that the reduction in hot-electron production observed in the multilayer targets is primarily caused by increased electron-ion collisional damping.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27127973",
"title": "Two-Plasmon Decay Mitigation in Direct-Drive Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Experiments Using Multilayer Targets.",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Plasmon",
"Kinetic energy",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Omega",
"Beryllium",
"Laser",
"Silicon"
],
"first_author": "Russell Follett",
"scholarly_citations_count": 29,
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"abstract": "A new hot-electron generation mechanism in two-plasmon-decay instabilities is described based on a series of 2D, long-term ($\\ensuremath{\\sim}10\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{ps}$) particle-in-cell and fluid simulations under parameters relevant to inertial confinement fusion. The simulations show that significant laser absorption and hot-electron generation occur in the nonlinear stage. The hot electrons are stage accelerated from the low-density region to the high-density region. New modes with small phase velocities develop in the low-density region in the nonlinear stage and form the first stage for electron acceleration. Electron-ion collisions are shown to significantly reduce the efficiency of this acceleration mechanism.",
"URL": "https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/44623/",
"title": "Generating energetic electrons through staged acceleration in the two-plasmon-decay instability in inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "This article reports on the joint success of two independent lines of research, each of them being a multi-year international effort. One of these is the development of innovative sources, such as planar wire arrays (PWAs). PWAs turned out to be a prolific radiator, which act mainly as a resistor, even though the physical mechanism of efficient magnetic energy conversion into radiation still remains unclear. We review the results of our extensive studies of PWAs. We also report the new results of the experimental comparison PWAs with planar foil liners (another promising alternative to wire array loads at multi-mega-ampere generators). Pioneered at UNR, the PWA Z-pinch loads have later been tested at the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) on the Saturn generator, on GIT-12 machine in Russia, and on the QiangGuang-1 generator in China, always successfully. Another of these is the drastic improvement in energy efficiency of pulsed-power systems, which started in early 1980s with Zucker's experiments at Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Successful continuation of this approach was the Load Current Multiplier (LCM) proposed by Chuvatin in collaboration with Rudakov and Weber from NRL. The 100\u2009ns LCM was integrated into the Zebra generator, which almost doubled the plasma load current, from 0.9 to 1.7 MA. The two above-mentioned innovative approaches were used in combination to produce a new compact hohlraum radiation source for ICF, as jointly proposed by SNL and UNR [Jones et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 125001 (2010)]. The first successful proof-of-the-principle experimental implementation of new hohlraum concept at university-scale generator Zebra/LCM is demonstrated. A numerical simulation capability with VisRaD code (from PRISM Co.) established at UNR allowed for the study of hohlraum coupling physics and provides the possibility of optimization of a new hohlraum. Future studies are discussed.",
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"abstract": "Standard direct-drive inertial confinement fusion requires UV light irradiation in order to achieve ignition at total laser energy of the order of 1\u2009MJ. The shock-ignition approach opens up the possibility of igniting fusion targets using green light by reducing the implosion velocity and laser-driven ablation pressure. An analytical model is derived, allowing to rescale UV-driven targets to green light. Gain in the range 100\u2013200 is obtained for total laser energy in the range 1.5\u20133\u2009MJ. With respect to the original UV design, the rescaled targets are less sensitive to irradiation asymmetries and hydrodynamic instabilities, while operating in the same laser-plasma interaction regime.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4754307",
"title": "Driving high-gain shock-ignited inertial confinement fusion targets by green laser light",
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"abstract": "Growth of hydrodynamic instabilities at the interfaces of inertial confinement fusion capsules (ICF) due to ablator and fuel non-uniformities are a primary concern for the ICF program. Recently, observed jetting and parasitic mix into the fuel were attributed to isolated defects on the outer surface of the capsule. Strategies for mitigation of these defects exist, however, they require reduced uncertainties in Equation of State (EOS) models prior to invoking them. In light of this, we have begun a campaign to measure the growth of isolated defects (bumps) due to x-ray ablation Richtmyer-Meshkov in plastic ablators to validate these models. Experiments used hohlraums with radiation temperatures near 70 eV driven by 15 beams from the Omega laser (Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, NY), which sent a \u223c1.25Mbar shock into a planar CH target placed over one laser entrance hole. Targets consisted of 2-D arrays of quasi-gaussian bumps (10 microns tall, 34 microns FWHM) deposited on the surface facing into the hohlraum. On-axis radiography with a saran (Cl He \u03b1 \u2212 2.76keV) backlighter was used to measure bump evolution prior to shock breakout. Shock speed measurements were also performed to determine target conditions. Simulations using the LEOS 5310 and SESAME 7592 models required the simulated laser power be turned down to 80 and 88%, respectively to match observed shock speeds. Both LEOS 5310 and SESAME 7592 simulations agreed with measured bump areal densities out to 6 ns where ablative RM oscillations were observed in previous laser-driven experiments, but did not occur in the x-ray driven case. The QEOS model, conversely, over predicted shock speeds and under predicted areal density in the bump.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1107945-bump-evolution-driven-ray-ablation-richtmyer-meshkov-effect-plastic-inertial-confinement-fusion-ablators",
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"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/580351-fusion-neutrons-from-gas-endash-pusher-interface-deuterated-shell-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
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"abstract": "The tritium pathways and handling systems in 20 different conceptual magnetic and inertial confinement fusion reactor designs have been examined and compared. The primary objectives of this investigation were: to determine the effects, if any, of the plasma confinement scheme, reactor fueling method, and first-wall protection scheme on the design and relative complexity of the tritium handling systems; and to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of removing the tritium breeding function from the reactor. It is concluded that, from a tritium handling viewpoint, inertial confinement reactors with either gasprotected or magnetically protected first walls, pellet-fueled tandem mirrors, and reversed-field pinch reactors are preferred. On the other hand, the tritium handling problem is at a maximum in laser-driven reactors with either a wetted wall or lithium fall protection, tokamaks, standard mirrors, and fast-liner reactors. Theta pinches and neutral-beam-fueled tandem mirrors belong to an intermediate category. It is also concluded that transfer of the tritium breeding function from the reactor blanket to an external source does not result in significant benefits.",
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"abstract": "Nonuniformities seeded by both long- and short-wavelength laser perturbations can grow via Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion, leading to performance reduction in low-adiabat implosions. To mitigate the effect of laser imprinting on target performance, spherical RT experiments have been performed on OMEGA using Si- or Ge-doped plastic targets in a cone-in-shell configuration. Compared to a pure plastic target, radiation preheating from these high-Z dopants (Si/Ge) increases the ablation velocity and the standoff distance between the ablation front and laser-deposition region, thereby reducing both the imprinting efficiency and the RT growth rate. Experiments showed a factor of 2-3 reduction in the laser-imprinting efficiency and a reduced RT growth rate, leading to significant (3-5 times) reduction in the \u03c3(rms) of shell \u03c1R modulation for Si- or Ge-doped targets. These features are reproduced by radiation-hydrodynamics simulations using the two-dimensional hydrocode DRACO.",
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"abstract": "Laser-driven Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) relies on the use of high-energy laser beams to compress and ignite a thermonuclear fuel with the ultimate goal of producing energy. Fusion is the holy grail of energy sources-combining abundant fuel with no greenhouse gas emissions, minimal waste products and a scale that can meet mankind's long-term energy demands. The quality and the efficiency of the coupling of the laser beams with the target are an essential step towards the success of laser fusion. A long-term program on laser-plasma interaction physics has been pursued to understand the propagation and the coupling of laser pulses in plasmas for a wide range of parameters. Soon after the laser discovery, the idea to build high-power lasers to drive fusion reactions in a small pellet to produce energy was proposed by Jean Robieux (1). Fusion energy is an attractive, environmentally clean, power source with no greenhouse gases or long-lived radioactive waste materials. An essential step towards ignition is the efficient coupling of the laser beams with the target. During the first picoseconds of the laser pulse irradiating a material, a plasma is produced. The physics of laser- plasma interaction includes the propagation of the beams in this plasma and the processes by which the energy of the electromagnetic wave is given to the plasma. Because of the high energy that must be transferred to the target during the laser pulse, laser intensities are such that non-linear processes are expected. One important parameter for the laser propagation in a plasma is the critical density, which is the maximum electron density in which the electromagnetic wave can propagate. The critical density is inversely proportional to the square of the laser wavelength (0): (nc (cm \u22123 ) = 1.1 \u00d7 10 21 /0(m) 2 ). The energy deposited in the corona is then transferred by conduction in the denser plasma. The main processes of energy deposition or reflection were identified in the seventies. Among them, it was soon demonstrated that collisional absorption, which transfers the laser energy to the bulk of the plasma, was the only useful mechanism for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). Other laser-plasma coupling mechanisms, also named anomalous absorption processes, were shown to be deleterious for inertial fusion because the energy was given to hot electrons. Suprathermal electrons can preheat the fuel and thus be detrimental to efficient compression. Among the non-linear processes are the resonant couplings of the incident laser electromagnetic (EM) wave with the plasma modes, which generate scattered electromagnetic waves (2). So are stimulated Brillouin (SBS) and Raman scattering (SRS), which can be described as the decay of the incident EM wave into a scattered EM wave and an ion-acoustic wave (IAW) or an electron plasma",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPJWC..5901012L/abstract",
"title": "Effect of the laser wavelength: A long story of laser-plasma interaction physics for Inertial Confinement Fusion Teller Medal Lecture",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Atomic physics",
"Thermal blooming",
"Laser power scaling",
"Fusion power",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "C. Labaune",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "The observed degradation of radiatively driven single shell capsule yield with increasing convergence ratio can be quantitatively understood by mixing between the gaseous deuterium-tritium (DT) or deuterium (DD) and the pusher. Calculations using a multifluid interpenetration mix model can replicate the performance of experiments at the NOVA [C. Bibeau et al., Appl. Opt. 31, 5799 (1992)] and OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] lasers, using a single fitting parameter, a mixing length ratio. When mix is similarly treated at the ablator\u2013solid DT interface, cryogenic single shell ignition capsules for the National Ignition Facility [J. A. Paisner, E. M. Campbell, and W. J. Hogan, Fusion Technol. 26, 755 (1994)] and the Laser Mega Joule [ P. A. Holstein et al., Laser Part. Beams 17, 403 (1999)] calculate to ignite and burn with gains of several due to isolation of the ignition hot spot from the pusher material.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhPl...10.4427W/abstract",
"title": "Degradation of radiatively driven inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions by multifluid interpenetration mixing",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Mixing (physics)",
"Nova (laser)",
"Fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Laser",
"Deuterium"
],
"first_author": "Doug Wilson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 25,
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"abstract": "We determine the dependence of key Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) hot spot simulation properties on the deuterium-tritium fuel adiabat, here modified by addition of energy to the cold shell. Variation of this parameter reduces the simulation to experiment discrepancy in some, but not all, experimentally inferred quantities. Using simulations with radiation drives tuned to match experimental shots N120321 and N120405 from the National Ignition Campaign (NIC), we carry out sets of simulations with varying amounts of added entropy and examine the sensitivities of important experimental quantities. Neutron yields, burn widths, hot spot densities, and pressures follow a trend approaching their experimentally inferred quantities. Ion temperatures and areal densities are sensitive to the adiabat changes, but do not necessarily converge to their experimental quantities with the added entropy. This suggests that a modification to the simulation adiabat is one of, but not the only explanation of the observed simulation to experiment discrepancies. In addition, we use a theoretical model to predict 3D mix and observe a slight trend toward less mixing as the entropy is enhanced. Instantaneous quantities are assessed at the time of maximum neutron production, determined dynamically within each simulation. These trends contribute to ICF science, as an effort to understand the NIC simulation to experiment discrepancy, and in their relation to the high foot experiments, which features a higher adiabat in the experimental design and an improved neutron yield in the experimental results.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4908278",
"title": "Sensitivity of inertial confinement fusion hot spot properties to the deuterium-tritium fuel adiabat",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Adiabatic process",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Radiation",
"Ignition system",
"Nucleon",
"Nuclear physics",
"Mechanics",
"Deuterium"
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"first_author": "Jeremy Melvin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "We study the beam nonuniformity smoothing effect of radiation transport in the density valley formed by an ion-beam deposition in a heavy ion-beam inertial confinement fusion pellet by numerical simulations. The simulation results show that the radiation energy is confined in the density valley, and the beam nonuniformity can be smoothed out by the radiation transport along the density valley. In addition, an estimation for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability during the implosion phase is also presented.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10006615579",
"title": "Beam Non-Uniformity Smoothing Using Density Valley Formed by Heavy Ion Beam Deposition in Inertial Confinement Fusion Fuel Pellet",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Beam (structure)",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Smoothing",
"Radiant energy"
],
"first_author": "Jun Sasaki",
"scholarly_citations_count": 14,
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"abstract": "We report the first gamma-ray-based measurements of the areal density of ablators in inertial-confinement-fusion capsule implosions. The measurements, made at the OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], used observations of gamma rays arising from inelastic scattering of 14.1-MeV deuterium-tritium (DT) neutrons on 12C nuclei in the compressed plastic ablators. The emission of 12C(n,n\u2032\u03b3) gamma rays from the capsules is detected using the Gamma Reaction History instrument [H. W. Herrmann et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 244, 032047 (2010)] operating at OMEGA. From the ratio of a capsule's 12C(n,n\u2032\u03b3) emission to the emission from the same processes in an in situ reference graphite \u201cpuck\u201d of known mass and geometry [N. M. Hoffman et al., in IFSA 2011 proceedings (submitted)], we determine the time-averaged areal density of 12C in the capsule's compressed ablator. Measured values of total ablator areal density for thirteen imploded capsules, in the range 23\u2009\u00b1\u200910 to 58\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u2009mg/cm2, are comparable to values calculated in 1D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, and measured by charged-particle techniques.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22130456-measurement-areal-density-ablators-inertial-confinement-fusion-capsules-via-detection-ablator-prime-gamma-gamma-ray-emission",
"title": "Measurement of areal density in the ablators of inertial-confinement-fusion capsules via detection of ablator (n, n\u2032\u03b3) gamma-ray emission",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Carbon-12",
"Inelastic scattering",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Area density",
"Charged particle",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Gamma ray"
],
"first_author": "Nelson M. Hoffman",
"scholarly_citations_count": 27,
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"title": "Development of Tritium Tracer Doped Liquid Fuel Target for Inertial Confinement Fusion at the Gekko XII-LFEX Facility",
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"abstract": "High laser energy (>1.2\u2009MJ) implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility show that low mode implosion symmetry is highly dependent on an expanding high-Z wall \u201cbubble\u201d plasma feature. The bubble is caused by the early time deposition of laser beams incident on the interior near the entrance of the cylindrical hohlraum (outer cone beams). It absorbs beams designated for the waist of the hohlraum (inner cone beams) causing a redistribution of x-ray flux on the capsule. From measurements, we are able to quantify the absorption and expansion of this bubble. Measurements show that the resulting hot spot is more oblate when there is more inner beam absorption in the bubble. We find absorption in the bubble to be between 51\u2009\u00b1\u20093% and 62\u2009\u00b1\u20092%. This bubble absorption is found to evolve predictably as a function of the early time outer cone laser pulse fluence and the pulse length. From this, a phenomenological model of the effective drive symmetry and subsequent implosion shape is found indicating a very strong dependence of implosion shape on early time laser fluence and laser pulse duration.High laser energy (>1.2\u2009MJ) implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility show that low mode implosion symmetry is highly dependent on an expanding high-Z wall \u201cbubble\u201d plasma feature. The bubble is caused by the early time deposition of laser beams incident on the interior near the entrance of the cylindrical hohlraum (outer cone beams). It absorbs beams designated for the waist of the hohlraum (inner cone beams) causing a redistribution of x-ray flux on the capsule. From measurements, we are able to quantify the absorption and expansion of this bubble. Measurements show that the resulting hot spot is more oblate when there is more inner beam absorption in the bubble. We find absorption in the bubble to be between 51\u2009\u00b1\u20093% and 62\u2009\u00b1\u20092%. This bubble absorption is found to evolve predictably as a function of the early time outer cone laser pulse fluence and the pulse length. From this, a phenomenological model of the effective drive symmetry and subsequent implosion shape is found indicating a very...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25h2701R/abstract",
"title": "The influence of hohlraum dynamics on implosion symmetry in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments",
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"abstract": "Encouraging progress is being made in demonstrating control of ablation front hydrodynamic instability growth in inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility [E. I. Moses, R. N. Boyd, B. A. Remington, C. J. Keane, and R. Al-Ayat, Phys. Plasmas 16, 041006 (2009)]. Even once ablation front stabilities are controlled, however, instability during the stagnation phase of the implosion can still quench ignition. A scheme is proposed to reduce the growth of stagnation phase instabilities through the reverse of the \u201cadiabat shaping\u201d mechanism proposed to control ablation front growth. Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations confirm that improved stagnation phase stability should be possible without compromising fuel compression.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4921134",
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"abstract": "The physics of laser-plasma interaction is studied on the Shenguang III prototype laser facility under conditions relevant to inertial confinement fusion designs. A sub-millimeter-size underdense hot plasma is created by ionization of a low-density plastic foam by four high-energy (3.2 kJ) laser beams. An interaction beam is fired with a delay permitting evaluation of the excitation of parametric instabilities at different stages of plasma evolution. Multiple diagnostics are used for plasma characterization, scattered radiation, and accelerated electrons. The experimental results are analyzed with radiation hydrodynamic simulations that take account of foam ionization and homogenization. The measured level of stimulated Raman scattering is almost one order of magnitude larger than that measured in experiments with gasbags and hohlraums on the same installation, possibly because of a greater plasma density. Notable amplification is achieved in high-intensity speckles, indicating the importance of implementing laser temporal smoothing techniques with a large bandwidth for controlling laser propagation and absorption.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0023006",
"title": "Studies of laser-plasma interaction physics with low-density targets for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on the Shenguang III prototype",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
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"Raman scattering",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement nuclear fusion driven by X-ray from Z-pinch plasmas has been developed. Recently, extremely high X-ray power (290 TW) and energy (1.8 MJ) were produced in fast Z-pinch implosions on the Z accelerator (Sandia National Laboratories). Wire arrays are used to produce the initial plasma. The X-ray from Z-pinch plasmas produced by pulsed power has great potential as a driver of inertial confinement nuclear fusion.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPFR...75..126A/abstract",
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"abstract": "It has been recognized for many years that the most significant limitation of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor (RT) instability. It limits the distance an ablatively driven shell can be moved to several times its initial thickness. Fortunately material flow through the unstable region at velocity vA reduces the growth rate to \u221akg/1+kL\u2212\u03b2kvA with \u03b2 from 2\u20133. In recent years experiments using both x\u2010ray drive and smoothed laser drive to accelerate foils have confirmed the community\u2019s understanding of the ablative RT instability in planar geometry. The growth of small initial modulations on the foils is measured for growth factors up to 60 for direct drive and 80 for indirect drive. For x\u2010ray drive large stabilization is evident. After some growth, the instability enters the nonlinear phase when mode coupling and saturation are also seen and compare well with modeling. Normalized growth rates for direct drive are measured to be higher, but strategies for reduction by raising the isentrope are being investigated. For direct drive, high spatial frequencies are imprinted from the laser beam and amplified by the RT instability. Modeling shows an understanding of this \u2018\u2018laser imprinting.\u2019\u2019",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhPl....1.1379K/abstract",
"title": "A review of the ablative stabilization of the Rayleigh--Taylor instability in regimes relevant to inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1994,
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"abstract": "We propose a new approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) that could potentially lead to ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The proposal is based upon a combination of two concepts, referred to as polar direct drive and liquid deuterium\u2013tritium wetted foam capsules. With this new concept, 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations indicate that ICF ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn are possible with the laser power and energy capabilities available today on the NIF.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0062590",
"title": "A polar direct drive liquid deuterium\u2013tritium wetted foam target concept for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is an approach to fusion that relies on the inertia of the fuel mass to provide confinement. To achieve conditions under which inertial confinement is sufficient for efficient thermonuclear burn, a capsule (generally a spherical shell) containing thermonuclear fuel is compressed in an implosion process to conditions of high density and temperature. ICF capsules rely on either electron conduction (direct drive) or x rays (indirect drive) for energy transport to drive an implosion. In direct drive, the laser beams (or charged particle beams) are aimed directly at a target. The laser energy is transferred to electrons by means of inverse bremsstrahlung or a variety of plasma collective processes. In indirect drive, the driver energy (from laser beams or ion beams) is first absorbed in a high\u2010Z enclosure (a hohlraum), which surrounds the capsule. The material heated by the driver emits x rays, which drive the capsule implosion. For optimally designed targets, 70%\u201380% of the d...",
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"title": "Development of the indirect\u2010drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain",
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"abstract": "The characteristics of an APLF80+3Ce scintillator are presented. Its sufficiently fast decay profile, low afterglow, and an improved light output compared to the recently developed APLF80+3Pr, were experimentally demonstrated. This scintillator material holds promise for applications in neutron imaging diagnostics at the energy regions of 0.27 MeV of DD fusion down-scattered neutron peak at the world's largest inertial confinement fusion facilities such as the National Ignition Facility and the Laser Megajoule.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RScI...81j6105A/abstract",
"title": "Note: Light output enhanced fast response and low afterglow 6Li glass scintillator as potential down-scattered neutron diagnostics for inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion, quantitative and high-spatial resolution (\n $$< 10\\,\\upmu $$\n m) measurements of the X-rays self-emitted by the hotspot are critical for studying the physical processes of the implosion stagnation stage. Herein, the 8 \u00b1 0.39-keV monochromatic X-ray distribution from the entire hotspot is quantitatively observed in 5-\n $$\\upmu $$\n m spatial resolution using a Kirkpatrick\u2013Baez microscope, with impacts from the responses of the diagnosis system removed, for the first time, in implosion experiments at the 100\u00a0kJ laser facility in China. Two-dimensional calculations along with 2.5% P2 drive asymmetry and 0.3 ablator self-emission are congruent with the experimental results, especially for the photon number distribution, hotspot profile, and neutron yield. Theoretical calculations enabled a better understanding of the experimental results. Furthermore, the origins of the 17.81% contour profile of the deuterium-deuterium hotspot and the accurate Gaussian source approximation of the core emission area in the implosion capsule are clarified in detail. This work is significant for quantitatively exploring the physical conditions of the hotspot and updating the theoretical model of capsule implosion.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8280192/",
"title": "Quantitative observation of monochromatic X-rays emitted from implosion hotspot in high spatial resolution in inertial confinement fusion.",
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"abstract": "Time-gated radiography with monoenergetic 15-MeV protons, 3-MeV protons, and 4-MeV alpha particles has revealed a rich and complex evolution of electromagnetic field structures in and around imploding, directly driven inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) targets at the OMEGA laser facility. Plastic-shell capsules and solid plastic spheres were imaged during and after irradiation with ICF-relevant laser drive (up to 6\u2009\u00d7\u20091014 W/cm2). Radial filaments appeared while the laser was on; they filled, and were frozen into, the out-flowing corona, persisting until well after the end of the laser drive. Data from specially designed experiments indicate that the filaments were not generated by two-plasmon-decay instabilities or by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities associated with shell acceleration. Before the onset of visible filamentation, quasi-spherical field structures appeared outside the capsule in the images in a form that suggests outgoing shells of net positive charge. We conjecture that these discrete shells are...",
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"title": "Time evolution of filamentation and self-generated fields in the coronae of directly driven inertial-confinement fusion capsules",
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"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "The role of the coronal electron plasma temperature for shock-ignition conditions is analysed with respect to the dominant parametric processes: stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, two-plasmon decay (TPD), Langmuir decay instability (LDI) and cavitation. TPD instability and cavitation are sensitive to the electron temperature. At the same time the reflectivity and high-energy electron production are strongly affected. For low plasma temperatures the LDI plays a dominant role in the TPD saturation. An understanding of laser\u2013plasma interaction in the context of shock ignition is an important issue due to the localization of energy deposition by collective effects and hot electron production. This in turn can have consequences for the compression phase and the resulting gain factor of the implosion phase.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/high-power-laser-science-and-engineering/article/temperature-dependence-of-parametric-instabilities-in-the-context-of-the-shockignition-approach-to-inertial-confinement-fusion/6163EB6D168B8BC1AB1050A0E4F05A85",
"title": "Temperature dependence of parametric instabilities in the context of the shock-ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion",
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"sentence": "An understanding of laserplasma interaction in the context of shock ignition is an important issue due to the localization of energy deposition by collective effects and hot electron production.",
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"abstract": "Accurate knowledge of the properties of warm dense deuterium/tritium (DT) is essential to reliably design inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. In the warm-dense-matter regime, routinely accessed by low-adiabat ICF implosions,1 strongcoupling and degeneracy effects play an important role in determining plasma properties. Using first-principles methods of both path-integral Monte Carlo and quantum molecular-dynamics (QMD), we have performed systematic investigation of the equation of state,2 thermal conductivity,3 4 5 and opacity6 for DT over a wide range of densities and temperatures. These first-principles properties have been incorporated into our hydrocodes. When compared to hydro simulations using standard plasma models, significant differences in 1-D target performance have been identified for simulations of DT implosions. For low-adiabat (\u03b1 \u2264 2) DT plasma conditions, the QMD-predicted opacities are 10 to 100\u00d7 higher than predicted by the coldopacity\u2013patched astrophysical opacity table. The thermal conductivity could be 3 to 10\u00d7 larger than the Lee\u2013More model prediction. These enhancements can modify the shell adiabat and shock dynamics in lower-\u03b1 ICF implosions, which could lead to \u223c 40% variations in peak density and neutron yield. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0001944.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DPPTI2003H/abstract",
"title": "Impact of First-Principles Property Calculations of Warm-Dense Deuterium/Tritium on Inertial Confinement Fusion Target Designs",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"Lawson criterion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Equation of state",
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"Plasma",
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"abstract": "A method for modeling realistic laser beams smoothed by kinoform phase plates is presented. The ray-based paraxial complex geometrical optics (PCGO) model with Gaussian thick rays allows one to create intensity variations, or pseudospeckles, that reproduce the beam envelope, contrast, and high-intensity statistics predicted by paraxial laser propagation codes. A steady-state cross-beam energy-transfer (CBET) model is implemented in a large-scale radiative hydrocode based on the PCGO model. It is used in conjunction with the realistic beam modeling technique to study the effects of CBET between coplanar laser beams on the target implosion. The pseudospeckle pattern imposed by PCGO produces modulations in the irradiation field and the shell implosion pressure. Cross-beam energy transfer between beams at ${20}^{\\ensuremath{\\circ}}$ and ${40}^{\\ensuremath{\\circ}}$ significantly degrades the irradiation symmetry by amplifying low-frequency modes and reducing the laser-capsule coupling efficiency, ultimately leading to large modulations of the shell areal density and lower convergence ratios. These results highlight the role of laser-plasma interaction and its influence on the implosion dynamics.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.013102",
"title": "Modeling of the cross-beam energy transfer with realistic inertial-confinement-fusion beams in a large-scale hydrocode.",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Geometrical optics",
"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Implosion",
"Kinoform",
"Computational physics",
"Paraxial approximation",
"Intensity (heat transfer)",
"Radiative transfer"
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"first_author": "Arnaud Cola\u00eftis",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we present a theoretical framework for interpreting the hot-spot electron temperature (Te) inferred from hard (10- to 20-keV) x-ray continuum emission for inertial confinement fusion implosions on OMEGA. We first show that the inferred Te represents the emission-weighted, harmonic mean of the hot-spot Te distribution, both spatially and temporally. A scheme is then provided for selecting a photon energy of which the emission weighting approximates neutron weighting. Simulations are then used to quantify the predicted relationship between the inferred Te, neutron-weighted Ti, and implosion performance on OMEGA. In an ensemble of 1-D simulations, it was observed that hot-spot thermal nonequilibrium precluded a sufficiently unique mapping between the inferred Te and neutron-weighted Ti. The inferred Te and hard x-ray yield's sensitivity to implosion asymmetry was studied using a 3-D simulation case study with low-harmonic-mode perturbations (i.e., laser beam power imbalance, target offset, and beam port geometry departures from spherical symmetry) and laser imprint (lmax\u2009=\u2009200).",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5112759",
"title": "Interpreting the electron temperature inferred from x-ray continuum emission for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions on OMEGA",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Electron temperature",
"Photon energy",
"Computational physics",
"Asymmetry",
"Plasma diagnostics",
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"abstract": "The self-similar nonlinear evolution of the multimode ablative Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability (RTI) and the ablation-generated vorticity effect are studied for a range of initial conditions. We show that, unlike classical RTI, the nonlinear multimode bubble-front evolution remains in the bubble competition regime due to ablation-generated vorticity, which accelerates the bubbles, thereby preventing a transition into the bubble-merger regime. We develop an analytical bubble competition model to describe the linear and nonlinear stages of ablative RTI. We show that vorticity inside the multimode bubbles is most significant at small scales with large initial perturbation. Since these small scales persist in the bubble competition regime, the self-similar growth coefficient \u03b1b can be enhanced by up to 30% relative to ablative bubble competition without vorticity effects. We use the ablative bubble competition model to explain the hydrodynamic stability boundary observed in OMEGA low-adiabat implosion experiments.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27l2701Z/abstract",
"title": "Nonlinear bubble competition of the multimode ablative Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability and applications to inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "Parametric system studies of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor system to transmute fission products from an LWR economy have been carried out. The ICF reactors would produce net power in addition to transmuting fission products. The particular ICF concept examined is an impact fusion approach termed HYPERFUSE, in which hypervelocity pellets, traveling on the order of 100 to 300 km/sec, collide with a target in a reactor chamber and initiate a thermonuclear reaction. The DT fusion fuel is contained in a shell of the material to be transmuted, e.g., /sup 137/Cs or /sup 90/Sr. The 14 MeV fusion neutrons released during the pellet burn cause transmutation reactions (e.g., (n, 2n), (n, ..cap alpha..), etc.) that convert the long lived fission products (FP's) either to stable products or to species that decay with a short half-life to a stable product.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5551125/",
"title": "Hyper-fuse: a novel inertial confinement system utilizing hypervelocity projectiles for fusion energy production and fission waste transmutation",
"year_published": 1979,
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"Fission",
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Boosted fission weapon",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Muon-catalyzed fusion",
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"sentence": "The 14 MeV fusion neutrons released during the pellet burn cause transmutation reactions .., , 2n, ,..cap alpha.., etc.",
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"sentence": "that convert the long lived fission products FPs either to stable products or to species that decay with a short half-life to a stable product.",
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"abstract": "Using a radio frequency remote plasma deposition process, hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films were prepared from a variety of hydrocarbon precursors. Monomers were aliphatic chains (butane, trans-2-butene), rings (ethylcyclohexane), or aromatics (styrene, ethylbenzene), mixed with hydrogen. These films were elaborated in order to be used in inertial confinement fusion experiments with the future megajoule laser. Thickness and roughness were studied and optimized in relation of plasma parameters. Structural properties were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared, Raman diffusion, and others.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.582147",
"title": "Comparative study of a-C:H films for inertial confinement fusion prepared with various hydrocarbon precursors by radio frequency-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Thin film",
"Plasma parameters",
"Materials science",
"Amorphous carbon",
"Butane",
"Ethylbenzene",
"Remote plasma",
"Chemical vapor deposition"
],
"first_author": "M. Theobald",
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"abstract": "Using first-principles (FP) methods, we have performed ab initio compute for the equation of state (EOS), thermal conductivity, and opacity of deuterium-tritium (DT) in a wide range of densities and temperatures for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) applications. These systematic investigations have recently been expanded to accurately compute the plasma properties of CH ablators under extreme conditions. In particular, the first-principles EOS and thermal-conductivity tables of CH are self-consistently built from such FP calculations, which are benchmarked by experimental measurements. When compared with the traditional models used for these plasma properties in hydrocodes, significant differences have been identified in the warm dense plasma regime. When these FP-calculated properties of DT and CH were used in our hydrodynamic simulations of ICF implosions, we found that the target performance in terms of neutron yield and energy gain can vary by a factor of 2 to 3, relative to traditional model simulations.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012064",
"title": "First-principles studies on the equation of state, thermal conductivity, and opacity of deuterium-tritium (DT) and polystyrene (CH) for inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Ab initio",
"Equation of state",
"Deuterium",
"Opacity",
"Plasma",
"Thermal conductivity"
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"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
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"abstract": "Recent progress in high-gain direct-drive inertial confinement fusion with the laser Megajoule is reviewed. A new baseline direct-drive target design is presented which implodes with a two-cones irradiation pattern of indirect-drive beam configuration and zooming. Perturbation amplitudes and correlated growth rates of hydrodynamic instabilities in the compressed core of a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule are analyzed in planar and spherical geometries, with and without heat conduction, in the unsteady state regime of the deceleration. Shock propagation in heterogeneous media is addressed in the context of first shock. The neutron and photon emissions of high-gain direct-drive target are characterized. Numerical interpretations of directly driven homothetic cryogenic D2 target implosion experiments on the Omega facility are presented.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/49/12B/S56",
"title": "High-gain direct-drive inertial confinement fusion for the Laser M\u00e9gajoule: recent progress",
"year_published": 2007,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Planar",
"Neutron",
"Photon",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Thermal conduction",
"Implosion",
"Laser M\u00e9gajoule"
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"first_author": "B. Canaud",
"scholarly_citations_count": 34,
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"sentence": "Perturbation amplitudes and correlated growth rates of hydrodynamic instabilities in the compressed core of a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule are analyzed in planar and spherical geometries, with and without heat conduction, in the unsteady state regime of the deceleration.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Technique",
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{
"abstract": "A fusion-product source, utilizing a 150kV Cockraft\u2013Walton linear accelerator, has been refurbished to provide a reliable nuclear diagnostic development tool to the national inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research program. The accelerator is capable of routinely generating DD reaction rates at \u223c107\u2215s when using a 150kV, 150\u03bcA deuterium (D) beam onto an erbium (Er) or titanium (Ti) target doped with D, and DHe3 reaction rates at \u223c5\u00d7105\u2215s when using a using a 120kV, \u223c100\u03bcA D beam onto a Er or Ti target doped with He3. The new accelerator is currently being used in a number of projects related to the national ICF program at the OMEGA Laser Fusion Facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], which includes the wedge range filter charged-particle spectrometry program [F. H. Seguin et al., Rev. Sci Instrum. 75, 3520 (2004)] and the magnetic recoil neutron spectrometer [J. A. Frenje et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 854 (2001)].",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/78059579",
"title": "An accelerator based fusion-product source for development of inertial confinement fusion nuclear diagnostics",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Linear particle accelerator",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Helium-3",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Deuterium"
],
"first_author": "S. C. McDuffee",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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{
"abstract": "Polystyrene (CH), commonly known as \u201cplastic,\u201d has been one of the widely used ablator materials for capsule designs in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Knowing its precise properties under high-energy-density conditions is crucial to understanding and designing ICF implosions through radiation\u2013hydrodynamic simulations. For this purpose, systematic ab initio studies on the static, transport, and optical properties of CH, in a wide range of density and temperature conditions (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.1 to 100\u2009g/cm3 and T\u2009=\u2009103 to 4\u2009\u00d7\u2009106\u2009K), have been conducted using quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations based on the density functional theory. We have built several wide-ranging, self-consistent material-properties tables for CH, such as the first-principles equation of state, the QMD-based thermal conductivity (\u03baQMD) and ionization, and the first-principles opacity table. This paper is devoted to providing a review on (1) what results were obtained from these systematic ab initio studies; (2) how these self-consiste...",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5017970",
"title": "A review on ab initio studies of static, transport, and optical properties of polystyrene under extreme conditions for inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Density functional theory",
"Ab initio quantum chemistry methods",
"Ionization",
"Ab initio",
"Computational physics",
"Equation of state",
"Opacity",
"Thermal conductivity"
],
"first_author": "Lee A. Collins",
"scholarly_citations_count": 30,
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{
"abstract": "The very clean nuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen and boron-11 by inertial confinement arrives at conditions for power stations by volume ignition only at compressions to 100,000 times the solid state. The earlier (numerically) observed anomaly of decreasing gain at increasing density (retrograde behavior) is analyzed and the reason clarified: the strong stopping power mechanism, based on Gabor's collective model, is reaching its limit of too small Debye lengths at the extremely high densities because of the optimum temperature in the range of 30 keV due to the reabsorption of the bremsstrahlung. The relativistic correction of the bremsstrahlung for the always much higher temperatures after volume ignition is included from Maxon's model.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/analysis-of-the-retrograde-hydrogen-boron-fusion-gains-at-inertial-confinement-fusion-with-volume-ignition/9D284545B6689510B9A3C998C8E72E5C",
"title": "Analysis of the retrograde hydrogen boron fusion gains at inertial confinement fusion with volume ignition",
"year_published": 1997,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Materials science",
"Volume (thermodynamics)",
"Boron",
"Hydrogen"
],
"first_author": "Chr. Scheffel",
"scholarly_citations_count": 21,
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"abstract": "The Magnetically Insulated Inertial Confinement Fusion system combines many of the favourable aspects of both magnetic and inertial fusion in that physical containment of the hot plasma is provided by a metallic shell, while its energy is insulated from the solid wall by a strong self-generated magnetic field. The reactor potential of such a deuterium-tritium (D-T) burning system is examined by utilizing a quasi-one-dimensional, time dependent set of particle and energy balance equations for the thermal components plus an arbitrary number of fast alpha energy groups. Classical and anomalous diffusion is incorporated for particles and energy crossing the magnetic field that separates the core plasma from the 'halo' region, and the energy gain factor Q is calculated. It is shown that when proper choices are made for the size of the ablating fuel shell and the metallic outer shell, Q values in the hundreds and perhaps thousands are obtainable when reasonable values of initial plasma density, temperature, and radius are assumed. These encouraging results are contingent on certain assumptions concerning refuelling and metallic wall interactions that must await further experimentation and simulation studies for validation.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/29/7/001",
"title": "A high gain fusion reactor based on the magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion (MICF) concept",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Anomalous diffusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Fusion power",
"Energy balance",
"Shell (structure)",
"Mechanics",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Terry Kammash",
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"abstract": "Direct measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth at the fuel-ablator interface in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are reported for the first time. These experiments investigate one of the degradation mechanisms behind the lower-than-expected performance of early ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility. Face-on x-ray radiography is used to measure instability growth occurring between the deuterium-tritium fuel and the plastic ablator from well-characterized perturbations. This growth starts in two ways through separate experiments-either from a preimposed interface modulation or from ablation front feedthrough. These experiments are consistent with analytic modeling and radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, which say that a moderately unstable Atwood number and convergence effects are causing in-flight perturbation growth at the interface. The analysis suggests that feedthrough from outersurface perturbations dominates the interface perturbation growth at mode 60.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.075002",
"title": "First Measurements of Fuel-Ablator Interface Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "Solutions to the radiation diffusion equation predict the absorbed energy (``wall loss'') within an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hohlraum. Comparing supersonic versus subsonic solutions suggests that a high $Z$ metallic foam as hohlraum wall material will reduce hydrodynamic losses, and hence, net absorbed energy by $\\ensuremath{\\sim}20%$. We derive an analytic expression for the optimal density (for any given drive temperature and pulse-length) that will achieve this reduction factor and which agrees well with numerical simulations. This approach can increase the coupling efficiency of indirectly driven ICF capsules.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvE..72e6403R/abstract",
"title": "Analytic expressions for optimal inertial-confinement-fusion hohlraum wall density and wall loss.",
"year_published": 2005,
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"first_author": "Mordecai D. Rosen",
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"abstract": "Hydrodynamicinstabilities seeded by laser imprint and surface roughness limit the compression ratio and neutron yield in the direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target designs. New improved-performance designs use adiabat shaping to increase the entropy of only the outer portion of the shell, reducing the instability growth. The inner portion of the shell is kept on a lower entropy to maximize shell compressibility. The adiabat shaping is implemented using a high-intensity picket in front of the main-drive pulse. The picket launches a strong shock that decays as it propagates through the shell. This increases the ablation velocity and reduces the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor growth rates. In addition, as shown earlier [T.J.B. Collins and S. Skupsky, Phys. Plasmas 9, 275 (2002)], the picket reduces the instability seed due to the laser imprint. To test the results of calculations, a series of the picket pulse implosions of CH capsules were performed on the OMEGA laser system [T.R. Boehly, D.L. Brown, R.S. Craxton et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. The experiments demonstrated a significant improvement in target yields for the pulses with the picket compared to the pulses without the picket. Results of the theory and experiments with adiabat shaping are being extended to future OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility\u2019s [J.A. Paisner, J.D. Boyes, S.A. Kumpan, W.H. Lowdermilk, and M.S. Sorem, Laser Focus World 30, 75 (1994)] cryogenic target designs.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1562166",
"title": "Improved performance of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target designs with adiabat shaping using an intensity picket",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Optics",
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"first_author": "Valeri Goncharov",
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{
"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments, the presence of residual anisotropic fluid motion within the stagnating hot spot leads to significant variations in ion-temperature measurements using neutron time-of-flight detectors along different lines of sight. The minimum ion-temperature measurement is typically used as representative of the thermal temperature. In the presence of isotropic flows, however, even the minimum Deuterium\u2013Tritium (DT) neutron-inferred ion temperature can be well above the plasma thermal temperature. Using both Deuterium\u2013Deuterium (DD) and DT neutron-inferred ion-temperature measurements, we show that it is possible to determine the contribution of isotropic flows and infer the DT burn-averaged thermal ion temperature. The contribution of large isotropic flows on driving the ratio of DD to DT neutron-inferred ion temperatures well below unity and approaching the lower bound of 0.8 is demonstrated in multimode simulations. The minimum DD neutron-inferred ion temperature is determined from the velocity variance analysis, accounting for the presence of isotropic flows. Being close to the DT burn-averaged thermal ion temperature, the inferred DD minimum ion temperatures demonstrate a strong correlation with the experimental yields in the OMEGA implosion database. An analytical expression is also derived to explain the effect of mode l = 1 ion-temperature measurement asymmetry on yield degradations caused by the anisotropic flows.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27f2702W/abstract",
"title": "Inferring thermal ion temperature and residual kinetic energy from nuclear measurements in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Isotropy",
"Implosion",
"Thermal",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "K. M. Woo",
"scholarly_citations_count": 15,
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{
"abstract": "Plastic scintillator material acts as a neutron-to-light converter in instruments that make inertial confinement fusion burn history measurements. Light output for a detected neutron in current instruments has a fast rise time (<20 ps) and a relatively long decay constant (1.2 ns). For a burst of neutrons whose duration is much shorter than the decay constant, instantaneous light output is approximately proportional to the integral of the neutron interaction rate with the scintillator material. Burn history is obtained by deconvolving the exponential decay from the recorded signal. The error in estimating signal amplitude for these integral measurements is calculated and compared with a direct measurement in which light output is linearly proportional to the interaction rate.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RScI...70.1217L/abstract",
"title": "Error analysis for fast scintillator-based inertial confinement fusion burn history measurements",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Scintillator",
"Exponential decay",
"Amplitude",
"Observational error",
"Rise time",
"Neutron detection"
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"first_author": "R. A. Lerche",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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{
"abstract": "The Gamma Reaction History (GRH) diagnostic located at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) measures time resolved gamma rays released from inertial confinement fusion experiments by converting the emitted gamma rays into Cherenkov light. Imploded capsules have a bright 4.4 MeV gamma ray from fusion neutrons inelastically scattering with carbon atoms in the remaining ablator. The strength of the 4.4 MeV gamma ray line is proportional to the capsule's carbon ablator areal density and can be used to understand the dynamics and energy budget of a carbon-based ablator capsule implosion. Historically, the GRH's four gas cells use the energy thresholding from the Cherenkov process to forward fit an estimation of the experiment's complete gamma ray spectrum by modeling the surrounding environment in order to estimate the 4.4 MeV neutron induced carbon gamma ray signal. However, the high number of variables, local minima, and uncertainties in detector sensitivities and relative timing had prevented the routine use of the forward fit to generate carbon areal density measurements. A new, more straightforward process of direct subtraction of deconvolved signals was developed to simplify the extraction of the carbon areal density. Beryllium capsules are used as a calibration to measure the capsule environment with no carbon signal. The proposed method is then used to appropriately subtract and isolate the carbon signal on shots with carbon ablators. The subtraction algorithm achieves good results across all major capsule campaigns, achieving similar results to the forward fit. This method is now routinely used to measure carbon areal density for NIF shots.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31779396",
"title": "Improved inertial confinement fusion gamma reaction history 12 C gamma-ray signal by direct subtraction",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Carbon",
"Beryllium",
"Cherenkov radiation",
"Gamma ray"
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"abstract": "We have successfully employed isoelectronic line ratios to measure the electron temperature in gas-filled Hohlraum targets and gas bags shot with the Nova laser. These targets produce millimeter-scale-length plasmas with electron density ${\\mathit{N}}_{\\mathit{e}}$\\ensuremath{\\sim}${10}^{21}$ ${\\mathrm{cm}}^{\\mathrm{\\ensuremath{-}}3}$ and electron temperature ${\\mathit{T}}_{\\mathit{e}}$\\ensuremath{\\sim}3 keV. The Hohlraum targets can also produce radiation temperature exceeding 200 eV. Isoelectronic line ratios are well suited to this measurement because they are relatively insensitive to radiation field effects in Hohlraum targets, opacity, transients, and variations in electron density compared to conventional line ratios. We survey the properties of isoelectronic line ratios formed from ratios of n-to-1 resonance transitions in heliumlike Cr to the same transitions in Ti and compare with conventional ratios of n-to-1 transitions in hydrogenlike Ti to the corresponding transitions in heliumlike Ti, concentrating on plasma parameter ranges of interest to the Nova experiments. We also consider the same ratios using K and Cl. Atomic kinetics are treated using collisional-radiative models and experimental data are analyzed with the aid of radiation-hydrodynamics calculations. When we apply isoelectronic techniques to the Nova experimental data, we find that the targets have electron temperatures of at least 3 keV. \\textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9964860",
"title": "Isoelectronic x-ray spectroscopy to determine electron temperatures in long-scale-length inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas",
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"abstract": "Hydrodynamic instabilities and poor fuel compression are major factors for capsule performance degradation in ignition experiments on the National Ignition Facility. Using a recently developed laser drive profile with a decaying first shock to tune the ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov (ARM) instability and subsequent in-flight Rayleigh-Taylor growth, we have demonstrated reduced growth compared to the standard ignition pulse whilst maintaining conditions for a low fuel adiabat needed for increased compression. Using in-flight x-ray radiography of pre-machined modulations, the first growth measurements using this new ARM-tuned drive have demonstrated instability growth reduction of \u223c4\u00d7 compared to the original design at a convergence ratio of \u223c2. Corresponding simulations give a fuel adiabat of \u223c1.6, similar to the original goal and consistent with ignition requirements.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22h0702M/abstract",
"title": "Stabilization of high-compression, indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions using a 4-shock adiabat-shaped drive",
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"abstract": "Initial experiments to study the Z-pinch-driven hohlraum high-yield inertial confinement fusion (ICF) concept of Hammer, Tabak, and Porter [Hammer et al., Phys. Plasmas 6, 2129 (1999)] are described. The relationship between measured pinch power, hohlraum temperature, and secondary hohlraum coupling (\u201chohlraum energetics\u201d) is well understood from zero-dimensional semianalytic, and two-dimensional view factor and radiation magnetohydrodynamics models. These experiments have shown the highest x-ray powers coupled to any Z-pinch-driven secondary hohlraum (26\u00b15 TW), indicating the concept could scale to fusion yields of >200 MJ. A novel, single-sided power feed, double-pinch driven secondary that meets the pinch simultaneity requirements for polar radiation symmetry has also been developed. This source will permit investigation of the pinch power balance and hohlraum geometry requirements for ICF relevant secondary radiation symmetry, leading to a capsule implosion capability on the Z accelerator [Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)].",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:34072057",
"title": "Development and Characterization of a Z-Pinch Driven Hohlraum High-Yield Inertial Confinement Fusion Target Concept",
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"abstract": "It is proposed that the ratio of deuterium-tritium (D-T) to neutron producing deuterium-deuterium (D-D) reactions (RDT/RDD) be used as a diagnostic of the fuel density-radius product (\u3008\u03c1R\u3009) for ini...",
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"title": "The Ratio of D-T to D-D Reactions as a Measure of the Fuel Density-Radius Product in Initially Tritium-Free Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets",
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"abstract": "Two-dimensional space-resolved temperature and density images of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion core have been diagnosed for the first time. Argon-doped, direct-drive ICF experiments were performed at the Omega Laser Facility and a collection of two-dimensional space-resolved spectra were obtained from an array of gated, spectrally resolved pinhole images recorded by a multi-monochromatic x-ray imager. Detailed spectral analysis revealed asymmetries of the core not just in shape and size but in the temperature and density spatial distributions, thus characterizing the core with an unprecedented level of detail.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21e0702N/abstract",
"title": "Direct asymmetry measurement of temperature and density spatial distributions in inertial confinement fusion plasmas from pinhole space-resolved spectra",
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"abstract": "Reducing hohlraum wall loss is one of the most important ways to improve hohlraum coupling efficiency in laser indirect drive inertial-confinement fusion. It is appeared that a high Z metallic foam as hohlraum wall material will reduce wall loss. By adjusting initial hohlraum wall density distribution along radial axes to \u03c10(r)=kr, the numerical simulation results show that it can indeed bring best savings of \u223c40% general wall loss. We conclude that absorbed energy mainly decreases by restraining rarefactions, and a proper slope k can optimize internal energy loss of low density and increased kinetic loss by subsonic. Also saved energy ratio reduces with source temperature decreasing. This approach would cut the reactor driver that needs quite substantially if experiments demonstrate it.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhPl...18c3301Z/abstract",
"title": "Study on optimal inertial-confinement-fusion hohlraum wall radial density and wall loss",
"year_published": 2011,
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"sentence": "This approach would cut the reactor driver that needs quite substantially if experiments demonstrate it.",
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"abstract": "Abstract A suite of six neutron time of flight detectors capable of measuring the primary DT neutron energy spectrum has recently been completed on the OMEGA Laser System. The detectors are positioned along multiple quasi-orthogonal lines of sight (LOS\u2019s) in either a stand-alone, collinear, or antipodal configuration. The collinear detector configuration enables one to measure the neutron velocity along the detector LOS independent of the neutron-production history, while the antipodal detector configuration enables one to directly measure of the hot-spot velocity along the detector axis and Gamow velocity shift due to the plasma ion temperature. Using these six measurements of the primary DT neutron energy spectrum, the neutron-averaged hot-spot velocity and Gamow velocity shift of DT fusion neutrons have been measured in cryogenic experiments on OMEGA for the first time. The detector suite is operable between DT neutron yields of 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01013 to 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01014 with an uncertainty of \u223c 14 km/s in the neutron-averaged hot-spot velocity measurement.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NIMPA.96463774M/abstract",
"title": "A suite of neutron time-of-flight detectors to measure hot-spot motion in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments on OMEGA",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Omega",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma",
"Neutron detection",
"Detector",
"Time of flight"
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"first_author": "Owen Mannion",
"scholarly_citations_count": 24,
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"abstract": "The Neutron Imaging System (NIS) is an important diagnostic for understanding implosions of deuterium-tritium capsules at the National Ignition Facility. While the detectors for the existing system must be positioned 28 m from the source to produce sufficient imaging magnification and resolution, recent testing of a new short line of sight neutron imaging system has shown sufficient resolution to allow reconstruction of the source image with quality similar to that of the existing NIS on a 11.6 m line of sight. The new system used the existing pinhole aperture array and a stack of detectors composed of 2 mm thick high-density polyethylene converter material followed by an image plate. In these detectors, neutrons enter the converter material and interact with protons, which recoil and deposit energy within the thin active layer of the image plate through ionization losses. The described system produces time-integrated images for all neutron energies passing through the pinhole. We present details of the measurement scheme for this novel technique to produce energy-integrated neutron images as well as source reconstruction results from recent experiments at NIF.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:47052655",
"title": "Demonstration of a time-integrated short line of sight neutron imaging system for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Recoil",
"Pinhole (optics)",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Neutron detection",
"Detector"
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"first_author": "Raspberry Simpson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"abstract": "Summary form only given. In the interaction of high power laser beams with solid density plasma, there are a number of generating mechanisms that result in very strong magnetic fields. Such fields can subsequently inhibit or redirect energy transport. Here, we present 2D numerical modeling of near critical density plasma using a fully implicit Vlasov-Fokker-Planck code, IMPACTA, which includes self-consistent magnetic fields as well as anisotropic electron pressure terms in the expansion of the distribution function. Magnetic field generation and advection by different mechanisms are studied in the context of heating by multiple laser spots, between which reconnection of magnetic field lines may occur. In particular, we compare the relative importance of Hall, resistivity, and heat flux effects in the magnetic field dynamics of MG strength, oppositely aligned magnetic fields interacting in a plasma under conditions relevant to the wall of a hohlraum. We show that reconnection does indeed occur and furthermore, under such conditions, the reconnection rate is moderated by the heat flow rather than the Alfvenic flows in the system.",
"URL": "http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.105004",
"title": "Magnetic reconnection in plasma under inertial confinement fusion conditions driven by heat flux effects in OHM'S law",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Magnetosphere particle motion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Waves in plasmas",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Magnetic pressure",
"Plasma stability",
"Magnetic reconnection",
"Mechanics",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Archis Joglekar",
"scholarly_citations_count": 31,
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{
"abstract": "Abstract Targets for low-adiabat direct-drive-implosion experiments on OMEGA must meet rigorous specifications and tight tolerances on the diameter, wall thickness, wall-thickness uniformity, and presence of surface features. Of these, restrictions on the size and number of defects (bumps and depressions) on the surface are the most challenging. The properties of targets that are made using vapor-deposition and solution-based microencapsulation techniques are reviewed. Targets were characterized using confocal microscopy, bright- and dark-field microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and interferometry. Each technique has merits and limitations, and a combination of these techniques is necessary to adequately characterize a target. The main limitation with the glow-discharge polymerization (GDP) method for making targets is that it produces hundreds of domes with a lateral dimension of 0.7\u20132\u00a0\u03bcm. Polishing these targets reduces the size of some but not all domes, but it adds scratches and grooves to the surface. Solution-made polystyrene shells lack the dome features of GDP targets but have hundreds of submicrometer-size voids throughout the wall of the target; a few of these voids can be as large as \u223c12\u00a0\u03bcm\u00a0at the surface.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.mre.2018.08.001",
"title": "Properties of vapor-deposited and solution-processed targets for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Polishing",
"Microscopy",
"Interferometry",
"Dome (geology)",
"Materials science",
"Polystyrene",
"Laser",
"Chemical vapor deposition"
],
"first_author": "D. R. Harding",
"scholarly_citations_count": 14,
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"abstract": "Nonuniformity of heavy-ion-beam (HIB) illumination is one of key issues in the HIB inertial confinement fusion (ICF): implosion symmetry should be less than a few percent in order to compress a fuel sufficiently and release fusion energy effectively. In this paper a new HIB illumination scheme is presented in order to realize a robust illumination scheme against a displacement of a direct-driven fuel pellet in an ICF reactor. It is known that the HIB illumination nonuniformity is sensitive to a little pellet displacement from a reactor chamber center; a pellet displacement of only 50\u2013100\u03bcm was tolerable in the conventional HIB illumination schemes. In this paper by three-dimensional computer simulations a new robust HIB illumination scheme was found, in which a 200\u2013300\u03bcm displacement is allowed.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhPl...12l2702M/abstract",
"title": "Robust heavy-ion-beam illumination against a direct-drive-pellet displacement in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Pellet",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
"Illuminance",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Displacement (vector)",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "K. Miyazawa",
"scholarly_citations_count": 28,
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{
"abstract": "Neutron and x-ray imaging provide critical information about the geometry and hydrodynamics of inertial confinement fusion implosions. However, existing diagnostics at Omega and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) cannot produce images in both neutrons and x-rays along the same line of sight. This leads to difficulty comparing these images, which capture different parts of the plasma geometry, for the asymmetric implosions seen in present experiments. Further, even when opposing port neutron and x-ray images are available, they use different detectors and cannot provide positive information about the relative positions of the neutron and x-ray sources. A technique has been demonstrated on implosions at Omega that can capture x-ray images along the same line of sight as the neutron images. The technique is described, and data from a set of experiments are presented, along with a discussion of techniques for coregistration of the various images. It is concluded that the technique is viable and could provide valuable information if implemented on NIF in the near future.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25933858",
"title": "Simultaneous neutron and x-ray imaging of inertial confinement fusion experiments along a single line of sight at Omega",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Iterative reconstruction",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Neutron source",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Line-of-sight",
"Plasma diagnostics"
],
"first_author": "Christopher Danly",
"scholarly_citations_count": 8,
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"abstract": "Nearly 70 participants from 12 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Israel, Poland, Sweden, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States of America, and the host country Japan) met in Kobe at the IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on Advances in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Research from 14 to 17 November 1983. It was the fifth Technical Committee Meeting on ICF, the last having taken place in Osaka in 1979 (Nuclear Fusion 20 (1980) 507).",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/24/4/013",
"title": "Advances in Inertial Confinement Fusion Research (Report on the IAEA Technical Committee Meeting, Kobe, 1983)",
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"abstract": "This work presents studies which demonstrate the importance of the very early heating dynamics of the ablator long before the ablation plasma phase begins in laser driven inertial confinement fusio...",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33040652/",
"title": "The importance of the laser pulse-ablator interaction dynamics prior to the ablation plasma phase in inertial confinement fusion studies",
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"abstract": "Fusion ignition has been successfully achieved at the National Ignition Facility, but the main obstacles of low-mode asymmetries, laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs), and hydrodynamic instabilities (HIs) still remain in the path toward a predictable yield for fusion ignition, especially at high gain. A recently proposed octahedral spherical Hohlraum, i.e., a spherical Hohlraum with six laser entrance holes of octahedral symmetry [Lan et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 010704 (2014); Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 245001 (2021)], was demonstrated to have the advantages of a naturally high radiation symmetry without any symmetry tuning technology and a high energy coupling efficiency from the drive laser to the capsule hotspot. In addition, a novel HDC\u2013CH (here, HDC and CH refer to high density carbon and glow discharge plastic, respectively) capsule design was proposed to have the advantages in both low LPIs and low HIs by using two different ablators [Qiao and Lan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 185001 (2021)]. For the first time, here we proposed a point design target composed of an octahedral spherical Hohlraum and an HDC\u2013CH capsule to suppress the above-mentioned obstacles and presented the 2D simulation of the effect of symmetry and hydrodynamic instabilities on implosion performances. Our work provides a novel target design for a more predictable fusion ignition in experiment.",
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"title": "Point design of octahedral spherical Hohlraum with HDC\u2013CH capsule for a predictable inertial confinement fusion at/beyond ignition",
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"abstract": "The illumination uniformity of a spherical target is of fundamental importance in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The laser intensity asymmetry is studied here using numerical calculations, taking into account target positioning errors and laser system shot-to-shot fluctuations. The optimisation of a laser beam configuration is outlined on the basis of a statistical analysis of the illumination uniformity using three independent selection criteria. The particular case of a 48-beam laser facility is discussed in detail. It is found that the fluctuation of the illumination asymmetry is a key parameter for assessing the stability of operation in high-repetition-rate mode. Moreover the target positioning error arising from the injection system could be the dominant source of illumination asymmetry in a fusion reactor.",
"URL": "http://epljournal.edpsciences.org/articles/epl/abs/2011/09/epl13482/epl13482.html",
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"abstract": "A recent paper presents numerical simulations of shock waves in a two-ion-component plasma, investigating how species separation occurring in the latter can affect the nuclear fusion yield of inertial confinement fusion targets. Here, it is shown that an important physical mechanism has obviously been omitted in those calculations, which thus lead to significantly overestimated results.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4799820",
"title": "Comment on \u201cSpecies separation in inertial confinement fusion fuels\u201d [Phys. Plasmas 20, 012701 (2013)]",
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"abstract": "A new in-flight radiography platform has been established at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure Rayleigh\u2013Taylor and Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability growth in inertial confinement fusion capsules. The platform has been tested up to a convergence ratio of 4. An experimental campaign is underway to measure the growth of pre-imposed sinusoidal modulations of the capsule surface, as a function of wavelength, for a pair of ignition-relevant laser drives: a \u201clow-foot\u201d drive representative of what was fielded during the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) [Edwards et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 070501 (2013)] and the new high-foot [Dittrich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 055002 (2014); Park et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 055001 (2014)] pulse shape, for which the predicted instability growth is much lower. We present measurements of Legendre modes 30, 60, and 90 for the NIC-type, low-foot, drive, and modes 60 and 90 for the high-foot drive. The measured growth is consistent with model predictions, including much less growth for the high-foot drive, demonstrating the instability mitigation aspect of this new pulse shape. We present the design of the platform in detail and discuss the implications of the data it generates for the on-going ignition effort at NIF.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1149053-flight-radiography-platform-measure-hydrodynamic-instability-growth-inertial-confinement-fusion-capsules-national-ignition-facility",
"title": "An in-flight radiography platform to measure hydrodynamic instability growth in inertial confinement fusion capsules at the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2014,
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"abstract": "Using a relatively simple static model and allowing a number of additional radiation shields in an axially symmetric hohlraum having two converters, a systematic process of reducing the asymmetry of the radiation field on a fusion capsule is presented. As a result of this procedure, a hohlraum target is obtained that shows a high degree of symmetrization even in a very early stage of irradiation. The sensitivity of the symmetry to the form and the position of each hohlraum component is investigated. To increase the reliability of the results, an enhanced model of radiation reemission in a hohlraum target, including reemission of the converter, is developed. Using this enhanced model it is found that the obtained hohlraum configuration is still valid, while the simple reemission model leads to incorrect results in special cases. It is also shown that the detailed configuration of a hohlraum target, especially of the radiation shields, depends considerably on the temperature distribution of the converter surface, but it is always possible to achieve a high degree of symmetry with radiation shields. 24 refs., 15 figs., 1 tab.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/512910-reduction-radiation-asymmetry-radiation-shields-indirectly-driven-inertial-confinement-fusion-hohlraum-targets",
"title": "Reduction of Radiation Asymmetry with Radiation Shields in Indirectly Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion Hohlraum Targets",
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"abstract": "Low-density foams of low-/mid-Z materials have been previously proposed to mitigate laser imprint for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For foam densities above the critical density of the drive laser, the mechanism of laser-imprint mitigation relies on the reduced growth rate of Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability because of the increased ablation velocity and density scale length at the ablation surface. Experimental demonstration of this concept has been limited so far to planar-target geometry. The impact of foams on spherical implosions has not yet been explored in experiments. To examine the viability of using an above-critical-density foam layer to mitigate laser-imprint effects in direct-drive ICF implosions on OMEGA, we have performed a series of 2-D DRACO simulations with state-of-the-art physics models, including nonlocal thermal transport, cross-beam energy transfer, and first-principles equation-of-state tables. The simulation results indicate that a 40-\u03bcm-thick CH or SiO2 foam layer with a density of \u03c1\u2009=\u200940\u2009mg/cm3 added to a D2-filled polystyrene (CH) capsule can significantly improve the moderate-adiabat (\u03b1\u2009\u2248\u20093) implosion performance. In comparison to the standard CH target implosion, an increase in neutron yield by a factor of 4 to 8 and the recovery of 1-D compression \u03c1R are predicted by DRACO simulations for a foam-target surface roughness of \u03c3rms\u2009\u2264\u20090.5\u2009\u03bcm. These encouraging results could readily facilitate experimental demonstrations of laser-imprint mitigation with an above-critical-density foam layer.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5044609",
"title": "Mitigating laser-imprint effects in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions with an above-critical-density foam layer",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Surface roughness",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Laser ablation",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Laser",
"Mechanics",
"Deuterium"
],
"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 18,
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"abstract": "In this paper the physical and the mathematical model of a three\u2010temperature plasma is presented. The numerical algorithm used to solve this problem is also described. A special technique has been used to treat very rapid electron\u2010ion and electron\u2010radiation energy equipartition rates in inertial fusion plasmas. This model has been incorporated in the one\u2010dimensional computer code medusa\u2010ka. (N. A. Tahir and K. A. Long, \u2018\u2018medusa\u2010ka: A one\u2010dimensional computer code for inertial fusion target design,\u2019\u2019 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Report, KfK\u20103454, 1983). Application of this model to study the problem of ignition and burn propagation in reactor\u2010size inertial fusion targets is also briefly discussed.",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/60/3/10.1063/1.337330",
"title": "Method of solution of a three\u2010temperature plasma model and its application to inertial confinement fusion target design studies",
"year_published": 1986,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Statistical physics",
"Fusion",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Chemistry",
"Electron temperature",
"Source code",
"Mechanics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Mathematical model",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "N. A. Tahir",
"scholarly_citations_count": 65,
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"abstract": "Negative ion beams have been proposed as drivers for inertial confinement fusion (ICF), as high-velocity neutral projectiles produced by photodetachment may efficiently impact and heat up a hydrogen pellet target. Charge-changing cross sections are henceforth needed to estimate the beam attenuation in the residual gases. In this work we analyse cross section measurements for the several electron-loss collision channels of fluorine anions impinging on argon (10-50 keV/u energy range) and producing charge states from Ar + to Ar 4+ . Cross sections for projectile destruction associated to target ionization rise steeply with velocity, displaying a clear energy threshold. This threshold is characteristic of a collision process involving direct interaction between a projectile electron and a target electron.",
"URL": "https://jp4.journaldephysique.org/en/articles/jp4/abs/2006/02/jp4133152/jp4133152.html",
"title": "Electron loss cross sections of fluorine negative-ion projectile for modeling of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Ionization",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Projectile",
"Cross section (physics)",
"Argon"
],
"first_author": "M. M. Sant\u2019Anna",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "Anomalous thermonuclear yield degradation (i.e., that not describable by single-fluid radiation hydrodynamics) in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosions is ubiquitously observed in both Omega and National Ignition experiments. Multiple experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to investigate the origin of such a degradation. Relative concentration changes of fuel-ion species, as well as kinetically enhanced viscous heating, have been among possible explanations proposed for certain classes of ICF experiments. In this study, we investigate the role of such kinetic plasma effects in detail. To this end, we use the iFP code to perform multi-species ion Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations of ICF capsule implosions with the fuel comprising various hydrodynamically equivalent mixtures of deuterium (D) and helium-3 (3He), as in the original Rygg experiments [J. R. Rygg et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 052702 (2006)]. We employ the same computational setup as in O. Larroche [Phys. Plasmas 19, 122706 ...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5024402",
"title": "Yield degradation in inertial-confinement-fusion implosions due to shock-driven kinetic fuel-species stratification and viscous heating",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Ion",
"Vlasov equation",
"Helium",
"Mechanics",
"Deuterium",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "William Taitano",
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"abstract": "A numerical and self-similar analysis of the generation of implosion in water medium in cylindrical and spherical geometries is presented. The following interaction of the implosion wave with a deuterium-tritium mixture target is analyzed. It was found that the established converging cumulative water flow is self-similar, in spite of the complexity of the implied equations of state. Results of an idealized model indicate that, using a spherical geometry setup with 7.5mm external radius of the water layer and \u223c35kJ total deposited energy, a \u223c1.5\u00d71014 neutron yield during \u223c1.5ns time can be achieved. The obtained results suggest that ignition of deuterium-tritium target by implosion in water medium can be considered as a promising method for inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhPl...14a2701G/abstract",
"title": "Implosion in water medium and its possible application for the inertial confinement fusion target ignition",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Water flow",
"Computer simulation",
"Mechanics",
"Spherical geometry",
"Radius"
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"first_author": "A. Grinenko",
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"abstract": "French targets prepared for inertial confinement fusion experiments, to be shot on the Laser Megajoule facility, are organic (CHx) microshells. The microshell, that contains the deuterium\u2013tritium mixture (DT), is placed in a gold holraum that converts the laser light into an x-ray flow. It is an indirect drive to reach ignition. This microshell, whose role is an ablator to initiate compression of the target, is fabricated by plasma polymerization of organic precursors. In these implosion experiments, it is necessary to control the preheat of the deuterium\u2013tritium fusible mixture in the capsule, and the ablation front instability, by doping the ablator layer with a small quantity of high Z material. The germanium or bromine doping of the CHx enables the control of the microshell opacity to prevent the preheat of DT from high energetic x rays. Titanium is used to diagnostises the implosion of the target. The coating properties evolve with the amount of dopant incorporated in the CHx matrix. Evolution of the...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JVST...19..118T/abstract",
"title": "Doped CHx microshells prepared by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2001,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasma polymerization",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Chemistry",
"Dopant",
"Implosion",
"Laser M\u00e9gajoule",
"Optoelectronics",
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"Opacity"
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"first_author": "M. Theobald",
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"sentence": "In these implosion experiments, it is necessary to control the preheat of the deuteriumtritium fusible mixture in the capsule, and the ablation front instability, by doping the ablator layer with a small quantity of high Z material.",
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Technique",
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},
{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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},
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"entity": "tritium"
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"category": "Concept",
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"entity": "ablator layer"
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "high Z material"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "capsule"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The germanium or bromine doping of the CHx enables the control of the microshell opacity to prevent the preheat of DT from high energetic rays.",
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "germanium"
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"sentence": "Titanium is used to diagnostises the implosion of the target.",
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"sentence": "The coating properties evolve with the amount of dopant incorporated in the CHx matrix.",
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}
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{
"sentence": "Evolution of the...",
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}
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{
"abstract": "AbstractLaser indirect drive is hindered, in part, by two problems: \u201cwall motion\u201d resulting from ablation of the hohlraum inner wall and \u201cpreheat\u201d of the fuel capsule. To mitigate wall motion and preheat, a mid-Z\u2013coated high internal phase emulsion, poly(HIPE) foam liner (5.7-mm diameter, 150 \u03bcm thick, 2.8 mm long, 33\u00a0mg/cm3) was developed and integrated into the hohlraum interior. A zinc oxide coating was applied throughout the poly(HIPE) foam using atomic layer deposition to achieve 149\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014\u00a0mg/cm3 bulk density. Preliminary data collected from actual shots at the National Ignition Facility suggest the inclusion of the poly(HIPE) liner reduced preheat threefold and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) fivefold relative to an existing reference shot on a gold hohlraum (wavelength shift also contributed to SBS reduction).",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15361055.2017.1356109",
"title": "Zinc Oxide\u2013Coated Poly(HIPE) Annular Liners to Advance Laser Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Composite material",
"Materials science",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Coating",
"Brillouin scattering",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Zinc",
"Atomic layer deposition"
],
"first_author": "P. Fitzsimmons",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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"entity": "Laser indirect drive"
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "fuel capsule"
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"category": "Physical Process",
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"sentence": "To mitigate wall motion and preheat, a mid-Zcoated high internal phase emulsion, polyHIPE foam liner 5.7-mm diameter, 150 \u03bcm thick, 2.8 mm long, 33 mgcm3 was developed and integrated into the hohlraum interior.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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"sentence": "A zinc oxide coating was applied throughout the polyHIPE foam using atomic layer deposition to achieve 149 14 mgcm3 bulk density.",
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"sentence": "Preliminary data collected from actual shots at the National Ignition Facility suggest the inclusion of the polyHIPE liner reduced preheat threefold and stimulated Brillouin scattering SBS fivefold relative to an existing reference shot on a gold hohlraum wavelength shift also contributed to SBS reduction.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "gold hohlraum"
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"category": "Physical Process",
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{
"category": "Physical Process",
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{
"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "wavelength shift"
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{
"abstract": "To meet the requirements for plasma physics experiments in the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) program, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in fluid beds was used to fabricate freestanding tungsten spheres and cylinders with wall thicknesses less than 5.0 \u03bcm. Molybdenum and molybdenum alloy (TZM) mandrels of the desired geometry were suspended in a carrier bed of dense microspheres contained in an induction\u2010heated fluid\u2010bed reactor. The mandrels were free to float randomly through the bed, and using the reaction WF6+3H2\u2192723 KW +6HF, very fine\u2010grained tungsten was deposited onto the surface at a rate and in a grain size determined by temperature, gas flow rate, system pressure, and duration of the reaction. After coating, a portion of each mandrel was exposed by hole drilling or grinding. The mandrel was then removed by acid leaching, leaving a freestanding tungsten shape. Experimental procedures, mandrel preparation, and results obtained are discussed.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5522727-fabrication-thin-wall-freestanding-inertial-confinement-fusion-targets-chemical-vapor-deposition",
"title": "Fabrication of thin\u2010wall, freestanding inertial confinement fusion targets by chemical vapor deposition",
"year_published": 1982,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Composite material",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Mandrel",
"Coating",
"Surface coating",
"Tungsten",
"Molybdenum",
"Chemical vapor deposition"
],
"first_author": "D. W. Carroll",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Technique",
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"sentence": "Molybdenum and molybdenum alloy TZM mandrels of the desired geometry were suspended in a carrier bed of dense microspheres contained in an inductionheated fluidbed reactor.",
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"sentence": "The mandrels were free to float randomly through the bed, and using the reaction WF63H2723 KW 6HF, very finegrained tungsten was deposited onto the surface at a rate and in a grain size determined by temperature, gas flow rate, system pressure, and duration of the reaction.",
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"sentence": "After coating, a portion of each mandrel was exposed by hole drilling or grinding.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
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"sentence": "The mandrel was then removed by acid leaching, leaving a freestanding tungsten shape.",
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"sentence": "Experimental procedures, mandrel preparation, and results obtained are discussed.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
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}
]
},
{
"abstract": "Current designs for inertial confinement fusion capsules for the National Ignition Facility consist of a solid deuterium\u2013tritium (D\u2013T) fuel layer inside of a copper doped beryllium, Be(Cu), shell. Phase contrast enhanced x-ray imaging is shown to render the D\u2013T layer visible inside the Be(Cu) shell. Phase contrast imaging is experimentally demonstrated for several surrogate capsules and validates computational models. Polyimide and low density divinyl benzene foam shells were imaged at the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron. The surrogates demonstrate that phase contrast enhanced imaging provides a method to characterize surfaces when absorption imaging cannot be used. Our computational models demonstrate that a rough surface can be accurately characterized using phase contrast enhanced x-ray images.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1862764",
"title": "Quantitative characterization of inertial confinement fusion capsules using phase contrast enhanced x-ray imaging",
"year_published": 2005,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Synchrotron",
"Advanced Photon Source",
"National Ignition Facility",
"X-ray",
"Beryllium",
"Phase-contrast imaging",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)"
],
"first_author": "B. J. Kozioziemski",
"scholarly_citations_count": 63,
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"sentence": "Phase contrast enhanced -ray imaging is shown to render the DT layer visible inside the BeCu shell.",
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"sentence": "Phase contrast imaging is experimentally demonstrated for several surrogate capsules and validates computational models.",
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"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
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"sentence": "Polyimide and low density divinyl benzene foam shells were imaged at the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron.",
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"sentence": "The surrogates demonstrate that phase contrast enhanced imaging provides a method to characterize surfaces when absorption imaging cannot be used.",
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"sentence": "Our computational models demonstrate that a rough surface can be accurately characterized using phase contrast enhanced -ray images.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "surface"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "A z-pinch radiation source has been developed that generates 60 {+-} 20 KJ of x-rays with a peak power of 13 {+-} 4 TW through a 4-mm diameter axial aperture on the Z facility. The source has heated NIF (National Ignition Facility)-scale (6-mm diameter by 7-mm high) hohlraums to 122 {+-} 6 eV and reduced-scale (4-mm diameter by 4-mm high) hohlraums to 155 {+-} 8 eV -- providing environments suitable for indirect-drive ICF (Inertial Confinement Fusion) studies. Eulerian-RMHC (radiation-hydrodynamics code) simulations that take into account the development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the r-z plane provide integrated calculations of the implosion, x-ray generation, and hohlraum heating, as well as estimates of wall motion and plasma fill within the hohlraums. Lagrangian-RMHC simulations suggest that the addition of a 6 mg/cm{sup 3} CH{sub 2} fill in the reduced-scale hohlraum decreases hohlraum inner-wall velocity by {approximately}40% with only a 3--5% decrease in peak temperature, in agreement with measurements.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhPl....7.4669S/abstract",
"title": "Dynamics of a Z-pinch x-ray source for heating inertial-confinement-fusion relevant hohlraums to 120\u2013160 eV",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Pinch",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Z-pinch",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Thom W. L. Sanford",
"scholarly_citations_count": 46,
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{
"sentence": "A -pinch radiation source has been developed that generates 60 20 KJ of -rays with a peak power of 13 4 TW through a 4-mm diameter axial aperture on the Z facility.",
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}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The source has heated NIF National Ignition Facility-scale 6-mm diameter by 7-mm high hohlraums to 122 6 eV and reduced-scale 4-mm diameter by 4-mm high hohlraums to 155 8 eV-- providing environments suitable for indirect-drive ICF Inertial Confinement Fusion studies.",
"entities": [
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"sentence": "Eulerian-RMHC radiation-hydrodynamics code simulations that take into account the development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the - plane provide integrated calculations of the implosion, -ray generation, and hohlraum heating, as well as estimates of wall motion and plasma fill within the hohlraums.",
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]
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"sentence": "Lagrangian-RMHC simulations suggest that the addition of a 6 mgcm CH fill in the reduced-scale hohlraum decreases hohlraum inner-wall velocity by 40 with only a 3--5 decrease in peak temperature, in agreement with measurements.",
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{
"category": "Theory and Calculation",
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"entity": "CH"
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "hohlraum"
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "inner-wall"
},
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "peak temperature"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "A linear stability theory of double ablation fronts is developed for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets. The so-called electron radiative ablation front [S. Fujioka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 195001 (2004)] is studied with a self-consistent model. Numerical results are presented as well as an analytical approach for the radiation dominated regime of very steep double ablation front structure. Dispersion relation formula is tackled by means of a sharp boundary model.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/21537814-linear-stability-analysis-double-ablation-fronts-direct-drive-inertial-confinement-fusion",
"title": "Linear stability analysis of double ablation fronts in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Dispersion relation",
"Front (oceanography)",
"Fusion power",
"Laser ablation",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Computational physics",
"Radiative transfer"
],
"first_author": "Carlos Yanez",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
"NER-RE": [
{
"sentence": "A linear stability theory of double ablation fronts is developed for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets.",
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]
},
{
"sentence": "The so-called electron radiative ablation front is studied with a self-consistent model.",
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"sentence": "Numerical results are presented as well as an analytical approach for the radiation dominated regime of very steep double ablation front structure.",
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]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "By use of a focusing configuration analogous to a Gregorian or a\nCassegrain telescope, the on-axis aberration of a grazing-incidence\nspheric-based Kirkpatrick\u2013Baez compound microscope may be precisely\ncorrected. For finite fields, the off-axis performance degrades too\nrapidly for high-spatial-resolution imaging of even the smallest\nobjects of interest. However, by use of ray-trace optimization it\nis possible to perturb the system such that the perfect, but\nimpractical, on-axis performance is modestly degraded and uniformly\ndistributed over a chosen object field. By use of this and other\nperformance-enhancing features, two example\nultrahigh-spatial-resolution laser-backlit x-ray microscope designs\nsuitable for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research have been\ndeveloped. A companion paper [Appl. Opt.40, 4588 (2001)] describing the tolerance analysis indicates that\n<0.5-\u00b5m spatial resolution at x-ray energies as high as 25 KeV is\npossible. As a prototype step, simpler noncompound devices are\nunder consideration for Sandia National Laboratories\u2019 Z\naccelerator/Z-Beamlet ICF facility.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApOpt..40.4570B/abstract",
"title": "Advanced laser-backlit Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Imaging Systems for Inertial Confinement Fusion Research. I. Design.",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Backlight",
"Cassegrain reflector",
"Image resolution",
"Tolerance analysis",
"X-ray optics",
"Laser",
"Microscope"
],
"first_author": "Guy R. Bennett",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "KirkpatrickBaez compound microscope"
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}
]
},
{
"sentence": "For finite fields, the off-axis performance degrades too rapidly for high-spatial-resolution imaging of even the smallest objects of interest.",
"entities": []
},
{
"sentence": "However, by use of ray-trace optimization it is possible to perturb the system such that the perfect, but impractical, on-axis performance is modestly degraded and uniformly distributed over a chosen object field.",
"entities": []
},
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"sentence": "By use of this and other performance-enhancing features, two example ultrahigh-spatial-resolution laser-backlit -ray microscope designs suitable for inertial confinement fusion ICF research have been developed.",
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"abstract": "Hot electrons generated by laser-plasma instabilities degrade the performance of laser-fusion implosions by preheating the DT fuel and reducing core compression. The hot-electron energy deposition in the DT fuel has been directly measured for the first time by comparing the hard x-ray signals between DT-layered and mass-equivalent ablator-only implosions. The electron energy deposition profile in the fuel is inferred through dedicated experiments using Cu-doped payloads of varying thickness. The measured preheat energy accurately explains the areal-density degradation observed in many OMEGA implosions. This technique can be used to assess the viability of the direct-drive approach to laser fusion with respect to the scaling of hot-electron preheat with laser energy.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.055001",
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"abstract": "Even though general conclusions cannot be derived for all the protection schemes in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactors, the feasibility of the ferritic alloy HT-9 as the main component of the first structural wall (FSW) in ICF facilities using thin-film Li 17 Pb 83 liquid protection, flowing through porous tubes (INPORT), can be demonstrated as a solution in terms of radiation damage. Swelling and shift in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) can be analyzed using the results of experimental fast-fission reactors, which are demonstrated to be good experimental tools in that ICF range. The good performance of HT-9 is remarkable. The generation of new solid transmutants and the depletion of initial constituents need also be considered. Further, a reduced-activation HT-9 (niobium-free) has been studied using recycling and shallow land burial (SLB) criteria. The recycling using that HT-9 is shown to be not feasible, as is SLB waste disposal. The unexpected critical role of some short-lived isotopes is remarkable, and more research on their nuclear data must be performed.",
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"title": "Neutron damage and activation of the first wall of inertial confinement fusion reactors: Recycling and waste disposal",
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"abstract": "An improved version of the initial x-ray ultraviolet spectrograph SPARTUVIX1 has been developed to record the time evolution of spatially resolved spectra in the soft x-ray range (from 30 to 300 {Angstrom}). This diagnostic can be applied to the new class of laser produced plasma experiments now performed in order to better understand the physical evolution of x-ray indirect drive plasmas. Instead of a one-dimensional streak camera used for the first version, a new widely used 2-D soft x-ray time gated imager allows us to follow the time evolution of the spatially resolved soft x-ray spectra. This instrument was designed for plastic foam soft x-ray opacity measurements. The soft x-rays, emitted by an auxiliary radiography laser plasma source, are transmitted through the foam and dispersed into two parts (+1 and {minus}1 order of the transmission grating). Each dispersed spectrum is placed on two different gated striplines of the soft x-ray imager and thus recorded at two different times (exposure time 300 ps, adjustable interframe 600 ps). The spatial resolution is obtained with a slit added in front of the spectrograph, that images the plasma onto the detector with a magnification ratio of 15 and a spatial resolution of 50 {mu}m.more\u00a0\u00bb A detailed description of this instrument and the main results obtained for two different plastic foam opacity measurements (undoped and doped with chlorine) will be presented. This work is supported by European Community Contract No. CEE/CHGF-CT-92-0016. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}\u00ab\u00a0less",
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"title": "SPARTUVIX II: An improved x-ray ultraviolet spectrograph with temporal and spatial capabilities for indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments (abstract)",
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"abstract": "The target area of a 288-beam inertial confinement fusion laser driver was designed to allow lasers for direct-drive illumination, spherical hohlraum with six laser entrance holes (6LEHs), and baseline cylindrical hohlraums. The suggested radius of a target chamber was 6.0\u2009m based on the ratio of the total port area to chamber area. Beam port distribution on the chamber was calculated if the direct propagation of laser beams into opposing beam ports was avoided, and this distribution was compatible with spherical hohlraums with 6LEHs without additional ports opened. According to the symmetry of the beam port distribution, an X-shaped beam-guiding system (BGS) in the switchyard was proposed and arranged within a baseline algorithm. The switch between direct- and indirect-drive modes was easy to operate using this BGS concept.",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.13182/FST16-101",
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"abstract": "Los Alamos National Laboratory is contributing to the core science and technology of the inertial confinement fusion program leading to the National Ignition Facility. Short summaries of a sample o...",
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"abstract": "Abstract We present a numerical algorithm that enables a phase-space adaptive Eulerian Vlasov\u2013Fokker\u2013Planck (VFP) simulation of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosions. The approach relies on extending a recent mass, momentum, and energy conserving phase-space moving-mesh adaptivity strategy to spherical geometry. In configuration space , we employ a mesh motion partial differential equation (MMPDE) strategy while, in velocity space, the mesh is expanded/contracted and shifted with the plasma\u2019s evolving temperature and drift velocity. The mesh motion is dealt with by transforming the underlying VFP equations into a computational (logical) coordinate, with the resulting inertial terms carefully discretized to ensure conservation. To deal with the spatial and temporally varying dynamics in a spherically imploding system, we have developed a novel nonlinear stabilization strategy for MMPDE in the configuration space. The strategy relies on a nonlinear optimization procedure that optimizes between mesh quality and the volumetric rate change of the mesh to ensure both accuracy and stability of the solution. Implosions of ICF capsules are driven by several boundary conditions: (1) an elastic moving wall boundary; (2) a time-dependent Maxwellian Dirichlet boundary; and (3) a pressure-driven Lagrangian boundary. Of these, the pressure-driven Lagrangian boundary driver is new to our knowledge. The implementation of our strategy is verified through a set of test problems, including the Guderley and Van-Dyke implosion problems \u2014 the first-ever reported using a Vlasov\u2013Fokker\u2013Planck model.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07979",
"title": "An Eulerian Vlasov-Fokker\u2013Planck algorithm for spherical implosion simulations of inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Algorithm",
"Physics",
"Nonlinear system",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Boundary value problem",
"Implosion",
"Boundary (topology)",
"Fokker\u2013Planck equation",
"Configuration space",
"Partial differential equation"
],
"first_author": "William Taitano",
"scholarly_citations_count": 8,
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"abstract": "When used for the production of an x-ray imaging backlighter source on Sandia National Laboratories\u2019 20MA, 100ns rise-time Z accelerator [M. K. Matzen et al., Phys. Plasmas 12, 055503 (2005)], the terawatt-class, multikilojoule, 526.57nm Z-Beamlet laser (ZBL) [P. K. Rambo et al., Appl. Opt. 44, 2421 (2005)], in conjunction with the 6.151keV, Mn\u2013He\u03b1 curved-crystal imager [D. B. Sinars et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3672 (2004)], is capable of providing a high quality x radiograph per Z shot for various high-energy-density physics experiments. Enhancements to this imaging system during 2005 have led to the capture of inertial confinement fusion capsule implosion and complex hydrodynamics images of significantly higher quality. The three main improvements, all leading effectively to enhanced image plane brightness, were bringing the source inside the Rowland circle to approximately double the collection solid angle, replacing direct exposure film with Fuji BAS-TR2025 image plate (read with a Fuji BAS-5000 sc...",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:38024164",
"title": "High-brightness, high-spatial-resolution, 6.151 keV x-ray imaging of inertial confinement fusion capsule implosion and complex hydrodynamics experiments on Sandia's Z accelerator (invited)",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Brightness",
"Solid angle",
"Implosion",
"Image resolution",
"Z-pinch",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "Guy R. Bennett",
"scholarly_citations_count": 27,
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"abstract": "The velocities and temperatures of shock waves generated by laser-driven hohlraum radiation fields have been measured for several indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion capsule ablator materials. For the first time, a time-resolved measurement of the preheat temperature ahead of the shock front has been performed and included in the analysis. It is found that preheat ahead of the shock front can cause significant shock propagation variations in the ignition capsule ablator materials being considered for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). If unaccounted for, these preheat effects could potentially preclude ignition at the NIF.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvL..91w5002O/abstract",
"title": "Preheat effects on shock propagation in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion ablator materials.",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Radiation",
"Ignition system",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Wave propagation",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics",
"Shock wave"
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"first_author": "Richard E. Olson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 52,
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"abstract": "In direct drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) the uniformity of the irradiation of the capsule still represents a crucial issue. The quality of the capsule irradiation in the context of the shock-ignition (SI) scheme has been assessed numerically. Schemes characterized by different directions of irradiation associated with a single laser beam or a bundle of laser beams have been considered. Beam imperfections as power imbalance and pointing errors have been taken into account and show that the focal spot that minimizes the root-mean-square deviation depends on these beam imperfections. We discuss the advantages provided by laser facilities accounting for a large number (up to a few thousand) of beamlets. Preliminarily results concerning the use of the Laser-Megajoule facility associated with a SI scheme will be discussed.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/12/124008",
"title": "Irradiation uniformity of directly driven inertial confinement fusion targets in the context of the shock-ignition scheme",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Irradiation",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Beam (structure)",
"Bundle",
"Context (language use)",
"Laser",
"Shock (mechanics)"
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"first_author": "M. Temporal",
"scholarly_citations_count": 18,
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"abstract": "A custom developed L6i glass scintillator (APLF80+3Pr) for down-scattered neutron diagnostics in inertial confinement fusion experiments is presented. L6i provides an enhanced sensitivity for down-scattered neutrons in DD fusion and its experimentally observed 5\u20136 ns response time fulfills the requirement for down-scattered neutron detectors. A time-of-flight detector operating in the current mode using the APLF80+3Pr was designed and its feasibility observing down-scattered neutrons was demonstrated. Furthermore, a prototype design for a down-scattered neutron imaging detector was also demonstrated. This material promises viability as a future down-scattered neutron detector for the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:44016137",
"title": "Down-scattered neutron imaging detector for areal density measurement of inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Particle detector",
"Nuclear physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Bonner sphere",
"Neutron detection",
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"first_author": "Yasunobu Arikawa",
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"abstract": "Analysis of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) equations of motion of a planar liquid\u2010lithium surface in the presence of a normal electric field suggest that liquid lithium may provide a large\u2010area ion source for intense ion\u2010beam diodes. Such sources are being developed for the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II at Sandia National Laboratories. In this paper, theoretical and experimental studies of the planar EHD ion source will be reviewed. When a planar liquid surface is subjected to an electric field of sufficient magnitude, EHD instabilities produce an array of cusps on the surface. The electric field enhancement at the apex of each cusp is sufficient to permit field evaporation of ions. The time delay between application of the electric field and ion emission depends on the magnitude and rate of increase of the applied electric field, and on the initial amplitude of the surface perturbation. Above 10 MV/cm, theory indicates that field emission will occur on a nanosecond time scale and that the characteristic spacing of emitters will be <1 \u03bcm. At these fields, the source should have an intrinsic divergence of <6 mrad and the effects of space charge from neighboring emitters should not inhibit emission significantly. Experimental measurements of wavelengths and cusp\u2010formation\u2010times for water and ethanol at electric fields near the critical field for instability have agreed well with theory.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.1141920",
"title": "Electrohydrodynamically driven, large-area liquid metal ion source for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1990,
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"Field electron emission",
"Atomic physics",
"Ion source",
"Materials science",
"Field-emission electric propulsion",
"Liquid metal ion source",
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"Electric field",
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"first_author": "Arian L. Pregenzer",
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"abstract": "Proliferation concerns have generally been associated with the acquisition of the fissile material needed for nuclear weapons; however, the spread of the knowledge needed to build very light and po...",
"URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0096340211407562",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion energy R&D and nuclear proliferation: The need for direct and transparent review",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Nuclear weapon",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Nuclear proliferation",
"Fissile material"
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"abstract": "The detection properties of CR-39 were investigated for protons, deuterons, and tritons of various energies. Two models for the relationship between the track diameter and particle energy are presented and demonstrated to match experimental data for all three species. Data demonstrate that CR-39 has 100% efficiency for protons between 1 MeV and 4 MeV, deuterons between 1 MeV and 12.2 MeV, and tritons between 1 MeV and 10 MeV. The true upper bounds for deuterons and tritons exceed what could be measured in data. Simulations were developed to further explore the properties of CR-39 and suggest that the diameter\u2013energy relationship of alpha particles cannot be captured by the conventional c-parameter model. These findings provide confidence in CR-39 track diameter based spectroscopy of all three species and provide invaluable insight for designing filtering for all CR-39 based diagnostics.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32486747",
"title": "CR-39 nuclear track detector response to inertial confinement fusion relevant ions.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Ion",
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"abstract": "Simple hydrodynamic models for describing the Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov (RM) growth and the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor (RT) instability are tested by simulation. The RM sharp boundary model predictions are compared with numerical simulations of targets with surface perturbations or stationary intensity perturbations. Agreement is found in the overall trends, but the specific behavior can be significantly different. RM growth of imprint from optically smoothed lasers is also simulated and quantified. The results are used to calculate surface perturbations, growth factors, and laser imprint efficiencies. These in turn are used with standard RT growth formulas to predict perturbation growth in multimode simulations of compression and acceleration of planar and spherical targets. The largest differences between prediction and theory occur during ramp-up of the laser intensity, where RT formulas predict more growth than seen in the simulations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1360709",
"title": "Growth of Pellet Imperfections and Laser Imprint in Direct Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets",
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"abstract": "Cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) is thought to be responsible for a 30% reduction in hydrodynamic coupling efficiency on OMEGA and up to 50% at the ignition scale for direct-drive (DD) implosions. These numbers are determined by ray-based models that have been developed and integrated within the radiation\u2013hydrodynamics codes LILAC (1-D) and DRACO (2-D). However, ray-based modeling of CBET in an inhomogeneous plasma assumes a steady-state plasma response, does not include the effects of beam speckle, and treats ray caustics in an ad hoc manner. The validity of the modeling for ignition-scale implosions has not yet been determined. To address the physics shortcomings, which have important implications for DD inertial confinement fusion, a new wave-based model has been developed. It solves the time-enveloped Maxwell equations in three dimensions, including polarization effects, plasma inhomogeneity, and open-boundary conditions with the ability to prescribe beams incident at arbitrary angles. Beams can be m...",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/1465762",
"title": "A wave-based model for cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Speckle pattern",
"Polarization (waves)",
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{
"abstract": "The first wall in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor is eroded by charged particles, neutrons, and X-rays as the nuclear fusion output within an extremely short period. Because damage to plasma-facing materials (PFMs) determines the lifetime of a nuclear fusion system, it is crucial to examine the internal state of PFMs. We irradiated a pulsed laser to simulate the heat load generated by the ICF output using tungsten as the wall material. No cracks were observed on the surface of the sample using an optical microscope, whereas cracks appeared near the surface inside the sample manufactured in the depth direction using a focused ion beam device. The observed cracks were formed in deeper locations than in previous studies. The cracks were generated owing to the temperature difference between the surface and the interior generated by the thermal load within an extremely short period.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pfr/17/0/17_2405108/_pdf",
"title": "Crack Formation Inside Plasma-Facing Materials Irradiated by Pulsed Laser to Simulate Heat Load in Inertial Confinement Fusion System",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Materials science",
"Plasma",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Irradiation",
"Tungsten",
"Laser",
"Fusion power",
"Fusion",
"Thermal",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Ion",
"Composite material",
"Optics",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Metallurgy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Organic chemistry"
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"first_author": "Koume YONETA-OGAWA",
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"abstract": "An inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) concept using two 60-MA $Z$ pinches to drive a cylindrical hohlraum to 220 eV has been recently proposed. The first capsule implosions relevant to this concept have been performed at the same physical scale with a lower 20-MA current, yielding a $70\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}5\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{e}\\mathrm{V}$ capsule drive. The capsule shell shape implies a polar radiation symmetry, the first high-accuracy measurement of this type in a pulsed-power-driven ICF configuration, within a factor of 1.6--4 of that required for scaling to ignition. The convergence ratio of 14--21 is to date the highest in any pulsed-power ICF system.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvL..89x5002B/abstract",
"title": "Symmetric inertial-confinement-fusion-capsule implosions in a double-z-pinch-driven hohlraum.",
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"Z-pinch",
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"first_author": "G. R. Bennett",
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"abstract": "Hot electron preheat has been quantified in warm, directly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility (NIF), to support hydrodynamic scaling studies. These CH-shell experiments were designed to be hydrodynamically equivalent, spanning a factor of 40 in laser energy and a factor of 3.4 in spatial and temporal scales, while preserving the incident laser intensity of 1015 W/cm2. Experiments with similarly low levels of beam smoothing on OMEGA and NIF show a similar fraction (\u223c0.2%) of laser energy deposited as hot electron preheat in the unablated shell on both OMEGA and NIF and similar preheat per mass (\u223c2\u2009kJ/mg), despite the NIF experiments generating a factor of three more hot electrons (\u223c1.5% of laser energy) than on OMEGA (\u223c0.5% of laser energy). This is plausibly explained by more absorption of hot electron energy in the ablated CH plasma on NIF due to larger areal density, as well as a smaller solid angle of the imploding shell as viewed from the hot electron generating region due to the hot electrons being produced at a larger standoff distance in lower-density regions by stimulated Raman scattering, in contrast to in higher-density regions by two-plasmon decay on OMEGA. The results indicate that for warm implosions at intensities of around 1015 W/cm2, hydrodynamic equivalence is not violated by hot electron preheat, though for cryogenic implosions, the reduced attenuation of hot electrons in deuterium\u2013tritium plasma will have to be considered.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Hot electron preheat in hydrodynamically scaled direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions on the NIF and OMEGA",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "To provide high-energy, high-power beams at short wavelengths for inertial-confinement fusion experiments, we routinely convert the 1.05-microm output of the Nova, Nd:phosphate-glass, laser system to its second- or third-harmonic wavelength. We describe the design and performance of the 3 x 3 arrays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal plates used for type-II-type-II phase-matched harmonic conversion of the Nova 0.74-m diameter beams. We also describe an alternate type-I-type-II phasematching configuration that improves third-harmonic conversion efficiency. These arrays provide conversion of a Nova beam of up to 75% to the second harmonic and of up to 70% to the third harmonic.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApOpt..31.6414W/abstract",
"title": "Harmonic conversion of large-aperture 1.05-microm laser beams for inertial-confinement fusion research.",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Materials science",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Solid-state laser",
"Laser",
"Neodymium",
"Wavelength",
"High harmonic generation"
],
"first_author": "Paul J. Wegner",
"scholarly_citations_count": 42,
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"abstract": "Following indirect-drive experiments which demonstrated promising performance for low convergence ratios (below 17), previous direct-drive simulations identified a fusion-relevant regime which is expected to be robust to hydrodynamic instability growth. This paper expands these results with simulated implosions at lower energies of 100 and 270\u00a0kJ, and \u2018hydrodynamic equivalent\u2019 capsules which demonstrate comparable convergence ratio, implosion velocity and in-flight aspect ratio without the need for cryogenic cooling, which would allow the assumptions of one-dimensional-like performance to be tested on current facilities. A range of techniques to improve performance within this regime are then investigated, including the use of two-colour and deep ultraviolet laser pulses. Finally, further simulations demonstrate that the deposition of electron energy into the hotspot of a low convergence ratio implosion through auxiliary heating also leads to significant increases in yield. Results include break even for 1.1\u00a0MJ of total energy input (including an estimated 370\u00a0kJ of short-pulse laser energy to produce electron beams for the auxiliary heating), but are found to be highly dependent upon the efficiency with which electron beams can be created and transported to the hotspot to drive the heating mechanism.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/AF5B92EB2AEE15CE593206AAAA82676F/S0022377822000265a.pdf/div-class-title-pathways-towards-break-even-for-low-convergence-ratio-direct-drive-inertial-confinement-fusion-div.pdf",
"title": "Pathways towards break even for low convergence ratio direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Implosion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Plasma",
"Electron",
"Instability",
"Aspect ratio (aeronautics)",
"Fusion",
"Laser",
"Computational physics",
"Fusion power",
"Atomic physics",
"Hotspot (geology)",
"Mechanics",
"Optics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Optoelectronics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Geophysics"
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"first_author": "R.W. Paddock",
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"abstract": "AbstractIn inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, high-density carbon (HDC) is being evaluated as an alternative to the current point-design ablator material (glow discharge plasma) due to its high density and optimal opacity, which leads to a higher energy efficiency and implosion stability. Chemical vapor deposition\u2013coated HDC capsules have a near-perfect surface figure but a microscopically rough surface, so polishing is needed to achieve the required nanometer surface finish. Herein, HDC capsule polishing is investigated with modified four-cup-type polishing technology. The surface morphology, microstructures, and wall thicknesses of the polished capsules were examined by multiple techniques, such as an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray radiography, and so on. The results show that the HDC capsules can be polished to a surface roughness less than 15 nm and a wall thickness nonuniformity of about 0.5 \u03bcm. The Raman spectra indicated that four-cup polishing had no obvious influence on the original surface crystallinity and phase composition of the HDC capsules. The crystallographic of the HDC capsules with different four-cup polishing times had no deterioration. This work plays an important role for the application of HDC capsules in ICF research.Keywords: Inertial confinement fusionhigh-density carbonpolishingsurface roughnesswall thickness AcknowledgmentsWe gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 12275252) and the Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing Technology, CAEP (grant no. ZD16002).Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Polishing and Local Planarization High-Precision HDC Capsules by Four-Cup-Type Technology for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Polishing",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Materials science",
"Surface roughness",
"Scanning electron microscope",
"Surface finish",
"Optics",
"Composite material",
"Nanotechnology",
"Laser",
"Physics"
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"first_author": "Yansong Liu",
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"sentence": "Keywords Inertial confinement fusionhigh-density carbonpolishingsurface roughnesswall thickness AcknowledgmentsWe gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant no. 12275252 and the Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing Technology, CAEP grant no.",
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{
"abstract": "Key physics issues essential to the fabrication of a uniform fuel layer inside a cryogenic spherical-shell inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target are addressed. Existing methods for fabricating cryogenic ICF targets are briefly reviewed and their anticipated difficulties in producing a thick uniform fuel layer are pointed out. New methods designed to circumvent the drawbacks of the existing techniques are proposed. Experimental devices intended to implement the new methods are described.",
"URL": "https://ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_23206",
"title": "ON THE FABRICATION OF A UNIFORM THICK FUEL LAYER INSIDE A CRYOGENIC INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION TARGET.",
"year_published": 1984,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Nanotechnology",
"Cryogenics",
"Materials science",
"Layer (electronics)",
"Experimental Devices"
],
"first_author": "Kyekyoon Kim",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "A study is conducted using a two-dimensional simulation program (Lared-s) with the goal of developing a technique to evaluate the effect of Rayleigh-Taylor growth in a neutron fusion reaction region. Two peaks of fusion reaction rate are simulated by using a two-dimensional simulation program (Lared-s) and confirmed by the experimental results. A neutron temporal diagnostic (NTD) system is developed with a high temporal resolution of ~ 30 ps at the Shen Guang-III (SG-III) prototype laser facility in China, to measure the fusion reaction rate history. With the shape of neutron reaction rate curve and the spherical harmonic function in this paper, the degree of Rayleigh-Taylor growth and the main source of the neutron yield in our experiment can be estimated qualitatively. This technique, including the diagnostic system and the simulation program, may provide important information for obtaining a higher neutron yield in implosion experiments of inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:46066762",
"title": "Diagnostic technique for measuring fusion reaction rate for inertial confinement fusion experiments at Shen Guang-III prototype laser facility",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Temporal resolution",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Reaction rate",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Feng Wang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "The ultimate goal of worldwide research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to develop fusion as an inexhaustible, economic, environmentally safe source of electric power. Following nearly thirty years of laboratory and underground fusion experiments, the next step toward this goal is to demonstrate ignition and propagating burn of fusion fuel in the laboratory. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) Project is being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for just this purpose. NIF will use advanced Nd-glass laser technology to deliver 1.8 MJ of 0.35 \u03bcm laser light in a shaped pulse, several nanoseconds in duration, achieving a peak power of 500 TW. A national community of U.S. laboratories is participating in this project, now in its final design phase. France and the United Kingdom are collaborating on development of required technology under bilateral agreements with the US. This paper presents key aspects of the laser design, and descriptions of principal laser and optical components. Follow-on development of lasers to meet the demands of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant is reviewed. In parallel with the NIF Project and IFE developments, work is proceeding on ultrashort pulse lasers with peak power in the range of 100\u20131000 TW. A beamline on the Nova laser at LLNL recently delivered nearly 600 J of 1 \u03bcm light in a 0.5 ps duration pulse, for a peak power in excess of a petawatt (1015 W). This beamline, with advanced adaptive optics, will be capable of focused intensities in excess of 1021 W/cm2. Its primary purpose will be to test technological and scientific aspects of an alternate ignition concept, called the \"Fast Igniter\", that has the potential to produce higher fusion gain than conventional ICF.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JNOPM...6..507H/abstract",
"title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory:. The National Ignition Facility, Inertial Fusion Energy, 100-1000 TW Lasers, and the Fast Igniter Concept",
"year_published": 1997,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Ultrashort pulse",
"Fusion power",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Environmental science",
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"first_author": "W. Howard Lowdermilk",
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"sentence": "A beamline on the Nova laser at LLNL recently delivered nearly 600 J of 1 \u03bcm light in a 0.5 ps duration pulse, for a peak power in excess of a petawatt 1015 W. This beamline, with advanced adaptive optics, will be capable of focused intensities in excess of 1021 Wcm2.",
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"abstract": "The change in the power balance, temporal dynamics, emission weighted size, temperature, mass, and areal density of inertially confined fusion plasmas have been quantified for experiments that reach target gains up to 0.72. It is observed that as the target gain rises, increased rates of self-heating initially overcome expansion power losses. This leads to reacting plasmas that reach peak fusion production at later times with increased size, temperature, mass and with lower emission weighted areal densities. Analytic models are consistent with the observations and inferences for how these quantities evolve as the rate of fusion self-heating, fusion yield, and target gain increase. At peak fusion production, it is found that as temperatures and target gains rise, the expansion power loss increases to a near constant ratio of the fusion self-heating power. This is consistent with models that indicate that the expansion losses dominate the dynamics in this regime.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Dynamics and Power Balance of Near Unity Target Gain Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions.",
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"abstract": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is currently developing a hybrid fusion-fission nuclear energy system, called LIFE, to generate power and burn nuclear waste. We utilize inertial confinement ...",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n We present the first 3D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of directly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions with an inline package for polarized crossed-beam energy transfer, which were used to assess the impact of the current distributed polarization rotators (DPRs) on OMEGA as well as other known sources of asymmetry. Applied to OMEGA implosions, the simulations predict bang times with no need for ad hoc multipliers, as well as yields\u2014if you separately account for the impacts of imprint and fuel age. The magnitude of the flow is well reproduced when the low mode sources are large, whereas the modeling of the stalk is thought to be required to match the flow magnitude in the remaining cases. For the cases explored in more detail, polarized cross-beam energy transfer (CBET)\u2014the only known systematic drive asymmetry, brought the results closest to the measured flow vectors. The remaining discrepancies are shown to be stemming from the limited knowledge of the laser pointing modes. For typical current levels of beam mispointing, power imbalance, target offset, and asymmetry caused by polarized CBET, low modes degrade the yield by more than 40%. The current strategy of attempting to compensate the mode-1 asymmetry with a preimposed target offset recovers only about one-third of the losses caused by the low modes due to the dynamic nature of the multiple asymmetries and the presence of low modes other than l\u2009=\u20091. Therefore, addressing the root causes of the drive asymmetries is apt to be more beneficial. To that end, one possible solution to the specific issue of polarized CBET (10\u2009\u00b5m DPRs) is shown to work well.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "3D simulations of inertial confinement fusion implosions part 2: systematic flow anomalies and impact of low modes on performances in OMEGA experiments",
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"abstract": "This paper describes the development of a platform to study astrophysically relevant nuclear reactions using inertial-confinement fusion implosions on the OMEGA and National Ignition Facility laser facilities, with a particular focus on optimizing the implosions to study charged-particle-producing reactions. Primary requirements on the platform are high yield, for high statistics in the fusion product measurements, combined with low areal density, to allow the charged fusion products to escape. This is optimally achieved with direct-drive exploding pusher implosions using thin-glass-shell capsules. Mitigation strategies to eliminate a possible target sheath potential which would accelerate the emitted ions are discussed. The potential impact of kinetic effects on the implosions is also considered. The platform is initially employed to study the complementary T(t,2n)\u03b1, T(3He,np)\u03b1 and 3He(3He,2p)\u03b1 reactions. Proof-of-principle results from the first experiments demonstrating the ability to accurately measur...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24d1407G/abstract",
"title": "Development of an inertial confinement fusion platform to study charged-particle-producing nuclear reactions relevant to nuclear astrophysics",
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"Nuclear physics",
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"Muon-catalyzed fusion",
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"abstract": "A parameter study of implosion, burn, and gain of D\u2013T ignitor/D3He fuel pellets is presented for a D3He inertial confinement fusion reactor. It is found from burn simulation that attaining a quasi-isobaric state with a temperature of 4 keV and pR value of 2.5 g/cm2 for the D\u2013T ignitor and 0.8 keV and 9.5 g/cm2 for the D3He main fuel would suffice to obtain a pellet gain of \u223c40\u201350 required for the D3He reactor. With 30-MJ laser irradiation and the coupling efficiency of 10%, the density of the target is assumed to be imploded to 5,000 times the liquid density. However, in the implosion simulation to realize the above configuration it is found that after void closure the central hot D\u2013T ignitor region is ignited, while the bulk of the D3He main fuel is still imploding with high velocities. This preignition of the D\u2013T ignitor leads to a low compression of the main fuel and prevents the D\u2013T/D3He pellet from obtaining the required pellet gain. The pellet gain obtained is only \u223c3.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/numerical-simulation-of-implosion-and-burn-of-dt-ignitord3he-fuel-pellet-for-d3he-inertial-confinement-fusion-reactor/0682441162D32DF6CFD1C5703E8814E5",
"title": "Numerical simulation of implosion and burn of D\u2013T ignitor/D3He fuel pellet for D3He inertial confinement fusion reactor",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Irradiation",
"Nuclear engineering",
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"abstract": "The energy loss and penetration of multi-megelectronvolt protons into a uniform deuterium-tritium (DT) plasma has been calculated. The effects of nuclear elastic scattering and Coulomb interactions are treated from a unified point of view. In general, multiple scattering enhances the proton linear-energy transfer along the initial proton direction, thus the energy deposition increases near the end of its range. The net effect of multiple scattering is to reduce the penetration from 1.20 to 1.02 $\\text{g}\\phantom{\\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{\\ensuremath{-}2}$ for 12 MeV protons in a $\\ensuremath{\\rho}=500$ $\\text{g}\\phantom{\\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{\\ensuremath{-}3}$ plasma at $T=5$ keV. These results should have relevance to proton fast ignition, specifically to energy deposition calculations that critically assess quantitative ignition requirements.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22400686",
"title": "Energy deposition of multi-MeV protons in compressed targets of fast-ignition inertial confinement fusion.",
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"Atomic physics",
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"sentence": "The effects of nuclear elastic scattering and Coulomb interactions are treated from a unified point of view.",
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"sentence": "In general, multiple scattering enhances the proton linear-energy transfer along the initial proton direction, thus the energy deposition increases near the end of its range.",
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"abstract": "We have established the intensity limits for propagation of a frequency-doubled (2omega, 527 nm) high intensity interaction beam through an underdense large-scale-length plasma. We observe good beam transmission at laser intensities at or below 2x10(14) W/cm(2) and a strong reduction at intensities up to 10(15) W/cm(2) due to the onset of parametric scattering instabilities. We show that temporal beam smoothing by spectral dispersion allows a factor of 2 higher intensities while keeping the beam spray constant, which establishes frequency-doubled light as an option for ignition and burn in inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15783902/",
"title": "Intensity limits for propagation of 0.527 microm laser beams through large-scale-length plasmas for inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Physics",
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"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Scattering",
"Scale (ratio)",
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"abstract": "For indirect drive inertial confinement fusion, Beryllium (Be) ablators offer a number of important advantages as compared with other ablator materials, e.g., plastic and high density carbon. In particular, the low opacity and relatively high density of Be lead to higher rocket efficiencies giving a higher fuel implosion velocity for a given X-ray drive; and to higher ablation velocities providing more ablative stabilization and reducing the effect of hydrodynamic instabilities on the implosion performance. Be ablator advantages provide a larger target design optimization space and can significantly improve the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [J. D. Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11, 339 (2004)] ignition margin. Herein, we summarize the Be advantages, briefly review NIF Be target history, and present a modern, optimized, low adiabat, Revision 6 NIF Be target design. This design takes advantage of knowledge gained from recent NIF experiments, including more realistic levels of laser-plasma energy backscatter, degraded hohlraum-capsule coupling, and the presence of cross-beam energy transfer.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/21/2/10.1063/1.4864331",
"title": "Optimized beryllium target design for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
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"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we present the results of high-resolution simulations of the implosion of high-convergence layered indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion capsules of the type fielded on the National Ignition Facility using the xRAGE radiation-hydrodynamics code. In order to evaluate the suitability of xRAGE to model such experiments, we benchmark simulation results against available experimental data, including shock-timing, shock-velocity, and shell trajectory data, as well as hydrodynamic instability growth rates. We discuss the code improvements that were necessary in order to achieve favorable comparisons with these data. Due to its use of adaptive mesh refinement and Eulerian hydrodynamics, xRAGE is particularly well suited for high-resolution study of multi-scale engineering features such as the capsule support tent and fill tube, which are known to impact the performance of high-convergence capsule implosions. High-resolution two-dimensional (2D) simulations including accurate and well-resolved ...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4981222",
"title": "High-resolution modeling of indirectly driven high-convergence layered inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Adaptive mesh refinement",
"Trajectory",
"Benchmark (computing)",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Mesh generation",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Eulerian path"
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"first_author": "Brian Haines",
"scholarly_citations_count": 63,
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"abstract": "The heating of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target by fast electrons, which are generated as a result of laser interaction with expanding plasma (corona) of a target, is investigated theoretically. It is shown that due to remoteness of the peripheral region, where electrons are accelerated, a significant portion of these particles, moving in corona and repeatedly crossing it due to reflection in a self-consistent electric field, will not hit into the compressed part of target. Using the modern models of fast electron generation, it is shown that in a typical target designed for spark ignition, the fraction of fast electrons that can pass their energy to compressed part of target is enough small. Only 12% of the total number of fast electrons can do it. Such an effect of 'wandering' of fast electrons in corona leads to a significant decrease in a negative effect of fast electrons on target compression. Taking into account the wandering effect, the distribution of energy transmitted by fast electrons to different parts of target and the resulting reduction of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel compression are established.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PPCF...61e5003G/abstract",
"title": "Effect of \u2018wandering\u2019 and other features of energy transfer by fast electrons in a direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Ignition system",
"Corona (optical phenomenon)",
"Computational physics",
"Laser",
"Electric field",
"Plasma",
"Reflection (physics)"
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"first_author": "S. Yu. Gus\u2019kov",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets are designed to produce hot, dense fuel in a neutron-producing core that is surrounded by a shell of compressing material. The x-rays emitted from ICF plasmas can be analyzed to reveal details of the temperatures, densities, gradients, velocities, and mix characteristics of ICF targets. Such diagnostics are critical to understand the target performance and to improve the predictive power of simulation codes.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.3694246",
"title": "Investigating inertial confinement fusion target fuel conditions through x-ray spectroscopya)",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Core (optical fiber)",
"X-ray",
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"first_author": "Stephanie Hansen",
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{
"abstract": "While progress towards hot-spot ignition has been made achieving an alpha-heating dominated state in high-foot implosion experiments [Hurricane et al., Nat. Phys. 12, 800 (2016)] on the National Ignition Facility, improvements are needed to increase the fuel compression for the enhancement of the neutron yield. A strategy is proposed to improve the fuel compression through the recompression of a shock/compression wave generated by the end of the main drive portion of a high-foot pulse shape. Two methods for the peak pulse recompression, namely, the decompression-and-recompression (DR) and simple recompression schemes, are investigated and compared. Radiation hydrodynamic simulations confirm that the peak pulse recompression can clearly improve fuel compression without significantly compromising the implosion stability. In particular, when the convergent DR shock is tuned to encounter the divergent shock from the capsule center at a suitable position, not only the neutron yield but also the stability of stagnating hot-spot can be noticeably improved, compared to the conventional high-foot implosions [Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056314 (2014)].",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/155731994",
"title": "Main drive optimization of a high-foot pulse shape in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Longitudinal wave",
"Ignition system",
"Compression (physics)",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Pulse (physics)",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "L. F. Wang",
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{
"abstract": "We describe two numerical investigations performed using a 3D plasma Monte-Carlo code, developed to study hot-electron transport in the context of inertial confinement fusion. The code simulates the propagation of hot electrons in ionized targets, using appropriate scattering differential cross sections with free plasma electrons and ionized or partially ionized atoms. In this paper, we show that a target in the plasma state stops and diffuses electrons more effectively than a cold target (i.e., a target under standard conditions in which ionization is absent). This is related to the fact that in a plasma, the nuclear potential of plasma nuclei has a greater range than in the cold case, where the screening distance is determined by the electronic structure of atoms. However, in the ablation zone created by laser interaction, electrons undergo less severe scattering, counterbalancing the enhanced diffusion that occurs in the bulk. We also show that hard collisions, i.e., collisions with large polar scattering angle, play a primary role in electron beam diffusion and should not be neglected. An application of the plasma Monte-Carlo model to typical shock ignition implosions suggests that hot electrons will not give rise to any preheating concerns if their Maxwellian temperature is lower than 25\u201330\u00a0keV, although the presence of populations at higher temperatures must be suppressed. This result does not depend strongly on the initial angular divergence of the electron beam set in the simulations.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0103632",
"title": "3D Monte-Carlo model to study the transport of hot electrons in the context of inertial confinement fusion. Part II",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Plasma",
"Context (archaeology)",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Ionization",
"Scattering",
"Warm dense matter",
"Diffusion",
"Computational physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Ion",
"Optics",
"Paleontology",
"Statistics",
"Mathematics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Biology"
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"first_author": "A. Tentori",
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"abstract": "The claims made in the preceding Comment are categorically refuted. Further evidence to support the conclusions of our original paper is herein provided.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4799821",
"title": "Response to \u201cComment on \u2018Species separation in inertial confinement fusion fuels\u2019\u201d [Phys. Plasmas 20, 044701 (2013)]",
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"abstract": "The compression of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets is strongly impacted by cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), a laser-plasma instability that limits ablation pressure by redirecting laser energy outward and that is projected to be mitigated by laser bandwidth. Here, we explore various CBET mitigation constraints to guide the design of future ICF facilities. First, we find that the flat, Gaussian, and Lorentzian spectral shapes have similar CBET mitigation properties, and a flat shape with nine spectral lines is a good surrogate for what can be obtained with other spectral shapes. Then, we conduct a comprehensive study across energy scales and ignition designs. 3D hydrodynamic simulations are used to derive an analytical model for the expected CBET mitigation as a function of laser and plasma parameters. From this model, we study the bandwidth requirements of conventional and shock ignition designs across four different energy scales and find that they require between 0.5 and 3\u00b10.2% relative bandwidth. Best mitigation is achieved when the beam radius over critical radius Rb/Rc is kept low during the drive while the plasma temperature is kept high. In a steady state, we find that the bandwidth required to mitigate 85% of CBET scales as (Rb/Rc)2.15Ln\u22120.58I0.7, where Ln is the density scale length, and I the laser intensity. Finally, we find that the chamber beam port layout does not influence CBET mitigation. In the case of a driver using many monochromatic beamlets, we find that \u223c10 beamlets per port is required, with diminishing returns above \u223c20.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Exploration of cross-beam energy transfer mitigation constraints for designing an ignition-scale direct-drive inertial confinement fusion driver",
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"abstract": "We propose a random polarization smoothing method for low-coherence laser to obtain focal spot with random polarization that evolves rapidly in sub-picosecond timescales. Random polarization smoothing is realized by a half-aperture wave plate with sufficient thickness. The degree of polarization and polarization evolution of the focal spot are studied theoretically. The calculation results show that random polarization smoothing can make the polarization of focal spot evolve rapidly and randomly in time and space. Experimentally, the polarization of the focal spot of low-coherence laser with random polarization smoothing is measured by a single-shot polarimeter. The measurement results show that the degree of polarization of the focal spot is reduced to 0.22 on average, which proves the effectiveness of random polarization smoothing. The random polarization smoothing technique on low-coherence laser is expected to reduce the laser plasmas instability through its multi-dimensional random evolution properties.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Fast time-evolving random polarization beam smoothing for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion.",
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"abstract": "The growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in heavy-ion-driven spherical inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets is studied using a simple linear perturbation model. The instability growth at the ablator-pusher interface is shown to be dependent on the width, relative to the target size, of the beams used as the driver. Short-wavelength instability growth at the fuel-pusher interface, with a possible consequent deleterious effect on the thermonuclear performance of the target, is also shown to be dependent on the beam width, indicating that beam-target optimisation studies are necessary.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JPhD...19..427B/abstract",
"title": "On the effect of beam widths on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of ion-driven inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1986,
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"abstract": " The Sunvoyager is a concept mission for a space probe that can be sent outside of the solar heliosphere to a distance of 1000\u00a0AU in a trip time of only 3.4 years traveling at speeds of 1500\u00a0km/s or 325\u00a0AU/year. It is an advanced Voyager flyby probe, but the concept design is unique in that it would utilize an inertial confinement fusion propulsion engine driving a gram-scale capsule mass at 10\u00a0Hz pulse frequency using 5\u00a0MJ laser driver energy reaching the capsule. Such a design may be possible in the latter part of the 21st century. The probe would carry a 100-ton scientific payload for the purpose of observations from the location of gravitational focal point, a dwarf planet flypast, and imaging of interstellar asteroids. Secondary science objectives would include measurements of the interstellar medium, measurements of astrometry, and the search for extraterrestrial power and propulsion emission signatures. The propulsion engine is characterized by 23 kN thrust, 54 GW jet power, and 147\u00a0kW/kg specific power. This paper outlines the science goals in addition to calculations that scope out the design space using a recently constructed propulsion performance and mission analysis numerical tool called HeliosX. ",
"URL": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/1.A35539?download=true",
"title": "Sunvoyager: Interstellar Precursor Probe Mission Concept Driven by Inertial Confinement Fusion Propulsion",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion experiments, a fiducial system is established in order to correlate the signals from different channels of one spectrometer and the signals from different spectrometers to obtain time-related experimental data. The constitution, the principle and the data processing method, together with the uncertainty analysis are introduced. Signals from different channels and from three spectrometers diagnosing from different directions are correlated with an uncertainty of 70 ps. The time-related historical radiation fluxes from a cylinder target, measured from three different directions, are obtained in the experiments on Shenguang \u2162 prototype laser facility, offering the physical information about the heat wave propagation along the axis of the cylinder and the attenuation of soft X-ray radiation flux.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.075208",
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"abstract": "A small gas filling apparatus has been developed to fill a particle beam ICF target with D\u2013T gas mixture seconds before the target is irradiated. Included in the filling apparatus is a novel miniature pressure monitor which determines quantitatively the fill pressure by counting the rate of Beta particles emitted by the decaying tritium atoms.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18647086",
"title": "Small tritium filling and monitoring apparatus for particle beam inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1980,
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"Irradiation",
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"Materials science",
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"abstract": "A new method for measuring the time-dependent drive flux at the hohlraum center is proposed as a better alternative to conventional wall-based techniques. The drive flux here is obtained by simultaneous measurement of the reemitted flux and shock velocity from a three-layered \"cakelike\" sample. With these two independent observables, the influence induced by the uncertainty of the material parameters of the sample can be effectively decreased. The influence from the closure of the laser entrance hole, which was the main challenge in conventional wall-based techniques, was avoided through localized reemitted flux measurement, facilitating drive flux measurement throughout the entire time history. These studies pave a new way for probing the time-dependent drive flux, for both cylindrical hohlraums and novel hohlraums with six laser entrance holes.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Measurement of Time-Dependent Drive Flux on the Capsule for Indirectly Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments.",
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"Inertial frame of reference",
"Shock (circulatory)",
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"abstract": "Negative-ion beams have recently been suggested as sources of high-energy heavy atoms to be used as drivers for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Owing to their electron affinities limited to a few eV, anions can be efficiently photo-detached in the vicinity of the fusion chamber, with the resulting high-velocity neutral projectiles following ballistic trajectories towards the hydrogen pellet target. Electron-detachment cross sections are needed as parameters to estimate the beam attenuation in the path from the ion source to the hydrogen pellet. Halogen anions are possible projectile choices. In this paper we present experimental data for total electron-detachment cross sections for F-, Cl-, Br - and I- ions incident on N 2 , in the 0.94-74 ke V u -1 energy range. Our measurements can benchmark theory on anion electron detachment at intermediate to high velocities. Comparison between different projectiles shows very similar collision velocity dependencies. A simple geometrical scaling is presented, providing an estimate for electron-detachment cross sections at the Me V u -1 energy range. The presented scaling indicates that the vacuum requirements due to the use of halogen anions for ICF are less critical than previously suggested.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PPCF...46.1009S/abstract",
"title": "Electron-detachment cross sections of halogen negative-ion projectiles for inertial confinement fusion",
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"Ion",
"Electron",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Ion source",
"Materials science",
"Range (particle radiation)",
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{
"abstract": "Nested wire-array Z pinches are shown to generate soft x-ray radiation pulse shapes required for three-shock isentropic compression and hot-spot ignition of high-yield inertial confinement fusion capsules. We demonstrate a reproducible and tunable foot pulse (first shock) produced by interaction of the outer and inner arrays. A first-step pulse (second shock) is produced by inner array collision with a central CH{sub 2} foam target. Stagnation of the inner array at the axis produces the third shock. Capsules optimized for several of these shapes produce 290-900 MJ fusion yields in 1D simulations.",
"URL": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1359982",
"title": "Demonstration of Radiation Pulse Shaping with Nested-Tungsten-Wire-Array Z Pinches for High-Yield Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Pulse (physics)",
"Tungsten",
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"first_author": "M. E. Cuneo",
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"abstract": "The Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability (RTI) of the inner surface of an inertial confinement fusion shell is studied through high-resolution two-dimensional numerical simulations. The instability is seeded by a mass displacement introduced in the simulations at the end of the implosion coasting stage. Analysis of single-mode, small-amplitude perturbations confirms that ablation caused by electron conduction and fusion alpha-particles causes significant growth reduction of all modes and stabilization of high-l modes. Different measures of the instability are discussed and compared with modified Takabe-like expressions. Large-amplitude multi-mode simulations are performed to study the effects of RTI on ignition and burn. RTI perturbations reduce the size of the central hot spot and delay ignition. For a few different perturbation spectra the dependence of fusion yield on the initial perturbation root mean square amplitude is studied.",
"URL": "http://www.uclm.es/area/amf/papers/2004sappcf.pdf",
"title": "Converging geometry Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability and central ignition of inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Amplitude",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Mechanics",
"Root mean square"
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"first_author": "Stefano Atzeni",
"scholarly_citations_count": 21,
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"abstract": "In an inertial confinement fusion target, energy loss due to thermal conduction from the hot-spot will inevitably ablate fuel ice into the hot-spot, resulting in a more massive but cooler hot-spot, which negatively impacts fusion yield. Hydrodynamic mix due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability at the gas-ice interface can aggravate the problem via an increased gas-ice interfacial area across which energy transfer from the hot-spot and ice can be enhanced. Here, this mix-enhanced transport effect on hot-spot fusion-performance degradation is quantified using contrasting 1D and 2D hydrodynamic simulations, and its dependence on effective acceleration, Atwood number, and ablation speed is identified.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4897938",
"title": "Role of hydrodynamic instability growth in hot-spot mass gain and fusion performance of inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Acceleration",
"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Fusion",
"Atwood number",
"Thermal conduction",
"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
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"first_author": "Bhuvana Srinivasan",
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"abstract": "There will be the possibility of producing Pion particles in the collision of relativistic electrons and fuel pellet ions in the fast ignition. The produced Pions, in collisions with nuclei of hydrogen atoms (ions of D/T plasma) get slow, will eventually lead to the production of Pion atoms. The produced Pion atoms, in a very short time, will create Pion molecules. During this process, because of reduction in the Coulomb repulsion between the nuclei of fuel by Pion, the possibility of nuclear fusion between isotopes D/T will be provided. Dynamical equations governing the particle density of the cycle have been resolved in optimal concentration by Monte Carlo method and LSOD code. The obtained results show that although the relative density of Pion, reaches its minimum amount after a limited time about 40 ns, but the fusion process of \u03c0dt Pion molecules will occur within 10 ns. According to the short life time of Pion particles, it is observed that the number of cycles which Pion catalyzes in its life time is not enough to produce the optimization energy.",
"URL": "https://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=2017",
"title": "The Study of \u03a0-Ctalytic Cycles in Inertial Confinement Fusion D/T in Dense Plasma",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Pion",
"Hydrogen",
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"abstract": "Recently developed gel bubble detectors with higher detection efficiency look attractive for high-resolution neutron imaging of inertial confinement target plasmas. Bubble detectors can detect neutrons with a spatial resolution as small as 5\u03bcm. By allowing high-resolution imaging of National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) Facility targets without the need for \u2a7e25m line-of-sight paths, bubble detectors should allow views in multiple and orthogonal directions from the target. Earlier proof-of-principle tests on OMEGA were limited by the very low (8\u00d710\u22126bubbles\u2215n) detection efficiency of the then available gel detectors. Detectors with \u223c100 times higher efficiency per centimeter of thickness are now available. At the high bubble densities expected in the new detectors, the spatial distribution of the bubbles must be measured by a line integral technique such as x-ray transmission. This avoids the need for optically transparent detectors, allowing much higher densities of superheated drops,...",
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"abstract": "Three hohlraum concepts are being pursued at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) to investigate the possibility of using pulsed power driven magnetic implosions (Z pinches) to drive targets capable of fusion yields in the range 200-1000 MJ. This research is being conducted on SNL's Z facility, which is capable of driving peak currents of 20 MA in various Z pinch load configurations that produce implosion velocities as high as 7.5 \u00d7 107cm/s, X ray energies of 1-2 MJ and X ray powers of 100-250 TW. The first concept, denoted dynamic hohlraum, has achieved a temperature of 180 \u00b1 14 eV in a configuration suitable for driving capsules. In addition, this concept has also achieved a temperature of 230 \u00b1 18 eV in an arrangement suitable for driving an external hohlraum. The second concept, denoted static walled hohlraum, has achieved temperatures of ~80-100 eV. Experimental investigation of the third concept, denoted Z pinch driven hohlraum, has recently begun. The article discusses each of these hohlraum concepts and provides an overview of the experiments that have been conducted on these systems to date.",
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"abstract": "Ignition requires precisely controlled, high convergence implosions to assemble a dense shell of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel with \u03c1R>\u223c1 g/cm2 surrounding a 10 keV hot spot with \u03c1R\u2009\u223c\u20090.3 g/cm2. A working definition of ignition has been a yield of \u223c1 MJ. At this yield the \u03b1-particle energy deposited in the fuel would have been \u223c200 kJ, which is already \u223c10\u2009\u00d7\u2009more than the kinetic energy of a typical implosion. The National Ignition Campaign includes low yield implosions with dudded fuel layers to study and optimize the hydrodynamic assembly of the fuel in a diagnostics rich environment. The fuel is a mixture of tritium-hydrogen-deuterium (THD) with a density equivalent to DT. The fraction of D can be adjusted to control the neutron yield. Yields of \u223c1014\u221215 14 MeV (primary) neutrons are adequate to diagnose the hot spot as well as the dense fuel properties via down scattering of the primary neutrons. X-ray imaging diagnostics can function in this low yield environment providing additional information about the assembled fuel either by imaging the photons emitted by the hot central plasma, or by active probing of the dense shell by a separate high energy short pulse flash. The planned use of these targets and diagnostics to assess and optimize the assembly of the fuel and how this relates to the predicted performance of DT targets is described. It is found that a good predictor of DT target performance is the THD measurable parameter, Experimental Ignition Threshold Factor, ITFX\u2009\u223c\u2009Y\u2009\u00d7\u2009dsf 2.3, where Y is the measured neutron yield between 13 and 15 MeV, and dsf is the down scattered neutron fraction defined as the ratio of neutrons between 10 and 12 MeV and those between 13 and 15 MeV.",
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"abstract": "A new class of ignition designs is proposed for inertial confinement fusion experiments. These designs are based on the hot-spot ignition approach, but instead of a conventional target that is comprised of a spherical shell with a thin frozen deuterium-tritium (DT) layer, a liquid DT sphere inside a wetted-foam shell is used, and the lower-density central region and higher-density shell are created dynamically by appropriately shaping the laser pulse. These offer several advantages, including simplicity in target production (suitable for mass production for inertial fusion energy), absence of the fill tube (leading to a more-symmetric implosion), and lower sensitivity to both laser imprint and physics uncertainty in shock interaction with the ice-vapor interface. The design evolution starts by launching an $\\ensuremath{\\sim}1$-Mbar shock into a DT sphere. After bouncing from the center, the reflected shock reaches the outer surface of the sphere and the shocked material starts to expand outward. Supporting ablation pressure ultimately stops such expansion and subsequently launches a shock toward the target center, compressing the ablator and fuel, and forming a shell. The shell is then accelerated and fuel is compressed by appropriately shaping the drive laser pulse, forming a hot spot using the conventional or shock ignition approaches. This Letter demonstrates the feasibility of the new concept using hydrodynamic simulations and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the concept compared with more-traditional inertial confinement fusion designs.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvL.125f5001G/abstract",
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"abstract": "We have imaged hard x-ray ($g100\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{keV}$) bremsstrahlung emission from energetic electrons slowing in a plastic ablator shell during indirectly driven implosions at the National Ignition Facility. We measure 570 J in electrons with $Eg100\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{keV}$ impinging on the fusion capsule under ignition drive conditions. This translates into an acceptable increase in the adiabat $\\ensuremath{\\alpha}$, defined as the ratio of total deuterium-tritium fuel pressure to Fermi pressure, of $3.5%$. The hard x-ray observables are consistent with detailed radiative-hydrodynamics simulations, including the sourcing and transport of these high energy electrons.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22540711",
"title": "Direct measurement of energetic electrons coupling to an imploding low-adiabat inertial confinement fusion capsule.",
"year_published": 2012,
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"first_author": "Tilo D\u00f6ppner",
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"abstract": "Cryogenic target is one of the key components of inertial confinement fusion. The removal degree and efficiency of impurity gas in cryogenic target are of great significance to the on-line preparation of ice layer for cryogenic target fuel. According to the design requirements of cryogenic target physics for impurity content in ice layer, the influence factors of upper limit of partial pressure are analyzed, based on the derivation of the calculation formula of maximum allowable partial pressure of impurity gas in the target. Then the flow field of air and hydrogen in microchannels is investigated, and the filling and evacuation model of gas flow in a microscaled filling tube is established. The dynamic simulations of microtubules with different lengths and diameters are carried out. The results show that the microtubules with a length of 5 mm could save 80% of the time compared with the microtubules of 50 mm in length when the microtubule is 5 \u03bcm in diameter. At the same time, the total flow washing time decreases by 46% when the diameter of 2 \u03bcm is doubled under the condition of 20-mm-long microtubule. Considering the requirements for efficiency and fusion stability, four kinds of tubes are proposed and simulated. The results indicate that the conical transition tube has a strong flow capacity and high flow evacuation efficiency, and is suitable for use as a filling microtubule. On the basis of the best tube shape, the comparison between the two processes under different intermediate pressures is carried out with the time and number of filling and evacuating serving as evaluation criterion. Ultimately, the intermediate pressure of 52000 Pa is selected, the total number of evacuation is 10 and the time is 758 s. Finally, the effect of temperature on the evacuation efficiency is studied in a temperature range of 113 K\uff0d293 K in steps of 60 K. The results show that the total time of filling and evacuation will be reduced by 15% on the basis of normal temperature when the temperature is reduced by 60 K, which proves the feasibility of evacuation at low temperature in practical operation.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20201491",
"title": "Numerical simulation of filling and evacuating process of impurity gas in target capsule of inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Materials science",
"Scientific method",
"Computer simulation",
"Mechanics",
"Impurity"
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"first_author": "\u56db\u5ddd\u5927\u5b66\u5316\u5b66\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u9662",
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"abstract": "Thermal conductivity (\\ensuremath{\\kappa}) of both the ablator materials and deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel plays an important role in understanding and designing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. The extensively used Spitzer model for thermal conduction in ideal plasmas breaks down for high-density, low-temperature shells that are compressed by shocks and spherical convergence in imploding targets. A variety of thermal-conductivity models have been proposed for ICF hydrodynamic simulations of such coupled and degenerate plasmas. The accuracy of these \\ensuremath{\\kappa} models for DT plasmas has recently been tested against first-principles calculations using the quantum molecular-dynamics (QMD) method; although mainly for high densities (\\ensuremath{\\rho} g 100 g/cm${}^{3}$), large discrepancies in \\ensuremath{\\kappa} have been identified for the peak-compression conditions in ICF. To cover the wide range of density-temperature conditions undergone by ICF imploding fuel shells, we have performed QMD calculations of \\ensuremath{\\kappa} for a variety of deuterium densities of \\ensuremath{\\rho} = 1.0 to 673.518 g/cm${}^{3}$, at temperatures varying from $T$ = 5 \\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{} 10${}^{3}$ K to $T$ = 8 \\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{} 10${}^{6}$ K. The resulting ${\\ensuremath{\\kappa}}_{\\mathrm{QMD}}$ of deuterium is fitted with a polynomial function of the coupling and degeneracy parameters \\ensuremath{\\Gamma} and \\ensuremath{\\theta}, which can then be used in hydrodynamic simulation codes. Compared with the ``hybrid'' Spitzer-Lee-More model currently adopted in our hydrocode lilac, the hydrosimulations using the fitted ${\\ensuremath{\\kappa}}_{\\mathrm{QMD}}$ have shown up to \\ensuremath{\\sim}20% variations in predicting target performance for different ICF implosions on OMEGA and direct-drive--ignition designs for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The lower the adiabat of an imploding shell, the more variations in predicting target performance using ${\\ensuremath{\\kappa}}_{\\mathrm{QMD}}$. Moreover, the use of ${\\ensuremath{\\kappa}}_{\\mathrm{QMD}}$ also modifies the shock conditions and the density-temperature profiles of the imploding shell at early implosion stage, which predominantly affects the final target performance. This is in contrast to the previous speculation that ${\\ensuremath{\\kappa}}_{\\mathrm{QMD}}$ changes mainly the inside ablation process during the hot-spot formation of an ICF implosion.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827353",
"title": "First-principles thermal conductivity of warm-dense deuterium plasmas for inertial confinement fusion applications.",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Cover (topology)",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Coupling (probability)",
"Omega",
"Polynomial (hyperelastic model)",
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"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Suxing Hu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 74,
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"abstract": "The study of Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability in the deceleration phase of inertial confinement fusion implosions is carried out using the three-dimensional (3-D) radiation-hydrodynamic Eulerian parallel code DEC3D. We show that the yield-over-clean is a strong function of the residual kinetic energy (RKE) for low modes. Our analytical models indicate that the behavior of larger hot-spot volumes observed in low modes and the consequential pressure degradation can be explained in terms of increasing the RKE. These results are derived using a simple adiabatic implosion model of the deceleration phase as well as through an extensive set of 3-D single-mode simulations using the code DEC3D. The effect of the bulk velocity broadening on ion temperature asymmetries is analyzed for different mode numbers l=1\u201312. The jet observed in low mode l=1 is shown to cause the largest ion temperature variation in the mode spectrum. The vortices of high modes within the cold bubbles are shown to cause lower ion temperature variations than low modes.",
"URL": "https://researchoutput.ncku.edu.tw/zh/publications/effects-of-residual-kinetic-energy-on-yield-degradation-and-ion-t",
"title": "Effects of residual kinetic energy on yield degradation and ion temperature asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Physics",
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"Instability",
"Phase (matter)",
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"abstract": "When high-energy and high-power lasers interact with matter, a significant part of the incoming laser energy is transformed into transient electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) in the range of radiofrequencies and microwaves. These fields can reach high intensities and can potentially represent a significative danger for the electronic devices placed near the interaction point. Thus, the comprehension of the origin of these electromagnetic fields and of their distribution is of primary importance for the safe operation of high-power and high-energy laser facilities, but also for the possible use of these high fields in several promising applications. A recognized main source of EMPs is the target positive charging caused by the fast-electron emission due to laser-plasma interactions. The fast charging induces high neutralization currents from the conductive walls of the vacuum chamber through the target holder. However, other mechanisms related to the laser-target interaction are also capable of generating intense electromagnetic fields. Several possible sources of EMPs are discussed here and compared for high-energy and high-intensity laser-matter interactions, typical for inertial confinement fusion and laser-plasma acceleration. The possible effects on the electromagnetic field distribution within the experimental chamber, due to particle beams and plasma emitted from the target, are also described. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33280560",
"title": "Sources and space-time distribution of the electromagnetic pulses in experiments on inertial confinement fusion and laser-plasma acceleration",
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"abstract": "A novel method for modeling the neutron time of flight (nTOF) detector response in current mode for inertial confinement fusion experiments has been applied to the on-axis nTOF detectors located in the basement of the Z-Facility. It will be shown that this method can identify sources of neutron scattering, and is useful for predicting detector responses in future experimental configurations, and for identifying potential sources of neutron scattering when experimental set-ups change. This method can also provide insight on how much broadening neutron scattering contributes to the primary signals, which is then subtracted from them. Detector time responses are deconvolved from the signals, allowing a transformation from dN/dt to dN/dE, extracting neutron spectra at each detector location; these spectra are proportional to the absolute yield.",
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"title": "A novel method for modeling the neutron time of flight (nTOF) detector response in current mode to inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
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"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0118080",
"title": "The importance of laser wavelength for driving inertial confinement fusion targets. I. Basic physics",
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"abstract": "The distribution function of suprathermal ions is found to be self-similar under conditions relevant to inertial confinement fusion hot spots. By utilizing this feature, interference between the hydrodynamic instabilities and kinetic effects is for the first time assessed quantitatively to find that the instabilities substantially aggravate the fusion reactivity reduction. The ion tail depletion is also shown to lower the experimentally inferred ion temperature, a novel kinetic effect that may explain the discrepancy between the exploding pusher experiments and rad-hydro simulations and contribute to the observation that temperature inferred from DD reaction products is lower than from DT at the National Ignition Facility.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.00713.pdf",
"title": "Self-Similar Structure and Experimental Signatures of Suprathermal Ion Distribution in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions",
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"abstract": "The unintentional mispositioning of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules from the center of laser beam convergence has long been shown in simulations to generate large l = 1 asymmetry and significantly degrade implosion symmetry and fusion yields. Experimental yields on the OMEGA laser system, however, have shown much less sensitivity to this initial target offset. This paper presents simulations of offset ICF implosions improved by including a physics model of cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), a mechanism of laser energy scattering from one beam to another. Room-temperature OMEGA implosion experiments with prescribed target offsets are simulated with and without CBET, illustrating that CBET mitigates the l = 1 implosion asymmetry from the target offset. Comparison of simulations to multiple complementary experimental observables indicates that the addition of CBET physics in offset simulations is necessary to match experimental results.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0015781",
"title": "Effect of cross-beam energy transfer on target-offset asymmetry in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
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"abstract": "Laser imprinting possesses a potential danger for low-adiabat and high-convergence implosions in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Within certain direct-drive ICF schemes, a laser picket (prepulse) is used to condition the target to increase the interaction efficiency with the main pulse. Whereas initially the target is in a solid state (of ablators such as polystyrene) with specific electronic and optical properties, the current state-of-the-art hydrocodes assume an initial plasma state, which ignores the detailed plasma formation process. To overcome this strong assumption, a model describing the solid-to-plasma transition, eventually aiming at being implemented in hydrocodes, is developed. It describes the evolution of main physical quantities of interest, including the free electron density, collision frequency, absorbed laser energy, temperatures, and pressure, during the first stage of the laser-matter interaction. The results show that a time about 100 ps is required for the matter to undergo the phase transition, the initial solid state thus having a notable impact on the subsequent plasma dynamics. The nonlinear absorption processes (associated to the solid state) are also shown to have an influence on the thermodynamic quantities after the phase transition, leading to target deformations depending on the initial solid state. The negative consequences for the ICF schemes consist in shearing of the ablator and possibly preliminary heating of the deuterium-tritium fuel.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.100.033201",
"title": "Modeling the solid-to-plasma transition for laser imprinting in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion.",
"year_published": 2019,
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"sentence": "The negative consequences for the ICF schemes consist in shearing of the ablator and possibly preliminary heating of the deuterium-tritium fuel.",
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"abstract": "We describe the design and performance of large-aperture (>30 cm \u00d7 30 cm) optical switches that have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, active switching of a high-energy (>5 kJ) optical pulse in an inertial-confinement fusion laser. These optical switches, which consist of a plasma-electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) and a passive polarizer, permit the design of efficient, multipass laser amplifiers. In a PEPC, plasma discharges on the faces of a thin (1-cm) electro-optic crystal (KDP or KD*P) act as highly conductive and transparent electrodes. These plasma electrodes facilitate rapid (<100 ns) and uniform charging of the crystal to the half-wave voltage and discharging back to 0 V. We discuss the operating principles, design, optical performance, and technical issues of a 32 cm \u00d7 32 cm prototype PEPC with both KDP and KD*P crystals, and a 37 cm \u00d7 37 cm PEPC with a KDP crystal for the Beamlet laser. This PEPC recently switched a 6-kJ, 3-ns pulse in a four-pass cavity.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApOpt..34.5312R/abstract",
"title": "Performance of large-aperture optical switches for high-energy inertial-confinement fusion lasers",
"year_published": 1995,
"fields_of_study": [
"Optical switch",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Spatial filter",
"Polarizer",
"Pockels effect",
"Materials science",
"Light intensity",
"Optoelectronics",
"Laser",
"Crystal"
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"first_author": "Mark A. Rhodes",
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"abstract": "A variety of shaped fill holes is needed in beryllium capsules for inertial confinement fusion experiments to allow for pyrolysis of the plastic (CH) mandrels, deuterium (D 2 ) or deuterium-tritium gas fill, and fill tube attachments. The holes required include through-holes ranging in diameters from \u223c5 to 30 \u03bcm and counterbores ranging in diameters from \u223c13 to 17 \u03bcm with depths <37 \u03bcm. These holes are laser drilled using a double-pulse nanosecond format. Hole diameter and depth can be controlled by altering pulse format, energy, and beam delivery optics. Furthermore, according to National Ignition Campaign specifications, there is a tight tolerance for perturbations on capsule surfaces, so we have developed a technique to eliminate material redeposition through the use of sacrificial foils stretched over the targeted areas.",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST09-A6958",
"title": "LASER FORMING OF SHAPED FILL HOLES IN BERYLLIUM TARGETS FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION EXPERIMENTS",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ranging",
"Optics",
"Ignition system",
"Materials science",
"Beam delivery",
"Beryllium",
"Nanosecond",
"Laser",
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"first_author": "E. H. Lundgren",
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"abstract": "The geometry of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules makes them susceptible to various types of hydrodynamic instabilities at different stages during an ICF implosion. From the beginnings of ICF research, it has been known that grain-level anisotropy and defects could be a significant source of instability seeding in solid beryllium capsules. We report on experiments conducted at the Trident laser facility [S. H. Batha et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 10F305 (2008)] to measure dynamic surface roughening from hard x-ray preheat due to anisotropic thermal expansion. M-band emission from laser-produced gold plasma was used to heat beryllium targets with different amounts of copper doping to temperatures comparable to ICF ignition preheat levels. Dynamic roughening measurements were made on the surface away from the plasma at discrete times up to 8 ns after the beginning of the drive pulse using a surface displacement interferometer with nanometer scale sensitivity. Undoped large-grained targets were measured to roughen between 15 and 50 nm rms. Fine-grained, copper-doped targets were observed to roughen near the sensitivity limit of the interferometer. The results of this work have shed light on the effects of high-Z doping and microstructural refinement on the dynamics of differential thermal expansion and have shown that current ICF capsule designs using beryllium are very effective in reducing preheat related roughening ahead of the first shock.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhPl...17e6308L/abstract",
"title": "Investigations into the seeding of instabilities due to x-ray preheat in beryllium-based inertial confinement fusion targetsa)",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Thermal expansion",
"Beryllium",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "E.N. Loomis",
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"abstract": "Diamond technology is a major area of worldwide semiconductor research. It has been said that the current status of diamond semiconductor technology is similar to that of silicon technology in 1960. Most of the research on diamond is in high quality film production (e.g., purity, and single crystalline versus polycrystalline). A few groups are concentrating on the development of diamond electronic devices. In this endeavor, both p-type and n-type diamond films have been produced. The p-type diamond has excellent properties while the ntype diamond is very high resistance. A primitive p-n junction has been demonstrated. Several groups have demonstrated Schottky diodes including the high bandgap semiconductor group at the University of Missouri-Columbia.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LPB....11...65P/abstract",
"title": "Diamond Photovoltaic Cells as a First Wall Material and Energy Conversion System for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Semiconductor",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Energy transformation",
"Band gap",
"Materials science",
"Schottky diode",
"Fusion power",
"Diamond",
"Optoelectronics",
"Silicon"
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"first_author": "Mark A. Prelas",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "In order to achieve the high density compression in laser indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion, the implosion symmetry and hohlraum radiation uniformity are strictly required. To study the variations of implosion asymmetry with hohlraum length and time, three kinds of hohlraum lengths are adopted in experiment. X-ray emission from capsule fuel is measured by an X-ray framing camera. Based on measured capsule compression process and ellipticity variation, it is preliminarily judged that the medium hohlraum of 1700 \u03bcm long is the closest to implosion symmetry demand of Shenguang \u2162 prototype laser facility. Time-resolved implosion asymmetry is derived from a simplified analytic model, in which used is the time-resolved hohlraum radiation nonuniformity derived from a view-factor code. The derived results of the time-resolved implosion asymmetry are basically in agreement with experimental results. The physical mechanism for how hohlraum radiation nonuniformity evolution induces the variations of implosion asymmetry with hohlraum length and time is analyzed.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.62.225204",
"title": "Variations of implosion asymmetry with hohlraum length and time in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
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"first_author": "Li Hang",
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"abstract": "Three orthogonal proton emission imaging cameras were used to study the 3D effects of low-mode drive asymmetries and target asymmetries on nuclear burn symmetry and yield in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion experiments. The fusion yield decreased quickly as the burn region became asymmetric due to either drive or capsule asymmetry. Measurements and analytic scaling are used to predict how intentionally asymmetric capsule shells could improve performance by compensating for drive asymmetry when it cannot be avoided (such as with indirect drive or with polar direct drive).",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1260829-effects-fuel-capsule-shimming-drive-asymmetry-inertial-confinement-fusion-symmetry-yield",
"title": "Effects of fuel-capsule shimming and drive asymmetry on inertial-confinement-fusion symmetry and yield",
"year_published": 2016,
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"first_author": "Fredrick Seguin",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n We present for the first time characterization of the time-dependent radiation drive on the capsule by measuring the localized re-emitted flux at Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. The drive flux was obtained with measured re-emitted flux from the capsule and radiation fluxes from the hohlraum wall, in combination with radiation hydrodynamic simulations. It revealed that the temporal behavior of the drive flux was quite distinguished from the radiation flux from the hohlraum wall, and the drive flux was approximately 6\u00a0eV (12\u00a0eV) lower than the measured flux at up 55\u00b0 (up 30\u00b0). This technique presents a novel way for the assessment of the drive flux, both in cylindrical hohlraums and novel hohlraums with more than two laser entrance holes. Pre-processed radiation hydrodynamic simulations indicate that this technique can also be applied in integrated implosion experiments utilizing standard fusion capsule with carbon-hydrogen ablators.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Characterization of radiation drive by measuring the localized re-emitted flux from the capsule in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Hohlraum",
"Implosion",
"Flux (metallurgy)",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Radiation flux",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Laser",
"Radiative flux",
"Optics",
"Plasma",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear physics",
"Metallurgy"
],
"first_author": "Xufei Xie",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "A model for the deceleration phase of imploding inertial confinement fusion capsules is derived by solving the conservation equations for the hot spot. It is found that heat flux leaving the hot spot goes back in the form of internal energy and pdV work of the material ablated off the inner shell surface. Though the hot-spot temperature is reduced by the heat conduction losses, the hot-spot density increases due to the ablated material in such a way that the hot-spot pressure is approximately independent of heat conduction. For direct-drive National Ignition Facility-like capsules, the ablation velocity off the shell inner surface is of the order of tens \u03bcm/ns, the deceleration of the order of thousands \u03bcm/ns2, and the density-gradient scale length of the order a few \u03bcm. Using the well-established theory of the ablative Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability, it is shown that the growth rates of the deceleration phase instability are significantly reduced by the finite ablative flow and the unstable spectrum exhibits a cutoff for mode numbers of about l\u224890.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1412006",
"title": "Hot-spot dynamics and deceleration-phase Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability of imploding inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Heat flux",
"Thermal conduction",
"Instability",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Phase (matter)",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Riccardo Betti",
"scholarly_citations_count": 88,
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"abstract": "The proposed Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) will require /spl ges/10 MJ of 30 MeV lithium ions to be transported and focused onto high-gain, high-yield inertial confinement fusion targets. The light-ion LMF approach uses a multimodular system with individual ion extraction diodes as beam sources. Previous work examined the effect of time-of-flight bunching on energy transport efficiency, /spl eta//sub t/, under realistic constraints on diode operation, beam transport, and packing. Target design considerations suggest that the instantaneous power efficiency, /spl Gamma//sub t/, be maximized near peak power, Because of time-of-flight bunching, peak power occurs at the end of the power pulse for LMF designs. This work examines the effect of power efficiency tuning on /spl eta//sub t/ for an LMF design using ballistic transport with solenoidal lens focusing. Results indicate that tuning the power pulse to maximize /spl Gamma//sub t/ at about three-quarters through the pulse provides high power efficiency at the end of the pulse while still maintaining high /spl eta//sub t/. In addition to power efficiency tuning, effects on /spl eta//sub t/ from variations of the diode impedance model and the diode voltage waveform are also examined. >",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ITPS...23..163R/abstract",
"title": "Transport efficiency studies for light-ion inertial confinement fusion systems using ballistic transport with solenoidal lens focusing",
"year_published": 1995,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Electrical efficiency",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Power (physics)",
"Beam (structure)",
"Ballistic conduction",
"Waveform",
"Fusion power",
"Diode"
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"first_author": "D. V. Rose",
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"abstract": "The self-adapting algorithms are improved to optimize a beam configuration in the direct drive laser fusion system with the solid state lasers. A configuration of 32 laser beams is proposed for achieving a high uniformity illumination, with a root-mean-square deviation at 10\u22124 level. In our optimization, the parameters such as beam number, beam arrangement, and beam intensity profile are taken into account. The illumination uniformity robustness versus the parameters such as intensity profile deviations, power imbalance, intensity profile noise, the pointing error, and the target position error is also discussed. In this study, the model is assumed a solid-sphere illumination, and refraction effects of incident light on the corona are not considered. Our results may have a potential application in the design of the direct-drive laser fusion of the Shen Guang-II Upgrading facility (SG-II-U, China).",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/144421353",
"title": "High illumination uniformity scheme with 32 beams configuration for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Laser beam quality",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Ray",
"Refraction",
"Noise (electronics)",
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"first_author": "Li Li",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments, variations in the shell areal density reduce the shell's inertia to confine the core pressure. Distorted capsules with large areal-density modulations decompress faster than uniform capsules in the disassembly phase. A simple 3D analytic hot-spot model is derived to include the effects of low-mode areal-density modulations in the ignition criterion. The generalized 3D ignition criterion for low modes is shown to depend on both the harmonic mean and the arithmetic mean of the areal density. The \u201cthin spots\u201d in the shell are shown to dominate the loss of confinement as reflected by the harmonic mean definition of areal densities.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0045317",
"title": "Impact of areal-density asymmetries on the loss of confinement and ignition threshold in inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Inertia",
"Phase (waves)",
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"Ignition system",
"Area density",
"Implosion",
"Harmonic mean",
"Shell (structure)",
"Mechanics"
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"first_author": "K. M. Woo",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "Due to the unique mechanical and optical characteristics, it is difficult to carry out experimental research and online measurement for large-aperture ICF frequency converters. To analyze and optimize the performance of the frequency converters under complex process loads, we present an integrated optomechanical method that correlates actual process loads with laser critical characteristics. Based on the established optomechanical model, the key factor that induces the loss of harmonic generation efficiency is identified. In addition, the proposed method is conductive to rapid evaluation, prediction, and optimization of comprehensive performance of frequency converters. Thereby, we propose an adaptive frequency conversion system (AFCS). The results indicate that AFCS can not only minimize the phase mismatching of second harmonic generation doubler but also significantly improve the quality of far-field focal spot.",
"URL": "https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202002254655628681",
"title": "Performance analysis and optimization of inertial confinement fusion cascaded frequency converters based on the integrated optomechanical method",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Distortion",
"Phase (waves)",
"Optical engineering",
"Wavefront",
"Electronic engineering",
"Converters",
"Second-harmonic generation",
"Computer science",
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"first_author": "Dingfu Chen",
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{
"abstract": "Neutron imaging provides a ready measurement of the shape of the \u201chot spot\u201d core of an inertial confinement fusion implosion. The 14-MeV neutrons emitted by deuterium-tritium reactions are imaged at the National Ignition Facility using a pinhole array onto a scintillator, and the images are recorded on a camera. By changing the gate time of the camera, lower energy neutrons, downscattered by the cold fuel surrounding the hot spot, are recorded. The cold fuel density can be reconstructed using the two images. The kinematics of the scattering coupled with the scattering cross sections restrict the angular extent of the cold fuel sampled, with the backside of the implosion not being sampled at all. This work demonstrates the limited region of the cold fuel measured by the current line of sight (40%). At completion of the three planned lines of sight, 79% of the cold fuel will be sampled.Neutron imaging provides a ready measurement of the shape of the \u201chot spot\u201d core of an inertial confinement fusion implosion. The 14-MeV neutrons emitted by deuterium-tritium reactions are imaged at the National Ignition Facility using a pinhole array onto a scintillator, and the images are recorded on a camera. By changing the gate time of the camera, lower energy neutrons, downscattered by the cold fuel surrounding the hot spot, are recorded. The cold fuel density can be reconstructed using the two images. The kinematics of the scattering coupled with the scattering cross sections restrict the angular extent of the cold fuel sampled, with the backside of the implosion not being sampled at all. This work demonstrates the limited region of the cold fuel measured by the current line of sight (40%). At completion of the three planned lines of sight, 79% of the cold fuel will be sampled.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30399892",
"title": "Optimizing neutron imaging line of sight locations for maximizing sampling of the cold fuel density in inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility.",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Neutron imaging",
"Neutron",
"Scintillator",
"Implosion",
"Pinhole (optics)",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"National Ignition Facility"
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"first_author": "Steven H. Batha",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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"abstract": "In order to achieve ignition using inertial confinement fusion it is important to control the growth of low-mode asymmetries as the capsule is compressed. Understanding the time-dependent evolution of the shape of the hot spot and surrounding fuel layer is crucial to optimizing implosion performance. A design and experimental campaign to examine sources of asymmetry and to quantify symmetry throughout the implosion has been developed and executed on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [E. I. Moses et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 041006 (2009)]. We have constructed a large simulation database of asymmetries applied during different time intervals. Analysis of the database has shown the need to measure and control the hot-spot shape, areal density distribution, and symmetry swings during the implosion. The shape of the hot spot during final stagnation is measured using time-resolved imaging of the self-emission, and information on the shape of the fuel at stagnation can be obtained from Compton radiography [R. Tommasini et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 056309 (2011)]. For the first time on NIF, two-dimensional inflight radiographs of gas-filled and cryogenic fuel layered capsules have been measured to infer the symmetry of the radiation drive on the capsule. These results have been used to modify the hohlraum geometry and the wavelength tuning to improve the inflight implosion symmetry. We have also expanded our shock timing capabilities by the addition of extra mirrors inside the re-entrant cone to allow the simultaneous measurement of shock symmetry in three locations on a single shot, providing asymmetry information up to Legendre mode 4. By diagnosing the shape at nearly every step of the implosion, we estimate that shape has typically reduced fusion yield by about 50% in ignition experiments.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21e6313T/abstract",
"title": "Dynamic symmetry of indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion capsules on the National Ignition Facilitya)",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Asymmetry",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Hohlraum",
"Shock (mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "Richard Town",
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"abstract": "Targets for inertial confinement fusion experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory utilize an organic (CH) ablator coating prepared by plasma polymerization. Some of these experiments require a mid\u2010Z dopant in the ablator coating to modify the opacity of the shell. Bromine had been used in the past, but the surface finish of brominated CH degrades rapidly with time upon exposure to air. This article describes the preparation and characterization of plasma polymer layers containing germanium as a dopant at concentrations of between 1.25 and 2.5 atom percent. The coatings are stable in air and have root\u2010mean\u2010square surface roughness of 7\u20139 nm (modes 10\u20131000) which is similar to that obtained with undoped coatings. High levels of dopant result in cracking of the inner mandrel during target assembly. Possible explanations for the observed cracking behavior will be discussed.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JVST...13..948B/abstract",
"title": "Preparation of germanium doped plasma polymerized coatings as inertial confinement fusion target ablators",
"year_published": 1995,
"fields_of_study": [
"Surface roughness",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasma polymerization",
"Composite material",
"Nanotechnology",
"Dopant",
"Materials science",
"Coating",
"Surface coating",
"Germanium",
"Doping"
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"first_author": "Raymond Brusasco",
"scholarly_citations_count": 24,
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"abstract": "Dynamic material properties, in particular the dynamic strength, of concrete material are usually obtained by conducting laboratory tests such as drop-weight test and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test. It is commonly agreed that a few parameters associated with stress wave propagation will affect the test results, including the lateral and axial inertial effect, end friction confinement and stress wave reflection and refraction. Many different measures have been proposed to eliminate or limit the influences of these effects in dynamic tests of material properties. However, owing to the nature of dynamic loadings, especially those with high loading rates, it is very unlikely to completely eliminate these influences in physical testing. Moreover, it is also very difficult to quantify these influences from the laboratory testing data. In the present study, a refined mesoscale concrete material model is developed to simulate impact tests and to study the influences of lateral inertial confinement on co...",
"URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1260/2041-4196.1.1.145",
"title": "Numerical Analysis of Lateral Inertial Confinement Effects on Impact Test of Concrete Compressive Material Properties",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Materials science",
"Refraction (sound)",
"Material properties",
"Mesoscale meteorology",
"Aggregate (composite)",
"Numerical analysis",
"Structural engineering",
"Split-Hopkinson pressure bar",
"Reflection (physics)"
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"first_author": "Yifei Hao",
"scholarly_citations_count": 130,
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"abstract": "Recent progress in research on Light Ion Beams-Inertial Confinement Fusion (LIB-ICF) at ILE, Osaka University is summarized. We report on pulsed power compression using PEOS, a super high voltage source, on diode physics, on beam trajectory control for focusing, on beam-target interactions and on a conceptual reactor design (Rokko I) in this article.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/results-on-light-ion-beam-studies-for-inertial-confinement-fusion-at-the-institute-of-laser-energetics/7AC6C10C637A39BC1F6BD2940B753BBB",
"title": "Results on light ion beam studies for inertial confinement fusion at the Institute of Laser Energetics",
"year_published": 1987,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"High voltage source",
"Ion beam",
"Laser",
"Diode",
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"abstract": "Accurate diagnosis of areal density (\u03c1R) is critical for the inference of performance metrics in inertial confinement fusion implosions. One potential source of error in this diagnosis is the existence of low mode perturbations in the imploding target, which lead to asymmetries in the inference of the \u03c1R from different lines of sight. Here, the error accrued as a result of limited coverage of the sphere due to a finite number of detectors is quantified, and the development of a forward scatter measurement from the OMEGA neutron time-of-flight detectors is motivated. A method by which the 1D-equivalent 4\u03c0-averaged \u27e8\u03c1R\u27e9 can be reconstructed, if accurate mode information can be diagnosed by other means, is validated.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0085942",
"title": "Analysis of limited coverage effects on areal density measurements in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Inertial frame of reference",
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"Area density",
"Fusion",
"Mode (computer interface)",
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"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Optics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Artificial intelligence",
"Computer science",
"Linguistics",
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"Quantum mechanics",
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"first_author": "V. Gopalaswamy",
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{
"abstract": "Charge state distributions (CSDs) have been determined in low-density (\u22481012\u2002cm\u20133) gold plasmas having either a monoenergetic beam (EBeam\u2002=\u20022.66, 3.53, 4.54, 5.35, 5.85, and 6.35\u2002keV) or experiment...",
"URL": "https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/p07-150",
"title": "Measuring the ionization balance of gold in a low-density plasma ofimportance to inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
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"first_author": "Mark May",
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"sentence": "Charge state distributions CSDs have been determined in low-density 1012 cm3 gold plasmas having either a monoenergetic beam EBeam 2.66, 3.53, 4.54, 5.35, 5.85, and 6.35 keV or experiment...",
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"abstract": "The areal density ($\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$) of $\\mathrm{D}^{3}\\mathrm{H}\\mathrm{e}$ filled plastic capsules imploded at OMEGA has been measured at shock coalescence (1.7 ns) and, 400 ps later, during compressive burn, through the energy downshift of 14.7-MeV $\\mathrm{D}^{3}\\mathrm{H}\\mathrm{e}$ protons. In this time interval, the azimuthally averaged $\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$ changes from $13\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}2.5$ to $70\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}8\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{g}/{\\mathrm{c}\\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. The experiments demonstrate that fuel-shell mix is absent in the central regions at shock coalescence, and that the shell has no holes during compressive burn. We conjecture that $\\ensuremath{\\rho}R$ asymmetries measured during compressive burn may be seeded by the time of shock coalescence.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.095002",
"title": "Measuring Implosion Dynamics through \u03c1 R Evolution in Inertial-Confinement Fusion Experiments",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "Abstract Electron behavior in beam diode gap was analyzed numerically based on the normalized value of intense pulsed power discharge device ETIGO-II as impedance controller for dense matter state research of inertial confinement fusion. After emission of electrons from the cathode surface, acceleration time, impedance, potential distribution and velocity varies with the function of different beam diode gap. To understand the time dependent behavior of electron and beam output current for different beam diode gap, 2-d electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) model was carried out. According to the numerical analysis, it was found that beam output current decreases with the increase of beam diode gap distance. The electron beam diode impedance was also observed increasing with the increase of diode gap. Numerical result reproduced experimental data and useful for the understanding of experimental result for dense matter state research of inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876610217345617",
"title": "Electron Behavior in Beam Diode Driven by Intense Pulsed Power Device for Warm Dense Matter State Research of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Warm dense matter",
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"Diode",
"Cathode ray",
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"abstract": "Wire-array z pinches show promise as a high-power, efficient, reproducible, and low-cost x-ray source for high-yield indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. Recently, rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the implosion dynamics of compact (20-mm-diam), high-current (11\u201319MA), single and nested wire arrays. As at lower currents (1\u20133MA), a single wire array (and both the outer and inner array of a nested system), show a variety of effects that arise from the initially discrete nature of the wires: a long wire ablation phase for 50%-80% of the current pulse width, an axial modulation of the ablation rate prior to array motion, a larger ablation rate for larger diameter wires, trailing mass, and trailing current. Compact nested wire arrays operate in current-transfer or transparent mode because the inner wires remain discrete during the outer array implosion, even for interwire gaps in the outer and inner arrays as small as 0.21mm. These array physics insights have led to nested arrays that...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2177140",
"title": "Compact single and nested tungsten-wire-array dynamics at 14-19MA and applications to inertial confinement fusiona)",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Electric current",
"Phase (waves)",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Z-pinch",
"Modulation",
"Shock wave",
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"abstract": "We have developed a model for use in ion\u2010driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target design to describe the deposition of energy by an arbitrary ion traversing a material of arbitrary composition, density, and temperature. This model particularly emphasizes the deposition physics of light ions having specific energies of 3 MeV/amu or less. However, the model is also applicable to heavy ion fusion problems where there are specific energies in excess of 10 MeV/amu. We have found that an accurate description of the cold material stopping power must include both shell corrections to the Bethe theory as well as the alternative LSS (Linhard\u2010Scharff\u2010Schio/tt) model at low energies. We have incorporated finite temperature effects by scaling the relevant bound electron parameters with the degree of material ionization as well as by including the free\u2010electron stopping power. We discuss both the phenomenon of range shortening and range relengthening in heated material. Our preliminary calculations indicate that...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.328602",
"title": "A finite material temperature model for ion energy deposition in ion\u2010driven inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1981,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Stopping power (particle radiation)",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Ionization",
"Fusion power",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Thomas Alan Mehlhorn",
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"abstract": "The accepted mechanism for the formation of a deuterium-tritium (D-T) ice layer is that mass evaporates (sublimes) from the warmer regions of the shell and deposits in the cooler regions. Recent ob...",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_38903",
"title": "Growth of a Solid D-T Crystal from the Liquid inside Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Materials science",
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"first_author": "D. R. Harding",
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"abstract": "We use an unresolved transition array model to investigate the opacities of high-Z materials and their mixtures which are of interest to indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraum design. In particular, we report on calculated opacities for pure Au, Gd, and Sm, as well as Au\u2013Sm and Au\u2013Gd mixtures. Our results indicate that mixtures of Au\u2013Gd and Au\u2013Sm can produce a significant enhancement in the Rosseland mean opacity. Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of Au radiation burnthrough are also presented, and compared with NOVA experimental data.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1147799",
"title": "An investigation of the opacity of high-Z mixture and implications for inertial confinement fusion hohlraum design",
"year_published": 1997,
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"Nova (laser)",
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"Atomic physics",
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"Plasma diagnostics",
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"abstract": "We propose a novel scheme to mitigate the initial perturbation imprinting due to irradiation non-uniformity. Diamond was potential candidate for the ablator material for ICF targets due to its stiffness. The stiffness is very important parameter for imprint mitigation because the laser imprint is primary as a function of pressure perturbation due to lase irradiation non-uniformity. We measured the imprint amplitude of diamond foils and plastic (CH) foils. The experimental data suggest the initial imprinting is drastically mitigated for the diamond foils.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012107",
"title": "Mitigation of Laser Imprinting with Diamond Ablator for Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Optics",
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"abstract": "The paper deals with magnetic discharge diode module with inertial electrostatic ions confinement for the gas-filled pulsed neutron generators. The basis of the design is geometry with the central hollow cathode surrounded by the outer cylindrical anode and electrodes made of permanent magnets. The induction magnitude about 0.1-0.4 T in the central region of the discharge volume ensures the confinement of electrons in the space of hollow (virtual) cathode and leads to space charge compensation of accelerated ions in the centre. The research results of different excitation modes in pulsed high-voltage discharge are presented. The stable form of the volume discharge preserveing the shape and amplitude of the pulse current in the pressure range of 10-3-10-1 Torr and at the accelerating voltage up to 200 kV was observed.",
"URL": "https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1452462.pdf",
"title": "Magnetic discharge accelerating diode for the gas-filled pulsed neutron generators based on inertial confinement of ions",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Ion",
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"Atomic physics",
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"sentence": "The basis of the design is geometry with the central hollow cathode surrounded by the outer cylindrical anode and electrodes made of permanent magnets.",
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"sentence": "The induction magnitude about 0.1-0.4 T in the central region of the discharge volume ensures the confinement of electrons in the space of hollow virtual cathode and leads to space charge compensation of accelerated ions in the centre.",
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"sentence": "The research results of different excitation modes in pulsed high-voltage discharge are presented.",
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"sentence": "The stable form of the volume discharge preserveing the shape and amplitude of the pulse current in the pressure range of 10-3-10-1 Torr and at the accelerating voltage up to 200 kV was observed.",
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"abstract": "We report for the first time on full 2-D radiation-hydrodynamic implosion simulations that explore the impact of highly compressed imposed magnetic fields on the ignition and burn of perturbed spherical implosions of ignition-scale cryogenic capsules. Using perturbations that highly convolute the cold fuel boundary of the hotspot and prevent ignition without applied fields, we impose initial axial seed fields of 20\u2013100\u2009T (potentially attainable using present experimental methods) that compress to greater than 4 \u00d7 104 T (400 MG) under implosion, thereby relaxing hotspot areal densities and pressures required for ignition and propagating burn by \u223c50%. The compressed field is high enough to suppress transverse electron heat conduction, and to allow alphas to couple energy into the hotspot even when highly deformed by large low-mode amplitudes. This might permit the recovery of ignition, or at least significant alpha particle heating, in submarginal capsules that would otherwise fail because of adverse hydrodynamic instabilities.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhPl...20g2708P/abstract",
"title": "Two-dimensional simulations of thermonuclear burn in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets under compressed axial magnetic fields",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Thermal conduction",
"Cryogenics",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Mechanics",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "L. J. Perkins",
"scholarly_citations_count": 91,
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{
"abstract": "We have remotely monitored the thermodynamic phase of deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fuel inside glass shells used for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research by observing the x\u2010ray emissions from the shell. These studies are an adjunct to our beta heating experimental program. [M. T. Mruzek, D. L. Musinski, and J. S. Ankey, J. Appl. Phys. 63, 2217 (1988)]. By monitoring the production of low\u2010energy x rays (< 18.6 keV) from the interaction of the beta decay with the shell walls, we are able to track phase changes between gas and solid. We incorporated the mature x\u2010ray detection technology of scintillators and photomultiplier tubes onto the experimental apparatus we use to study the beta heating effect. [M. T. Mruzek, J. S. Ankey, and D. N. Decker, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6, 1889 (1988)]. Restrictive space limitations were a major hardware consideration in the retrofit. We review the scientific basis for the technique, the proof of principle experiment that encouraged us to pursue it, and the final experimental...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JVSTA...8.1745M/abstract",
"title": "Study of x-ray emissions from cold deuterium-tritium fuel inside glass targets for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1990,
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"Photomultiplier",
"Physics",
"Scintillator",
"Atomic physics",
"Beta (plasma physics)",
"Shell (structure)",
"Phase (matter)",
"Deuterium",
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"first_author": "M. T. Mruzek",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "Since the seminal paper of Nuckolls triggering the quest of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with lasers, hydrodynamic instabilities have been recognized as one of the principal hurdles towards ignition. This remains true nowadays for both main approaches (indirect drive and direct drive), despite the advent of MJ scale lasers with tremendous technological capabilities. From a fundamental science perspective, these gigantic laser facilities enable also the possibility to create dense plasma flows evolving towards turbulence, being magnetized or not. We review the state of the art of nonlinear hydrodynamics and turbulent experiments, simulations and theory in ICF and high-energy-density plasmas and draw perspectives towards in-depth understanding and control of these fascinating phenomena. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33280557",
"title": "Recent progress in quantifying hydrodynamics instabilities and turbulence in inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density experiments.",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Turbulence",
"Fusion power",
"High energy density physics",
"Energy density",
"High-gain antenna",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "A Casner",
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"abstract": "Temporally resolved measurements of the hohlraum radiation flux asymmetry incident onto a bismuth coated surrogate capsule have been made over the first two nanoseconds of ignition relevant laser pulses. Specifically, we study the P2 asymmetry of the incoming flux as a function of cone fraction, defined as the inner-to-total laser beam power ratio, for a variety of hohlraums with different scales and gas fills. This work was performed to understand the relevance of recent experiments, conducted in new reduced-scale neopentane gas filled hohlraums, to full scale helium filled ignition targets. Experimental measurements, matched by 3D view factor calculations, are used to infer differences in symmetry, relative beam absorption, and cross beam energy transfer (CBET), employing an analytic model. Despite differences in hohlraum dimensions and gas fill, as well as in laser beam pointing and power, we find that laser absorption, CBET, and the cone fraction, at which a symmetric flux is achieved, are similar to within 25% between experiments conducted in the reduced and full scale hohlraums. This work demonstrates a close surrogacy in the dynamics during the first shock between reduced-scale and full scale implosion experiments and is an important step in enabling the increased rate of study for physics associated with inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4936803",
"title": "Laser absorption, power transfer, and radiation symmetry during the first shock of inertial confinement fusion gas-filled hohlraum experiments",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Implosion",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Helium",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)",
"Radiation flux"
],
"first_author": "Arthur Pak",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "Planar laser-plasma interaction (LPI) experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have allowed access for the first time to regimes of electron density scale length ($\\ensuremath{\\sim}500$ to $700\\text{ }\\text{ }\\ensuremath{\\mu}\\mathrm{m}$), electron temperature ($\\ensuremath{\\sim}3$ to 5 keV), and laser intensity (6 to $16\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}{10}^{14}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{W}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) that are relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion ignition. Unlike in shorter-scale-length plasmas on OMEGA, scattered-light data on the NIF show that the near-quarter-critical LPI physics is dominated by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) rather than by two-plasmon decay (TPD). This difference in regime is explained based on absolute SRS and TPD threshold considerations. SRS sidescatter tangential to density contours and other SRS mechanisms are observed. The fraction of laser energy converted to hot electrons is $\\ensuremath{\\sim}0.7%$ to 2.9%, consistent with observed levels of SRS. The intensity threshold for hot-electron production is assessed, and the use of a Si ablator slightly increases this threshold from $\\ensuremath{\\sim}{4\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}10}^{14}$ to $\\ensuremath{\\sim}6\\ifmmode\\times\\else\\texttimes\\fi{}{10}^{14}\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{W}/{\\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These results have significant implications for mitigation of LPI hot-electron preheat in direct-drive ignition designs.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29481170/",
"title": "Origins and Scaling of Hot-Electron Preheat in Ignition-Scale Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments.",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron density",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Electron temperature",
"Production (computer science)",
"Omega",
"Intensity (heat transfer)",
"Scaling"
],
"first_author": "Michael Rosenberg",
"scholarly_citations_count": 106,
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{
"abstract": "A novel servo mirror is introduced in the paper. It adopts a single frame structure and 2-D angular regulation of the mirror is carried out with single point support and two-point adjustment. The novel servo mirror has the advantages of simple structure, compact volume, high sensitivity and good stability. The mirror can be used under various angles, and array type servo mirror and array cavity mirror can be formed with multiple elements. The novel servo mirror, its corresponding array type servo mirror and array cavity mirror can be applied to large-sized inertial confinement fusion system.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GDGC200105006.htm",
"title": "A Novel Mirror Structure for Array Cavity Mirror and Array Servo Mirror Used in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2001,
"fields_of_study": [
"Servo",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Structure (category theory)",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Mirror galvanometer",
"Sensitivity (control systems)",
"Single frame",
"Mirror image",
"Array data type"
],
"first_author": "Zhu Qi-xiang",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract\n In inertial confinement fusion (ICF), electron thermal transport plays a key role in laser ablation and the subsequent implosion processes, which always exhibits intractable non-local effects. Simple modifications of the local Spitzer\u2013H\u00e4rm model with either an artificially-assumed constant flux limiter or a purely time-dependent one are applied to explain some experimental data, but fail to simultaneously reproduce the space-time evolution of the whole laser ablation process. Here, by carrying out a series of one-dimensional and two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations where the space-time-dependent non-local thermal transport model proposed by Schurt, Nicola\u00ef and Busquet (the SNB model) are self-consistently included, we systematically study the non-local effects on the whole laser ablation dynamics including those occurring at the critical surface, the conduction zone and the ablation front. Different from those obtained previously, our results show that due to the non-local heat flow redistribution and redirection, at the critical surface the thermal flux is more inhibited, in the conduction zone the lateral thermal transport is suppressed, and ahead of the ablation front the plasma is preheated. When combined together they eventually result in significant improvement of the laser absorption efficiency, extension of the conduction zone, increase of both the mass ablation rate and shock velocity. Furthermore, the dependence of these laser ablation dynamics on different drive laser intensities is investigated, which provides beneficial enlightenments on potential laser pulse shaping and/or ignition scheme optimization in ICF.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Space-time dependent non-local thermal transport effects on laser ablation dynamics in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2024,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Ablation",
"Dynamics (music)",
"Laser ablation",
"Laser",
"Space (punctuation)",
"Mechanics",
"Thermal",
"Spacetime",
"Materials science",
"Physics",
"Fusion",
"Computational physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Optics",
"Computer science",
"Meteorology",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Engineering",
"Operating system"
],
"first_author": "W Q Yuan",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"category": "Plasma region",
"entity": "conduction zone"
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"category": "Plasma region",
"entity": "ablation front"
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"sentence": "Different from those obtained previously, our results show that due to the non-local heat flow redistribution and redirection, at the critical surface the thermal flux is more inhibited, in the conduction zone the lateral thermal transport is suppressed, and ahead of the ablation front the plasma is preheated.",
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"sentence": "Furthermore, the dependence of these laser ablation dynamics on different drive laser intensities is investigated, which provides beneficial enlightenments on potential laser pulse shaping andor ignition scheme optimization in ICF.",
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"entity": "Inertial fusion"
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{
"abstract": "The nuclear fusion cross-section is modified when the spins of the interacting nuclei are polarized. In the case of deuterium?tritium it has been theoretically predicted that the nuclear fusion cross-section could be increased by a factor ??=?1.5 if all the nuclei were polarized. In inertial confinement fusion this would result in a modification of the required ignition conditions. Using numerical simulations it is found that the required hot-spot temperature and areal density can both be reduced by about 15% for a fully polarized nuclear fuel. Moreover, numerical simulations of a directly driven capsule show that the required laser power and energy to achieve a high gain scale as ??0.6 and ??0.4 respectively, while the maximum achievable energy gain scales as ?0.9.",
"URL": "http://oa.upm.es/16270/",
"title": "Ignition conditions for inertial confinement fusion targets with a nuclear spin-polarized DT fuel",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Lawson criterion",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "M. Temporal",
"scholarly_citations_count": 33,
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"sentence": "Moreover, numerical simulations of a directly driven capsule show that the required laser power and energy to achieve a high gain scale as 0.6 and 0.4 respectively, while the maximum achievable energy gain scales as 0.9.",
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"abstract": "Three-dimensional effects play a crucial role during the hot-spot formation in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. A data analysis technique for 3D hot-spot reconstruction from experimental observables has been developed to characterize the effects of low modes on 3D hot-spot formations. In nuclear measurements, the effective flow direction, governed by the maximum eigenvalue in the velocity variance of apparent ion temperatures, has been found to agree with the measured hot-spot flows for implosions dominated by mode \u2113=1. Asymmetries in areal-density (\u03c1R) measurements were found to be characterized by a unique cosine variation along the hot-spot flow axis. In x-ray images, a 3D hot-spot x-ray emission tomography method was developed to reconstruct the 3D hot-spot plasma emissivity using a generalized spherical-harmonic Gaussian function. The gradient-descent algorithm was used to optimize the mapping between the projections from the 3D hot-spot emission model and the measured x-ray images along multiple views. This work establishes a platform to analyze 3D low-mode core asymmetries in ICF.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0102167",
"title": "Analysis of core asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions using three-dimensional hot-spot reconstruction",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Hot spot (computer programming)",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Emissivity",
"Computational physics",
"Gaussian",
"Core (optical fiber)",
"Optics",
"Plasma",
"Nuclear physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computer science",
"Operating system"
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"first_author": "K. M. Woo",
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"sentence": "In -ray images, a 3D hot-spot -ray emission tomography method was developed to reconstruct the 3D hot-spot plasma emissivity using a generalized spherical-harmonic Gaussian function.",
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{
"abstract": "This Technical Committee Meeting (TCM) was organized in co-operation with the IAEA, of which the International Fusion Research Council (IFRC) is an advisory body. The Japanese organizer was the Institute of Laser Engineering, sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. There were 165 participants who presented 86 papers. Four workshops were held, on the topics Future planning of inertial fusion energy, Ion rings, Collaboration in heavy ion fusion and Laser beam smoothing.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/31/10/015/pdf",
"title": "Drivers for Inertial Confinement Fusion Report on the IAEA Technical Committee Meeting held at Osaka, Japan, 15\u201319 April 1991",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Laser beams",
"Technical committee",
"Heavy ion",
"Research council",
"Christian ministry",
"Engineering physics"
],
"first_author": "S. Nakai",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "For laser direct-drive (LDD) fusion implosions, intense laser beams are used to directly illuminate the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule. The laser beams' intensity nonuniformity (due to speckles) on the target can impose perturbation seeds which are subsequently amplified by Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth, thereby leading to degradation of ICF implosion performance. To devise methods to mitigate this issue, adequate understanding of the underlying so-called laser-imprinting process is required. Here, we report measurements and modeling of the initial plasma formation process which has been shown to affect the laser imprint. Specifically, we measured the transient transmission of a femtosecond probe pulse through a polystyrene target for different 100-picosecond pump pulse intensities pertaining to ICF conditions. The experimental data are used to benchmark a microphysics model of initial plasma formation that overall describes the observed dynamics, thus providing a validated solid-to-plasma modeling for laser-imprinting purposes in radiation-hydrodynamic codes to accurately simulate and design LDD targets.",
"URL": "http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.033178",
"title": "Benchmarking solid-to-plasma transition modeling for inertial confinement fusion laser-imprint with a pump-probe experiment",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Laser",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Implosion",
"Plasma",
"Picosecond",
"Optics",
"Femtosecond",
"Materials science",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics"
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{
"abstract": "The research on Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is very important in the field of Energy and National Defence. Rigorous requirements of target illumination are proposed in ICF experiments, such as flat top, steep edge, low sidelobes and high light efficiency. Such uniform illumination is also required in some other fields, for example, laser manufacturing. Using Binary Optical Elements to realize such uniform illumination has many advantages, such as high light efficiency owing to pure phase modulation, strong phase distribution design flexibility and so on. When ring laser input and conventional Binary Optical Element Array is adopted, the filling factor is only 63.7% and the light efficiency is very small. In this paper, to increase the filling factor and exploit the light energy sufficiently, a kind of binary optics composite array element, whose shape approximates to a circular by containing some series of square units with different sizes, is designed to realize the uniform illumination needed in ICF. This elements' filling factors are greater than 90% and their 2D light efficiencies are more than 83%. Two dimensions are converted to one dimension to simplify the design. Hybrid algorithm based on hill-climbing and simulated annealing is utilized for phase optimization. Simulated results show the validity of this kind of method.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SPIE.3557..149T/abstract",
"title": "Design of binary optics composite array element for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target uniform illumination",
"year_published": 1998,
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"Phase (waves)",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Simulated annealing",
"Fusion power",
"Binary number",
"Laser",
"Filling factor",
"Phase modulation"
],
"first_author": "Qiaofeng Tan",
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"sentence": "Rigorous requirements of target illumination are proposed in ICF experiments, such as flat top, steep edge, low sidelobes and high light efficiency.",
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"sentence": "Such uniform illumination is also required in some other fields, for example, laser manufacturing.",
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{
"sentence": "Using Binary Optical Elements to realize such uniform illumination has many advantages, such as high light efficiency owing to pure phase modulation, strong phase distribution design flexibility and so on.",
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"sentence": "When ring laser input and conventional Binary Optical Element Array is adopted, the filling factor is only 63.7 and the light efficiency is very small.",
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"abstract": "A compact, step range filter proton spectrometer has been developed for the measurement of the absolute DD proton spectrum, from which yield and areal density (\u03c1R) are inferred for deuterium-filled thin-shell inertial confinement fusion implosions. This spectrometer, which is based on tantalum step-range filters, is sensitive to protons in the energy range 1-9 MeV and can be used to measure proton spectra at mean energies of \u223c1-3 MeV. It has been developed and implemented using a linear accelerator and applied to experiments at the OMEGA laser facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Modeling of the proton slowing in the filters is necessary to construct the spectrum, and the yield and energy uncertainties are \u00b1<10% in yield and \u00b1120\u2009keV, respectively. This spectrometer can be used for in situ calibration of DD-neutron yield diagnostics at the NIF.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/1172517",
"title": "A compact proton spectrometer for measurement of the absolute DD proton spectrum from which yield and \u03c1R are determined in thin-shell inertial-confinement-fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Linear particle accelerator",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Yield (chemistry)",
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"first_author": "Michael Rosenberg",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "The first demonstration of a fuel density\u2010radius product measurement using secondary nuclear fusion reactions is presented. This technique involves using neutrons and protons generated by DT {T(d,n)\u03b1} and D3He {3He(d,p)\u03b1} fusion reactions, respectively, in a pure deuterium fuel.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/49/10/10.1063/1.97093",
"title": "Experimental determination of fuel density\u2010radius product of inertial confinement fusion targets using secondary nuclear fusion reactions",
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"Chemistry",
"Isotopes of helium",
"Nuclear reaction",
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"abstract": "This study proposes a novel method to mitigate stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) using multicolor alternating-polarization bundle light. The bundle light combines multiwavelength, spike trains of uneven duration and delay for a single beam to multicolor alternating polarization for bundle beams. SBS suppression is verified using a three-dimensional large-scale laser plasma code. The numerical results show that the SBS reflectivity can be decreased by nearly two orders in low density plasma. The proposed method can extend the repetition time of a single beam from several picoseconds to tens of picoseconds. Moreover, it has potential applications in inertial confinement fusion research.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering by multicolor alternating-polarization bundle light in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Optics",
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{
"abstract": "The extended Zakharov model of the two-plasmon decay instability in an inhomogeneous plasma [D. F. DuBois et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3983 (1995); D. A. Russell and D. F. DuBois, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 428 (2001)] is further generalized to include the evolution of the electron distribution function in the quasi-linear approximation [cf., e.g., K. Y. Sanbonmatsu et al. Phys. Plasmas 7, 2824 (2000); D. A. Russell et al., paper presented at the Workshop on SRS/SBS Saturation, Wente Vineyards, Livermore, CA, 2\u20135 April 2002]. This makes it possible to investigate anomalous absorption of laser light and hot electron production due to the two-plasmon decay instability of multiple overlapping electromagnetic waves. Scalings of hot-electron production in the (stationary) nonlinearly saturated regime relevant to recent experiments [B. Yaakobi et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 012704 (2012); D. H. Froula et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165003 (2012)] have been obtained. They indicate a sensitivity to ion-acoustic wave (IAW) damping and to the collisional absorption of Langmuir waves. Such a sensitivity might be exploited in inertial confinement fusion target design by the use of mid-Z ablators.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhPl...20e2705M/abstract",
"title": "Mitigation of two-plasmon decay in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion through the manipulation of ion-acoustic and Langmuir wave damping",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasmon",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Distribution function",
"Instability",
"Plasma oscillation",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "J.F. Myatt",
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"sentence": "Such a sensitivity might be exploited in inertial confinement fusion target design by the use of mid-Z ablators.",
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{
"abstract": "In an indirectly driven implosion, non-radial translational motion of the compressed fusion capsule is a signature of residual kinetic energy not coupled into the compressional heating of the target. A reduction in compression reduces the peak pressure and nuclear performance of the implosion. Measuring and reducing the residual motion of the implosion is therefore necessary to improve performance and isolate other effects that degrade performance. Using the gated x-ray diagnostic, the x-ray Bremsstrahlung emission from the compressed capsule is spatially and temporally resolved at x-ray energies of >8.7 keV, allowing for measurements of the residual velocity. Here details of the x-ray velocity measurement and fitting routine will be discussed and measurements will be compared to the velocities inferred from the neutron time of flight detectors.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430351",
"title": "Diagnosing residual motion via the x-ray self emission from indirectly driven inertial confinement implosions.",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Physics",
"Neutron",
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"Particle detector",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Computational physics",
"Bremsstrahlung",
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"first_author": "Arthur Pak",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"abstract": "We present a design of indirect-drive pulse shape for inertial confinement fusion ignition capsules using laser energy ~1.6 MJ with a moderate gain (~10) on the Shenguang IV laser facility. The trade-off fuel compression (pressure) for resistance to the hydrodynamic instability (HI) in the recent high-foot (HF) implosion campaign [Dittrich T R et al Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 055002] is recovered. The proposed design modifies the \"main\" pulse shape, which features a decompression-recompression step for the fuel shell resulting in higher areal density than that of the \"simple\" HF design, and thereby approaches the conditions required for ignition avoiding at the expense of more laser energy while holding the HI under control.",
"URL": "http://or.nsfc.gov.cn/handle/00001903-5/432102",
"title": "Design of an Indirect-Drive Pulse Shape for ~1.6 MJ Inertial Confinement Fusion Ignition Capsules",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Ignition system",
"Compression (physics)",
"Area density",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Pulse (physics)",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "Li-Feng Wang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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{
"abstract": "In warm target direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments performed at the OMEGA laser facility, plastic micro-balloons doped with a titanium tracer layer in the shell and filled with deuterium gas were imploded using a low-adiabat shaped laser pulse. Continuum radiation emitted in the core is transmitted through the tracer layer and the resulting spectrum recorded with a gated multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (MMI). Titanium K-shell line absorption spectra observed in the data are due to transitions in L-shell titanium ions driven by the backlighting continuum. The MMI data consist of an array of spectrally resolved images of the implosion. These 2-D space-resolved titanium spectral features constrain the plasma conditions and areal density of the titanium doped region of the shell. The MMI data were processed to obtain narrow-band images and space resolved spectra of titanium spectral features. Shell areal density maps, \u03c1L(x,y), extracted using a new method using both narrow-band ima...",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240381-shell-stability-conditions-analyzed-using-new-method-extracting-shell-areal-density-maps-from-spectrally-resolved-images-direct-drive-inertial-confinement-fusion-implosions",
"title": "Shell stability and conditions analyzed using a new method of extracting shell areal density maps from spectrally resolved images of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Atomic physics",
"Area density",
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"Shell (structure)",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Spectral line",
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"Laser"
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"first_author": "H. M. Johns",
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"abstract": "Indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments with convergence ratios below 17 have been previously shown to be less susceptible to RayleighTaylor hydrodynamic instabilities, making this r...",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33280567/",
"title": "One-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of low convergence ratio direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "The picosecond electrical pulse\u2010propagation characteristics of microchannel\u2010plate detectors, used in diagnosing laser\u2010driven inertial\u2010confinement\u2010fusion experiments, were measured with an electro\u2010optic sampling system. We determined propagation velocity and signal distortion of the microchannel\u2010plate microstrip, as well as its characteristic impedance and the substrate relative dielectric permittivity. These parameters are critical for proper calibration of the detectors and serve as a guide for their improved designs.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6128233-picosecond-electrical-characterization-ray-microchannel-plate-detectors-used-diagnosing-inertial-confinement-fusion-experiments",
"title": "Picosecond electrical characterization of x\u2010ray microchannel\u2010plate detectors used in diagnosing inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 1993,
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"abstract": "The study of fast electron spectrum optimization by suppression of preformed plasma in fast ignition targets is presented in this work. Integrated fast-electron spectra for electron energies below 3 MeV\u2014the energy range responsible for core heating\u2014are compared for different preformed plasma conditions. The pulse contrast (the ratio of peak-to-pedestal laser intensities) is compared for 108, 109 and 1011 conditions at constant laser energy (~500 J), pulse duration (2 ps), spot size (30% encircled energy on 50 \u00b5m diameter) and laser intensity (around 1 \u00d7 1019 W cm\u22122). The best electron spectrum optimization, consisting of maximized electron number for energies below 3 MeV was obtained with 14 \u00b5m thick cone targets. The energy coupling efficiency from heating laser to core plasma, assuming typical core plasma parameters, was estimated to be 2%, although 0.37% was obtained with previous conditions with poor pulse contrast and a 7 \u00b5m thick cone target.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/aa6781",
"title": "Improvement in the heating efficiency of fast ignition inertial confinement fusion through suppression of the preformed plasma",
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"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "To prepare abrasion-resistant antireflective (AR) films for inertial confinement fusion, four solgel routes have been investigated on polysiloxane-modified and polyvinylalcohol- (PVA-) modified SiO2 sols. As confirmed with a transmissive electron microscope, different fractal structure characteristics of the modified SiO2 particles are disclosed by small-angle x-ray scattering technology. And it is these special fractal characteristics that determine the performance of AR films on the level of internal microstructure. A Si29 magic angle spinning and nuclear magnetic resonance study has been successfully applied in explaining the fractal microstructure and its relation to the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of AR films. The films modified by PVA120000 or acetic acid-catalyzed polysiloxane have higher LIDTs than those films modified by PVA16000 or hydrochloride acid-catalyzed polysiloxane. The films from PVA-modified SiO2 sols have a stronger abrasion resistance but lower antireflection than those films from polysiloxane-modified SiO2 sols. In addition, the films from polysiloxane-modified SiO2 sols can possess high transmittance and high LIDT if the polysiloxane synthesis condition is appropriately chosen, but the abrasion resistance is not as good as that from PVA modification. If strong abrasion resistance is necessary, a possible resolution may be to choose a more appropriate hydrophilic polymer than PVA. If not, polysiloxane-modified silica sol can also work when polysiloxane is synthesized under acetic acid catalysis.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-22-9-1899",
"title": "Abrasion-resistant solgel antireflective films with a high laser-induced damage threshold for inertial confinement fusion",
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"Sol-gel",
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"abstract": "Volume ignition, in which fuel is usually surrounded by pushers made from high-Z materials, is an approach to inertial confinement fusion. High-Z pushers have high albedos, which means that they can re-radiate most of the radiation coming from the hot fuel. Hence, it is beneficial to realize ignition at lower temperatures. We develop a theoretical model comprising a set of coupled equations to model the radiation heat conduction between the hot fuel and the high-Z pusher. We then investigate the dependence of the albedo of the high-Z pusher on the state of the hot fuel. The results of our model show good consistency with numerical simulations. Furthermore, the physics of the radiation heat conduction between the hot fuel and the high-Z pusher in volume ignition is elucidated, which is important for follow-up studies of the critical values for volume ignition and for obtaining a physical picture of fusion burning. The model can also provide some theoretical basis for the design of double-shell targets and energy targets.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0032891",
"title": "A theoretical model for radiation heat conduction between deuterium\u2013tritium fuel and a high-Z pusher in volume ignition in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Thermal conduction",
"Volume (thermodynamics)",
"Mechanics",
"Deuterium",
"Thermal radiation"
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"first_author": "Rui-Hua Xu",
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{
"abstract": "SIRIUS-T is a study of an advanced tritium production facility which utilizes direct drive symmetric illumination inertial confinement fusion provided by a KrF laser. Symmetrically illuminated reac...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.13182/FST91-A29416",
"title": "SIRIUS-T, an Advanced Tritium Production Facility Utilizing Symmetrically Illuminated Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Laser",
"Tritium"
],
"first_author": "I.N. Sviatoslavsky",
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{
"abstract": "Laser plasma instabilities, such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and two-plasmon decay (TPD), are basic phenomena in intense laser science and applications. In direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) where a fuel capsule is imploded by high-power lasers, SRS and TPD are generally problematic because hot electrons (HEs) generated by SRS and TPD cause fuel preheating, whereas HEs with acceptable energy are expected to contribute to ablation pressure enhancement. In all cases, it is necessary to clarify the occurrence of SRS, TPD, and subsequent HE generation. The ablator of a fuel capsule in direct-drive ICF typically consists of carbon with a variable amount of hydrogen (H). We investigated the H effects in the ablator on SRS, TPD, and HEs under direct-drive ICF conditions at the GEKKO laser facility in planer geometry. The experimental results showed an increase in SRS, TPD, and HEs when H was present in the ablator. The analysis indicated that the variations in plasma inhomogeneity and plasma temperature obtained by H addition were insufficient to explain the observed results. Thus, the enhancement is mainly attributed to the high ion acoustic wave damping driven by the H ions into the plasmas, suggesting that Langmuir decay instability caused SRS saturation, whereas other mechanisms, such as cavitation, could overwhelm the TPD saturation. These results suggest that a suitable choice of H concentration in the ablator is critical for mitigating and controlling the extent of SRS, TPD, and HEs to achieve robust and efficient implosion in direct-drive ICF.",
"URL": "http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033051",
"title": "Effects of hydrogen concentration in ablator material on stimulated Raman scattering, two-plasmon decay, and hot electrons for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Implosion",
"Plasma",
"Laser",
"Materials science",
"Atomic physics",
"Thomson scattering",
"Ion",
"Chemistry",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Organic chemistry"
],
"first_author": "K. Kawasaki",
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"sentence": "The ablator of a fuel capsule in direct-drive ICF typically consists of carbon with a variable amount of hydrogen H. We investigated the H effects in the ablator on SRS, TPD, and HEs under direct-drive ICF conditions at the GEKKO laser facility in planer geometry.",
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"sentence": "The experimental results showed an increase in SRS, TPD, and HEs when H was present in the ablator.",
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"sentence": "The analysis indicated that the variations in plasma inhomogeneity and plasma temperature obtained by H addition were insufficient to explain the observed results.",
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"sentence": "Thus, the enhancement is mainly attributed to the high ion acoustic wave damping driven by the H ions into the plasmas, suggesting that Langmuir decay instability caused SRS saturation, whereas other mechanisms, such as cavitation, could overwhelm the TPD saturation.",
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"sentence": "These results suggest that a suitable choice of H concentration in the ablator is critical for mitigating and controlling the extent of SRS, TPD, and HEs to achieve robust and efficient implosion in direct-drive ICF.",
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"abstract": "We present scaled demonstrations of backlighter sources, emitting Bremsstrahlung x-rays with photon energies above 75 keV, that we will use to record x-ray Compton radiographic snapshots of cold dense DT fuel in inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). In experiments performed at the Titan laser facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we measured the source size and the Bremsstrahlung spectrum as a function of laser intensity and pulse length, from solid targets irradiated at 2e17-5e18 W/cm{sup 2} using 2-40 ps pulses. Using Au planar foils we achieved source sizes down to 5.5 {micro}m, and conversion efficiencies of about 1e-3 J/J into x-ray photons with energies in the 75-100 keV spectral range. We can now use these results to design NIF backlighter targets and shielding, and to predict Compton radiography performance as a function of the NIF implosion yield and associated background.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/79/10/10.1063/1.2953593",
"title": "Development of backlighting sources for a Compton radiography diagnostic of inertial confinement fusion targets (invited).",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Photon",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Compton scattering",
"Bremsstrahlung"
],
"first_author": "R. Tommasini",
"scholarly_citations_count": 43,
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"abstract": "The high-power laser energy research (HiPER) project was a European project for demonstrating the feasibility of inertial fusion energy based on using direct-drive targets in a shock ignition scheme using a drywall evacuated chamber. HiPER was intended to drive the transition from a scientific proof of principle to a demonstration power plant in Europe. The project was divided into three realistic scenarios (Experimental, Prototype, and Demo) to help identify open problems and select appropriate technologies to solve them. One of the problems identified was the lack of appropriate plasma-facing materials (PFMs) for the reaction chamber. Therefore, a major challenge was to develop radiation-resistant materials able to withstand the large thermal loads and radiation in these reactors. In this paper, we describe the main threats that coarse-grained W would face in the diverse HiPER scenarios. Based on purely thermomechanical considerations, the W lifetimes for the HiPER Prototype and Demo scenarios are limited by fatigue to 14\u2009000 h and 28 h, respectively. The combined effects of thermal load and atomistic damage significantly reduce these lifetimes to just \u223c1000 shots for the Experimental scenario and a few minutes and seconds for the Prototype and Demo scenarios, respectively. Thus, coarse-grained W is not an appropriate PFM for the Prototype or Demo scenarios. Therefore, alternatives to this material need to be identified. Here, we review some of the different approaches that are being investigated, highlight the work done to characterize these new materials, and suggest further experiments.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0010954",
"title": "Limitations for tungsten as plasma facing material in the diverse scenarios of the European inertial confinement fusion facility HiPER: Current status and new approaches",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Ignition system",
"Fusion power",
"HiPER",
"Plasma-facing material",
"Thermal load",
"Reaction chamber",
"Computer science",
"Power station"
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"first_author": "Raquel Gonz\u00e1lez-Arrabal",
"scholarly_citations_count": 18,
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{
"abstract": "Direct-drive laser fusion received a number of setbacks from the experimental observation in the 1960s and 1970s of very complex interactions in laser plasma experiments caused by a number of nonlinear and anomalous phenomena. Although smoothing methods were introduced intuitively or empirically - succeeding in reducing these difficulties - it was not until a few years ago that the 20-ps stochastic pulsation mechanism was discovered. We assume here that this 20-ps stochastic pulsation may be the major obstacle to achieving direct-drive fusion, even though it is now generally assumed that the major challenge to the achievement of direct-drive fusion is the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. While we do not discount the importance of the Rayleigh-Taylor mechanisms, we concentrate here on the analysis of the pulsation process. A method of analysis was developed, using time-dependent real-time computations employing a genuine two-fluid model, which includes the interior electric fields and the very large amplitude longitudinal plasma oscillations that are driven by the laser field. These mechanisms, which were first suggested in 1974, reveal themselves now as self-generated von-Laue gratings, preventing the propagation of laser radiation through the outermost plasma corona and preventing energy deposition by temporal interruption caused by thermal relaxation and the subsequent reestablishment of these gratings, and so on. The abolition of this pulsation by broad-band laser irradiation or other smoothing methods is now well understood. A synopsis of these developments is presented here, consistent with Rubbia's proposition of using the MJ drivers for laser fusion, the technology for which is now available.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/beam-smoothing-and-temporal-effectsoptimized-preparation-of-laser-beams-for-directdrive-inertial-confinement-fusion1/339B26A4220B6025B831CD426E822AD0",
"title": "Beam smoothing and temporal effects:Optimized preparation of laser beams for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1997,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Instability",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Second-harmonic generation",
"Smoothing",
"Laser",
"Plasma oscillation",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "B. W. Boreham",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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{
"abstract": "The large fluence of 14-MeV neutrons produced in high-yield inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments creates a\r\nvariety of backgrounds in x-ray imagers viewing the implosion. Secondary charged particles produce background light\r\nby Cherenkov emission, phosphor screen excitation and possibly scintillation in the optical components of the imager. In\r\naddition, radiation induced optical absorption may lead to attenuation of the signal. Noise is also produced directly in the\r\nimage recorder itself (CCD or film) via energy deposition by electrons and heavy charged particles such as protons and\r\nalphas. We will present results from CCD background measurements and compare them to Monte Carlo calculations. In\r\naddition we show measurements of luminescence and long-term darkening for some of the glasses employed in imagers.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8144E..08H/abstract",
"title": "Radiation induced noise in x-ray imagers for high-yield inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Scintillation",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Noise (radio)",
"Implosion",
"Charged particle",
"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)",
"Cherenkov radiation"
],
"first_author": "C. A. Hagmann",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"sentence": "In addition we show measurements of luminescence and long-term darkening for some of the glasses employed in imagers.",
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{
"abstract": "Using the free\u2010free continuum self\u2010emission spectrum at photon energies above 15 keV is one of the most promising concepts for assessing the electron temperature in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. However, these photons are due to suprathermal electrons whose mean free path is much larger than the thermal one, making their distribution deviate from Maxwellian in a finite\u2010size hotspot. The first study of the free\u2010free X\u2010ray emission from an ICF implosion is conducted, accounting for the kinetic modifications to the electron distribution. These modifications are found to result in qualitatively new features in the hard X\u2010ray spectral continuum. Inference of the electron temperature as if the emitting electrons are Maxwellian is shown to give a lower value than the actual one.",
"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ctpp.201800078",
"title": "Inference of the electron temperature in inertial confinement fusion implosions from the hard X-ray spectral continuum",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Electron temperature",
"Inference",
"Continuum (measurement)",
"X-ray",
"Computational physics",
"Spectral line",
"Emission spectrum"
],
"first_author": "Grigory Kagan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "One- and two-dimensional multigroup radiation hydrodynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the motion of the gold plasma generated at the surface of the embedded gold cone in a re-entrant cone-guided inertial confinement fusion capsule. The effect of deuterium-tritium (DT) ice layers, and other possible tampers, of varying thickness, upon the motion of the gold cone plasma has been investigated. The effect of the x-ray drive spectrum incident upon the ice layer is also explored. Ice is shown to tamp the expansion of the gold cone, and whilst denser materials are shown to be more effective in this role, ice does not pollute the ignition region with intermediate-Z ions, which, though preferable to gold contamination, also tend to inhibit the attainment of high fuel-ion temperatures.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2734584",
"title": "Simulations investigating the effect of a deuterium-tritium-ice coating on the motion of the gold cone surface in a re-entrant cone-guided fast ignition inertial confinement fusion capsule",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the National Ignition Facility suffer from asymmetries in the x-ray drive, which degrade capsule performance compared to expectations for a symmetric one-dimensional implosion. Mode 1, or pole-to-pole, drive asymmetry can reduce confinement and implosion efficiency, driving a bulk motion of the hot spot that is detectable by neutron diagnostics. Understanding and removing sources of mode 1 asymmetry in ICF implosions is important for improving performance, and the three-dimensional nature of the problem makes high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamic modeling extremely computationally expensive. This work describes a reduced order view factor model that calculates the drive asymmetry induced by beam-to-beam variations in laser delivery and Hohlraum diagnostic windows along the equator. The capsule response is estimated by coupling to a Green's function that relates final hot spot velocity to the applied time-varying mode 1 asymmetry. The model makes several predictions about the impact of mode 1 drivers such as laser delivery and target misalignment and achieves good agreement in both the magnitude and the vector direction for several shots in three families of high-performance platforms. However, notable discrepancies suggest that other potential sources of mode 1 asymmetry not captured by the model are also at play.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0009746",
"title": "View factor estimation of hot spot velocities in inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "Targets for future laser-fusion ignition experiments will consist of a frozen deuterium-tritium ice layer adhering to the inner surface of a spherical shell, and the specifications for the inner surface quality of this ice layer are extremely demanding. We have developed a numerical raytrace model in order to validate backlit optical shadowgraphy as an ice-surface diagnostic, and we have used the code to simulate shadowgraph data obtained from mathematical ice layers having known modal imperfections. We find that backlit optical shadowgraphy is a valid diagnostic of the mode spectrum of ice-surface imperfections for mode numbers as high as 80 provided the experimental data are analyzed appropriately. We also describe alternative measurement techniques, which may be more sensitive than conventional backlit shadowgraphy.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST03-A249",
"title": "Numerical raytrace verification of optical diagnostics of ice surface roughness for inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Spherical shell",
"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Shadowgraph",
"Shadowgraphy",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Surface finish",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"abstract": "We describe the development of a 3D Monte-Carlo model to study hot-electron transport in ionized or partially ionized targets, considering regimes typical of inertial confinement fusion. Electron collisions are modeled using a mixed simulation algorithm that considers both soft and hard scattering phenomena. Soft collisions are modeled according to multiple-scattering theories, i.e., considering the global effects of the scattering centers on the primary particle. Hard collisions are simulated by considering a two-body interaction between an electron and a plasma particle. Appropriate differential cross sections are adopted to correctly model scattering in ionized or partially ionized targets. In particular, an analytical form of the differential cross section that describes a collision between an electron and the nucleus of a partially ionized atom in a plasma is proposed. The loss of energy is treated according to the continuous slowing down approximation in a plasma stopping power theory. Validation against Geant4 is presented. The code will be implemented as a module in 3D hydrodynamic codes, providing a basis for the development of robust shock ignition schemes and allowing more precise interpretations of current experiments in planar or spherical geometries.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0103631",
"title": "3D Monte-Carlo model to study the transport of hot electrons in the context of inertial confinement fusion. Part I",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Monte Carlo method",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasma",
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"Electron",
"Ionization",
"Context (archaeology)",
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"Nuclear physics",
"Ion",
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"Paleontology",
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"Biology"
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"first_author": "A. Tentori",
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"abstract": "As the basic conditions for laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research, the targets are required to be well specified and elaborately fabricated. Because of the characteristics of the targets, the research and fabrication process is a systematically tough task, which needs fundamental and deep insights into film deposition, mechanical machining, precise measurement and assembly, etc. As a result, knowledge of material science, physics, mechanical as well as electronics is a necessity for target researchers. In this paper, we give introductions to the state of art on target fabrication for ICF research at Research Center of Laser Fusion (RCLF) in China.",
"URL": "https://www.researching.cn/EN/Article/OJ6fd964aa222d5edd?type=abstract",
"title": "Development of target fabrication for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion at research center of laser fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
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{
"abstract": "The elliptical magnetic mirror scheme for guiding fast electrons for Fast Ignition proposed by Schmitz et al. (Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 085016 (2012)) is studied for conditions on the multi-kJ scale which are much closer to full-scale Fast Ignition. When scaled up, the elliptical mirror scheme is still highly beneficial to Fast Ignition. An increase in the coupling efficiency by a factor of 3\u20134 is found over a wide range of fast electron divergence half-angles.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22228037",
"title": "Elliptical magnetic mirror generated via resistivity gradients for fast ignition inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Physics",
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"Ignition system",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Magnetic mirror",
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{
"abstract": "Grazing incidence metal mirrors (GIMMs) have been examined to replace dielectric mirrors for the final elements in a laser beam line for an inertial confinement fusion reactor. For a laser driver w...",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_29422",
"title": "Grazing Incidence Metal Mirrors as the Final Elements in a Laser Driver for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
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"abstract": "Using temporally shaped laser pulses, multiple shocks can be launched in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments to set the shell on a desired isentrope or adiabat. The velocity of the first shock and the times at which subsequent shocks catch up to it are measured through the velocity interferometry system for any reflector diagnostic [T. R. Boehly et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 092706 (2011)] on OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. Simulations reproduce these velocity and shock-merger time measurements when using laser pulses designed for setting mid-adiabat (\u03b1 \u223c 3) implosions, but agreement degrades for lower-adiabat (\u03b1 \u223c 1) designs. Simulation results indicate that the shock timing discrepancy is most sensitive to details of the density and temperature profiles in the coronal plasma, which influences the laser energy coupled into the target, and only marginally sensitive to the target offset and beam power imbalance. To aid in verifying the coronal profile's inf...",
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"abstract": "Calculations are presented for a high yield inertial fusion design, employing indirect drive with a double-ended z-pinch-driven hohlraum radiation source. A high current (\u223c60 MA) accelerator implodes z pinches within an enclosing hohlraum. Radial spoke arrays and shine shields isolate the capsule from the pinch plasma, magnetic field, and direct x-ray shine. Our approach places minimal requirements on z-pinch uniformity and stability, usually problematic due to magneto-Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability. Large inhomogeneities of the pinch and spoke array may be present, but the hohlraum adequately smooths the radiation field at the capsule. Simultaneity and reproducibility of the pinch x-ray output to better than 7% are required, however, for good symmetry. Recent experiments suggest a pulse shaping technique, through implosion of a multishell z pinch. X-ray bursts are calculated and observed to occur at each shell collision. A capsule absorbing 1 MJ of x rays at a peak drive temperature of 210 eV is found to have adequate stability and to produce 400 MJ of yield. A larger capsule absorbs 2 MJ with a yield of 1200 MJ.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/344942-high-yield-inertial-confinement-fusion-target-design-ital-pinch-driven-hohlraum",
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"abstract": "Experiments applying laser-driven magnetic-flux compression to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets to enhance the implosion performance are described. Spherical plastic (CH) targets filled with 10\u2009atm of deuterium gas were imploded by the OMEGA Laser, compare Phys. Plasmas 18, 056703 or Phys. Plasmas 18, 056309. Before being imploded, the targets were immersed in an 80-kG magnetic seed field. Upon laser irradiation, the high implosion velocities and ionization of the target fill trapped the magnetic field inside the capsule, and it was amplified to tens of megagauss through flux compression. At such strong magnetic fields, the hot spot inside the spherical target was strongly magnetized, reducing the heat losses through electron confinement. The experimentally observed ion temperature was enhanced by 15%, and the neutron yield was increased by 30%, compared to nonmagnetized implosions [P. Y. Chang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 035006 (2011)]. This represents the first experimental verification of pe...",
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"abstract": "A methodology for measuring x-ray continuum spectra of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions is described. The method relies on the use of ConSpec, a high-throughput spectrometer using a highly annealed pyrolytic graphite crystal [MacDonald et\u00a0al., J. Instrum. 14, P12009 (2019)], which measures the spectra in the \u224320-30\u00a0keV range. Due to its conical shape, the crystal is sagittally focusing a Bragg-reflected x-ray spectrum into a line, which enhances the recorded x-ray emission signal above the high neutron-induced background accompanying ICF implosions at the National Ignition Facility. To improve the overall measurement accuracy, the sensitivity of the spectrometer measured in an off-line x-ray laboratory setting was revised. The error analysis was expanded to include the accuracy of the off-line measurements, the effect of the neutron-induced background, as well as the influence of possible errors in alignment of the instrument to the ICF target. We demonstrate how the improved methodology is applied in the analysis of ConSpec data with examples of a relatively low-neutron-yield implosion using a tritium-hydrogen-deuterium mix as a fuel and a high-yield deuterium-tritium (DT) implosion producing high level of the background. In both cases, the shape of the measured spectrum agrees with the exponentially decaying spectral shape of bremsstrahlung emission to within \u00b110%. In the case of the high-yield DT experiment, non-monotonic deviations slightly exceeding the measurement uncertainties are observed and discussed.",
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"abstract": "This study investigates the morphology of the liquid\u2013gas interface inside inertial confinement fusion targets with temperature gradients from the perspective of force balance. The effects of contact angle, liquid volume, temperature gradient, and target size on the interface morphology are discussed. The filling of the fuel and the preparation of the ice layer inside the target are carried out near the deuterium\u2013deuterium triple point at 18.71\u2009K, accompanied by temperature gradient distributions of different magnitudes. The morphology of the liquid\u2013gas interface has a significant impact on the subsequent laser experiments. The differential equation for calculating the morphology of the liquid\u2013gas interface under non-uniform temperature field is derived based on the Young\u2013Laplace equation. In order to verify the accuracy and applicability of the model as well as to provide guidance for practical applications such as process optimization, experimental data within a temperature gradient range of 0.69\u20131.38\u2009K/cm during the fuel filling process were selected. Image processing techniques, including denoising and edge detection, were applied to the experimental images. The obtained structured data were compared with the numerical solutions of the equation for the liquid\u2013gas interface morphology. The accuracy of the equation was verified by the results. Based on this, the morphology of the liquid\u2013gas interface of deuterium\u2013deuterium inside targets under different experimental conditions was calculated. It was found that a smaller target radius, higher filling temperature, smaller contact angle, and larger temperature gradient are more conducive to subsequent experiments.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Study on the morphology of liquid\u2013gas interface inside inertial confinement fusion target under the condition of temperature gradient based on Young\u2013Laplace equation",
"year_published": 2023,
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"first_author": "Kewei Wu",
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"abstract": "With the advent of ignited plasmas at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), alpha physics has become a driving factor in theoretical understanding and experimental behavior. In this communication, we explore aspects of direct alpha-ion heating through comparison of the consequences from the one-fluid and two-fluid models in the hydrodynamic approach. We show that the case with all alpha energy deposited in electrons raises the ignition criteria by \u223c4\u2009keV or \u223c0.2\u2009g/cm2 in the hotspot relative to the case with all alpha energy deposited in ions. In the case of the recently ignited NIF implosion, 30% of the 3.5\u2009MeV \u03b1 energy is deposited into the DT fuel ions, for which there is negligible difference between the one-fluid and two-fluid ignition criteria. However, changes in the ion stopping fraction through profile effects and alternate stopping power models could lead to ignition curve shifts of \u223c1\u2009keV.",
"URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0180544/18288354/010702_1_5.0180544.pdf",
"title": "Effects of alpha-ion stopping on ignition and ignition criteria in inertial confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2024,
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"abstract": "A theory is presented which is intended to explain thermally induced formation of uniform liquid layers of ternary mixtures of hydrogen isotopes inside a spherical inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target. The governing equations are the equations of stream function, modified vorticity, and energy, and the equations of conservation of the individual isotopic species. The equations for the diffusion fluxes of the species include both ordinary and thermal diffusions. These coupled equations are solved by a finite\u2010difference method using upwind schemes and variable mesh. The results demonstrate the influence of the concentration\u2010 and temperature\u2010induced surface tension gradients in creating the uniform liquid fuel layer inside an ICF target. Comparison of the present theory with the experimental data is made for targets filled, respectively, with D2 and mixtures of H2 and D2, producing good agreement in both cases.",
"URL": "https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/thermally-induced-behavior-of-liquid-mixtures-of-hydrogen-isotope-2",
"title": "Thermally induced behavior of liquid mixtures of hydrogen isotopes inside a spherical inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 1987,
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"Atomic physics",
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"Vorticity",
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"Mechanics",
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"abstract": "Compression of plasmas with laser pulses in the 10-kJ range produced densities ill the range of 1000 times that of the solid state, where however the temperatures within a few hundred eV were rather low. This induced the fast ignitor scheme for central or peripheral deposition of some 10-kJ ps laser pulses on conventional n s -precompressed DT plasma of 3000 times solid-state density. We present results where the ps ignition is avoided and only a single-event conventional compression is used. Following our computations of volume ignition and the excellent agreement with measured highest fusion gains of volume compression, we found conditions where compression to 5000 times that of the solid state and by using laser pulses of 10 MJ produce volume ignition with temperatures between 400 and 800 eV only for high-gain volume ignition.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPlPh..69..413H/abstract",
"title": "Single-event high-compression inertial confinement fusion at low temperatures compared with two-step fast ignitor",
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"abstract": "Achieving symmetric hohlraum radiation drive is an important aspect of indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments. However, when experimentally delivered laser powers deviate from ideal conditions, the resultant radiation field can become asymmetric. Two situations in which this may arise are random uncorrelated fluctuations, in as-delivered laser power and laser beams that do not participate in the implosion (either intentionally or unintentionally). Furthermore, laser plasma interactions in the hohlraum obfuscate the connection between laser powers and radiation drive. To study the effect of these situations on drive symmetry, we develop a simplified model for crossed-beam energy transfer, laser backscatter, and plasma absorption that can be used in conjunction with view factor calculations to expediently translate laser powers into three-dimensional capsule flux symmetries. We find that crossed-beam energy transfer can alter both the statistical properties of uncorrelated laser fluctuations and the impact of missing laser beams on radiation symmetry. A method is proposed to mitigate the effects of missing laser beams.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21g2712P/abstract",
"title": "The impact of laser plasma interactions on three-dimensional drive symmetry in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2014,
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"abstract": "A system of x-ray imaging spectrometer (XRIS) has been implemented at the OMEGA Laser Facility and is capable of spatially and spectrally resolving x-ray self-emission from 5 to 40\u00a0keV. The system consists of three independent imagers with nearly orthogonal lines of sight for 3D reconstructions of the x-ray emission region. The distinct advantage of the XRIS system is its large dynamic range, which is enabled by the use of tantalum apertures with radii ranging from 50 \u03bcm to 1\u00a0mm, magnifications of 4 to 35\u00d7, and image plates with any filtration level. In addition, XRIS is capable of recording 1-100's images along a single line of sight, facilitating advanced statistical inference on the detailed structure of the x-ray emitting regions. Properties such as P0 and P2 of an implosion are measured to 1% and 10% precision, respectively. Furthermore, Te can be determined with 5% accuracy.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0101655",
"title": "X-ray-imaging spectrometer (XRIS) for studies of residual kinetic energy and low-mode asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA (invited).",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Imaging spectrometer",
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"abstract": "AbstractA direct energy conversion method is proposed for a D-3He inertial confinement fusion reactor. The method utilizes inductive energy recovery through pickup coils in the plasma chamber in which mirror magnetic fields are applied. A method to reduce the problems regarding the handling of ultrahigh voltage inherent in energy recovery of this type is proposed that divides a one-turn pickup coil into a number of pickup segments both axially and azimuthally to reduce the output voltage per pickup segment so that it can be managed by near-term technologies.Analytical results predict that the expanding plasma energy is directly converted to electricity through the recovery circuit using capacitors with an efficiency of >80% when the plasma is assumed to expand cylindrically.",
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"abstract": "A numerical method providing the optimal laser intensity profiles for a direct-drive inertial confinement fusion scheme has been developed. The method provides an alternative approach to phase-space optimization studies, which can prove computationally expensive. The method applies to a generic irradiation configuration characterized by an arbitrary number NB of laser beams provided that they irradiate the whole target surface, and thus goes beyond previous analyses limited to symmetric configurations. The calculated laser intensity profiles optimize the illumination of a spherical target. This paper focuses on description of the method, which uses two steps: first, the target irradiation is calculated for initial trial laser intensities, and then in a second step the optimal laser intensities are obtained by correcting the trial intensities using the calculated illumination. A limited number of example applications to direct drive on the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) are described.",
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"abstract": "Direct-drive laser absorption, mass ablation rate, and shock heating are experimentally studied on the OMEGA Laser System [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] to validate hydrodynamics simulations. High-gain, direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target implosions require accurate predictions of the shell adiabat \u03b1 (entropy), defined as the pressure in the main fuel layer to the Fermi-degenerate pressure, and the implosion velocity of the shell. The laser pulse shape determines the shell adiabat and the hydrodynamic efficiency determines the implosion velocity. A comprehensive set of measurements tracking the flow of energy from the laser to the target was conducted. Time-resolved measurements of laser absorption in the corona are performed on spherical implosion experiments. The mass ablation rate is inferred from time-resolved Ti K-shell spectroscopic measurements of nonaccelerating, solid CH spherical targets with a buried tracer layer of Ti. Shock heating is diagnosed in planar-CH-fo...",
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"abstract": "The meeting was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency and sponsored by the Institute of Laser Engineering of the Osaka University and the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. Fifty participants from eight countries and fifteen observers attended the meeting.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/20/4/014/pdf/0029-5515_20_4_014.pdf",
"title": "Advances in Inertial-Confinement Systems: Report on the IAEA Technical Committee Meeting, Takarazuka, Osaka, Japan 29 October\u20131 November 1979",
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"abstract": "The increase in entropy from the physical mixing of two adjacent materials in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions and gas-filled hohlraums is analytically assessed. An idealized model of entropy generation from the mixing of identical ideal-gas particles across a material interface in the presence of pressure and temperature gradients is applied. Physically, mix-driven entropy generation refers to the work done by the gases in expanding into a larger common volume from atomic mixing under the condition of no internal energy change, or work needed to restore the initial unmixed state. The effect of a mix-generated entropy increase is analytically shown to lead to less compression of the composite ICF fluid under adiabatic conditions. The amount of entropy generation is estimated to be \u223c10 J for a Rayleigh\u2013Taylor-induced micrometer-scale annular mixing layer between the solid deuterium\u2013tritium fuel and (undoped) high-density carbon pusher of an imploding capsule at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This level of entropy generation is consistent with lower-than-expected fuel compressions measured on the NIF [Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 052704 (2019)]. The degree of entropy increase from mixing of high-Z hohlraum wall material and low-Z, moderate- to high-density gas fills is estimated to lead to \u223c100\u2009kJ of heat generation for NIF-scale experiments [Moody et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056317 (2014)]. This value represents a significant fraction of the inferred missing x-ray drive energy based on observed delays in capsule implosion times compared with mainline simulations [Jones et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 056315 (2012)].",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0049114",
"title": "Entropy generation from hydrodynamic mixing in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive targets",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Adiabatic process",
"Physics",
"Mixing (physics)",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Heat generation",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics",
"Entropy (classical thermodynamics)"
],
"first_author": "Peter Amendt",
"scholarly_citations_count": 7,
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"abstract": "Three models for nonlocal electron thermal transport are here compared against Vlasov-Fokker-Planck (VFP) codes to assess their accuracy in situations relevant to both inertial fusion hohlraums and tokamak scrape-off layers. The models tested are (i) a moment-based approach using an eigenvector integral closure (EIC) originally developed by Ji, Held and Sovinec; (ii) the non-Fourier Landau-fluid (NFLF) model of Dimits, Joseph and Umansky; and (iii) Schurtz, Nicolai and Busquet's multigroup diffusion model (SNB). We find that while the EIC and NFLF models accurately predict the damping rate of a small-amplitude temperature perturbation (within 10% at moderate collisionalities), they overestimate the peak heat flow by as much as 35% and do not predict preheat in the more relevant case where there is a large temperature difference. The SNB model, however, agrees better with VFP results for the latter problem if care is taken with the definition of the mean free path. Additionally, we present for the first time a comparison of the SNB model against a VFP code for a hohlraum-relevant problem with inhomogeneous ionisation and show that the model overestimates the heat flow in the helium gas-fill by a factor of ~2 despite predicting the peak heat flux to within 16%.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.08963",
"title": "Testing nonlocal models of electron thermal conduction for magnetic and inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Tokamak",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Heat flux",
"Mean free path",
"Thermal conduction",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Helium",
"Mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
"Vlasov equation",
"Computational physics",
"Fokker\u2013Planck equation"
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"first_author": "Jonathan Brodrick",
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{
"abstract": "External heat transfer coefficients were measured around a surrogate indirect inertial confinement fusion target based on the laser inertial fusion energy (LIFE) target to validate thermal models o...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.13182/FST14-904",
"title": "External Heat Transfer Coefficient Measurements on a Surrogate Indirect Inertial Confinement Fusion Target",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Thermal analysis",
"Atomic physics",
"Thermal",
"Laser Inertial Fusion Energy",
"Heat transfer coefficient",
"Mechanics"
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"abstract": "Pulsed high field magnet coils are an integral part of the applied-B ion diode used in the light ion Inertial Confinement Fusion program at Sandia National Laboratories. Several factors have contri...",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_29943",
"title": "Advances in the engineering of high field applied-B ion diodes for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1992,
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"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Magnet",
"Atomic physics",
"Particle accelerator",
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"abstract": "In the plasma layering technique, a microwave discharge plasma is turned on in the void of a nonuniform solid fuel layer inside a cryogenic laser fusion target to redistribute the nonuniform layer into a uniform one. The heating uniformity of the plasma initiated by a one\u2010dimensional electric field was examined experimentally and theoretically by making a glow discharge in a quartz shell located in a strong microwave field at room temperature. The heating uniformity on the inner surface of the shell was estimated by measuring the surface temperature of the shell. When the frequency of the external electric field was 2.45 GHz, the resultant measured heating uniformity at the gas density of <0.7 g/m3 should be sufficient to obtain a uniform solid fuel layer for laser implosion experiments. At higher gas densities, the heating uniformity was insufficient because of the nonuniform distribution of the plasma. Countermeasures to improve the uniformity are discussed.",
"URL": "https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.579612",
"title": "Heating uniformity of a microwave discharge plasma to redistribute a solid fuel layer inside a cryogenic target for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1995,
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"Optics",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Solid fuel",
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"Microwave",
"Laser",
"Electric field",
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"abstract": "A hemispherical conically guided indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule has been considered. The fast ignition of the precompressed capsule driven by one or two laser-accelerated proton beams has been numerically investigated. The energy distribution of the protons is Gaussian with a mean energy of 12MeV and a full width at half maximum of 1MeV. A new scheme that uses two laser-accelerated proton beams is proposed. It is found that the energy deposition of 1kJ provided by a first proton beam generates a low-density cylindrical channel and launches a forward shock. A second proton beam, delayed by a few tens of ps and driving the energy of 6kJ, crosses the low-density channel and heats the dense shocked region where the ignition of the deuterium-tritium nuclear fuel is achieved. For the considered capsule, this new two-beam configuration reduces the ignition energy threshold to 7kJ.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2400592",
"title": "Fast ignition of a compressed inertial confinement fusion hemispherical capsule by two proton beams",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Full width at half maximum",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
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"first_author": "Mauro Temporal",
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"abstract": "Fuel-ion species dynamics in hydrodynamiclike shock-driven DT^{3}He-filled inertial confinement fusion implosion is quantitatively assessed for the first time using simultaneously measured D^{3}He and DT reaction histories. These reaction histories are measured with the particle x-ray temporal diagnostic, which captures the relative timing between different nuclear burns with unprecedented precision (\u223c10\u2009\u2009ps). The observed 50\u00b110\u2009\u2009ps earlier D^{3}He reaction history timing (relative to DT) cannot be explained by average-ion hydrodynamic simulations and is attributed to fuel-ion species separation between the D, T, and ^{3}He ions during shock convergence and rebound. At the onset of the shock burn, inferred ^{3}He/T fuel ratio in the burn region using the measured reaction histories is much higher as compared to the initial gas-filled ratio. As T and ^{3}He have the same mass but different charge, these results indicate that the charge-to-mass ratio plays an important role in driving fuel-ion species separation during strong shock propagation even for these hydrodynamiclike plasmas.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.035001",
"title": "Observations of Multiple Nuclear Reaction Histories and Fuel-Ion Species Dynamics in Shock-Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions.",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Charge (physics)",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Plasma",
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"first_author": "Hong Sio",
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"sentence": "These reaction histories are measured with the particle -ray temporal diagnostic, which captures the relative timing between different nuclear burns with unprecedented precision 10 ps.",
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"sentence": "The observed 5010 ps earlier DHe reaction history timing relative to DT cannot be explained by average-ion hydrodynamic simulations and is attributed to fuel-ion species separation between the D, T, and He ions during shock convergence and rebound.",
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"abstract": "Experimental results from indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments testing the performance gained from using an alternate capsule tent support are reported. The polar tent describes an alternate geometry for the thin membrane used to support the Deuterium\u2013Tritium (DT) filled capsule. Here, the contact area is reduced by 23 times by locating the tent support close to the poles of the capsule. The polar tent experiments are repeats of previous 3 shock 1.63\u2009MJ, 400 TW high foot experiments and use a 165\u2009\u03bcm thick silicon doped carbon hydrogen plastic (CH) shell. Using the polar tent support, we report a DT neutron yield of 1.07 \u00d7 10 16, 76% higher than the expected Y D T \u221d V 7.7 scaling. This is, at the time of writing, the highest neutron yield to date from a CH shell implosion. Furthermore, we find that the inferred pressure when using the polar tent is significantly above the model based on analytic scaling even when accounting for tent effects. Analysis of x-ray and neutron images shows the reduction of lobes produced by nominal tent features. The reduction of these features in the polar tent experiments leads to decreased low mode (P2 and P4) asymmetry compared to the nominal tent results.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27j2708R/abstract",
"title": "Measurements of enhanced performance in an indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiment when reducing the contact area of the capsule support",
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"abstract": "Based on the results presented at the 20th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2004, this paper highlights the most important recent advances in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). With the construction of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the Laser Megajoule facility and many improvements in the target design, the conventional indirect-drive approach is advancing steadily towards the demonstration of ignition and high gain. The development of the polar direct-drive concept also made the prospects for direct-drive ignition on the NIF very favourable. Substantial progress was reported on the exploration of the fast-ignition approach to ICF. Parallel to that, multi-wire Z-pinches have become a competitive driver option for achieving ignition at the lowest possible cost. In heavy-ion fusion, experiments have been devoted so far to studying the generation, transport, and final focusing of high-current ion beams. A new concept for a power plant with a heavy-ion driver, based on a cylindrical direct-drive target compressed and ignited (in the fast-ignition mode) by two separate beams of very energetic (Ei 0.5 GeV u\u22121) heavy ions, has been proposed.",
"URL": "https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200902283596891954",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion: steady progress towards ignition and high gain (summary talk)",
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"abstract": "Application of a magnetic field to an indirect drive inertial confinement fusion target requires diffusion of the field through the high-Z and electrically conducting Hohlraum. The onset of the external field generates eddy currents in the Hohlraum wall that result in (1) a reduction of the peak field at the capsule, (2) heating of the Hohlraum wall through Ohmic dissipation, and (3) wall movement due to the inward force from the eddy current interacting with the field. Heating of the wall causes an increase in blackbody radiation which can preheat the capsule and frozen deuterium\u2013tritium fuel, while wall motion leads to potential misalignment of the lasers at the Hohlraum wall. Limiting these detrimental effects sets requirements on the tolerable magnitude of each effect. We present a nonlinear model for B-field diffusion through an infinitely long thin-walled cylinder with a temperature dependent resistivity, to show that a 15\u2009\u03bcm thick wall of pure gold fails to meet these requirements. A new Hohlraum material made from an alloy of Au and Ta has a measured resistivity of \u2265 60 times that of Au and is shown with the nonlinear model to meet the requirements for magnetization. We compare the nonlinear model to simulations of the actual Hohlraum target using a finite element code which includes temperature-dependent Hohlraum resistivity.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0022722",
"title": "Transient magnetic field diffusion considerations relevant to magnetically assisted indirect drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Eddy current",
"Diffusion (business)",
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"first_author": "J. D. Moody",
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"abstract": "Laser plasma instabilities (LPI) reduce driver-target coupling, alter implosion symmetry, and therefore can fundamentally limit fusion performance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Developing a predictive modeling capability for LPI effects can critically advance the success of the field. We perform vector particle-in-cell simulations of multi-speckled laser beams undergoing stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) at various densities and intensities relevant to mainly indirectly driven and a subset of parameter space for directly driven ICF systems, focusing on the regimes with intensities above the onset of electron trapping. Based on the wavenumber of the SRS daughter electron plasma wave, we identify several regions with underpinning SRS saturation physics: the electron-trapping dominated region with intermediate k\u03bbD values, the strong Landau damping region at larger k\u03bbD values, and the region where the Langmuir decay instability arises at lower k\u03bbD values. We develop a nonlinear SRS reflectivity model that features the base trapping-dominated scaling of (k\u03bbD)\u22124 and its modifications. Electron trapping deforms the initialized electron distribution functions, and we have developed a new \u03b4f-Gaussian-mixture algorithm for an accurate characterization of the trapped hot electron population. With this SRS hot electron description, we construct a nonlinear energy deposition model and a hot electron source model\u2014based on a modified Manley\u2013Rowe relation\u2014suitable for including SRS effects as a sub-grid module in a high-fidelity ICF design code.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Nonlinear models for coupling the effects of stimulated Raman scattering to inertial confinement fusion codes",
"year_published": 2023,
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{
"abstract": "For energetic x rays (hv\u22653 keV), ring coded\u2010aperture imaging gives better signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio than equivalent\u2010resolution pinhole cameras for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. We have created a time\u2010resolved ring coded\u2010aperture microscope by combining a 4\u00d73 array of annular apertures with a gated microchannel\u2010plate x\u2010ray imager. The new instrument can produce 500\u2010ps duration sequences of images with a temporal resolution of 80 ps and a spatial resolution of 5 to 6 \u03bcm. In demonstration experiments, coded images of imploded targets directly driven by the Omega laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics showed the formation and dissolution of the target cores with improved detail. Contour plots of the images indicate that the laser illumination pattern is imprinted in the imploded core region. The gated ring\u2010aperture microscope will be useful in detailed studies of ICF target hydrodynamics.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RScI...64.1404R/abstract",
"title": "A time\u2010resolved x\u2010ray ring coded\u2010aperture microscope for inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Image resolution",
"Pinhole (optics)",
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"Laser",
"Microscope",
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"sentence": "In demonstration experiments, coded images of imploded targets directly driven by the Omega laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics showed the formation and dissolution of the target cores with improved detail.",
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{
"abstract": "Detailed radiation-hydrodynamics calculations indicate that the dual-63-MA Z-pinch high-yield (HY) 220-eV inertial confinement fusion concept [Phys. Plasmas 6, 2129 (1999)] may release 400 MJ of fusion yield, if pulse shaping, capsule preheat, and x-radiation drive uniformity can be acceptably controlled. Radiation symmetry is under detailed investigation in an advanced, 70-eV HY-scale scoping hohlraum [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 215004 (2002)] driven by the single 20-MA power feed of Sandia National Laboratories\u2019 Z accelerator. The time-averaged polar radiation asymmetry, \u3008\u0394I\u3009/I, is inferred from direct distortion measurements of an imploding capsule\u2019s limb-darkened (\u201cbacklit\u201d) shell, via 6.7 keV point projection x-ray imaging. Thus far, \u3008\u0394I\u3009/I has been measured at the 3.0\u00b11.4 (%) level, on the best shots, in hohlraums (cylindrical) with length/radius ratios L/R of 1.61 and 1.69, either side of a L/R=1.66 predicted optimum for a zeroed P2 Legendre mode. Simulations suggest that when scaled to 220 eV with zeroe...",
"URL": "http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:35067997",
"title": "Symmetric inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions in a high-yield-scale double-Z-pinch-driven hohlraum on Z",
"year_published": 2003,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Z-pinch",
"Asymmetry",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Hohlraum",
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"abstract": "Experiments were performed to develop a platform for the simultaneous measurement of mix and its effects on fusion burn. Two polar direct drive implosions of all-plastic capsules were conducted for the first time on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). To measure implosion trajectory and symmetry, area image backlighting of these capsules was also employed for the first time on NIF, an advance over previous 1-D slit imaging experiments, providing detailed symmetry data of the capsules as they imploded. The implosion trajectory and low-mode asymmetry seen in the resultant radiographs agreed with pre-shot predictions even though the 700 kJ drive energy produced laser beam intensities exceeding laser-plasma instability thresholds. Post-shot simulations indicate that the capsule yield was reduced by a factor of two compared to pre-shot predictions owing to as-shot laser drive asymmetries. The pre-shot predictions of bang time agreed within 200 ps with the experimental results. The second shot incorporated a narrow groove encircling the equator of the capsule. A predicted yield reduction factor of three was not observed.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/20/5/10.1063/1.4803886",
"title": "Development of a polar direct-drive platform for studying inertial confinement fusion implosion mix on the National Ignition Facilitya)",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Asymmetry",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
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"abstract": "The wetted foam capsule design for inertial confinement fusion capsules, which includes a foam layer wetted with deuterium-tritium liquid, enables layered capsule implosions with a wide range of hot-spot convergence ratios (CR) on the National Ignition Facility. We present a full-scale wetted foam capsule design that demonstrates high gain in one-dimensional simulations. In these simulations, increasing the convergence ratio leads to an improved capsule yield due to higher hot-spot temperatures and increased fuel areal density. High-resolution two-dimensional simulations of this design are presented with detailed and well resolved models for the capsule fill tube, support tent, surface roughness, and predicted asymmetries in the x-ray drive. Our modeling of these asymmetries is validated by comparisons with available experimental data. In 2D simulations of the full-scale wetted foam capsule design, jetting caused by the fill tube is prevented by the expansion of the tungsten-doped shell layer due to prehe...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4993065",
"title": "The effects of convergence ratio on the implosion behavior of DT layered inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Surface roughness",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Area density",
"Implosion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Shell (structure)",
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"Mechanics"
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"first_author": "Brian Haines",
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"abstract": "A Particle X-ray Temporal Diagnostic (PXTD) has been implemented on OMEGA for simultaneous time-resolved measurements of several nuclear products as well as the x-ray continuum produced in High Energy Density Plasmas and Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions. The PXTD removes systematic timing uncertainties typically introduced by using multiple instruments, and it has been used to measure DD, DT, D3He, and T3He reaction histories and the emission history of the x-ray core continuum with relative timing uncertainties within \u00b110-20 ps. This enables, for the first time, accurate and simultaneous measurements of the x-ray emission histories, nuclear reaction histories, their time differences, and measurements of Ti(t) and Te(t) from which an assessment of multiple-ion-fluid effects, kinetic effects during the shock-burn phase, and ion-electron equilibration rates can be made.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:48018270",
"title": "A Particle X-ray Temporal Diagnostic (PXTD) for studies of kinetic, multi-ion effects, and ion-electron equilibration rates in Inertial Confinement Fusion plasmas at OMEGA (invited)",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Hong Sio",
"scholarly_citations_count": 22,
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"abstract": "The Z accelerator [R. B. Spielman, W. A. Stygar, J. F. Seamen et al., Proceedings of the 11th International Pulsed Power Conference, Baltimore, MD, 1997, edited by G. Cooperstein and I. Vitkovitsky (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1997), Vol. 1, p. 709] at Sandia National Laboratories delivers \u223c20MA load currents to create high magnetic fields (>1000T) and high pressures (megabar to gigabar). In a z-pinch configuration, the magnetic pressure (the Lorentz force) supersonically implodes a plasma created from a cylindrical wire array, which at stagnation typically generates a plasma with energy densities of about 10MJ\u2215cm3 and temperatures >1keV at 0.1% of solid density. These plasmas produce x-ray energies approaching 2MJ at powers >200TW for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density physics (HEDP) experiments. In an alternative configuration, the large magnetic pressure directly drives isentropic compression experiments to pressures >3Mbar and accelerates flyer plates to >30km\u2215s for equation of state ...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1891746",
"title": "Pulsed-power-driven high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion research",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Lorentz force",
"Atomic physics",
"Z-pinch",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
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"first_author": "M. Keith Matzen",
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{
"abstract": "We describe the use at Los Alamos National Laboratory of additive manufacturing (AM) for a variety of jigs and coating, assembly, and radiography fixtures. Additive manufacturing has also been used...",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1296667-additive-manufacturing-capabilities-applied-inertial-confinement-confusion-los-alamos-national-laboratory",
"title": "Additive Manufacturing Capabilities Applied to Inertial Confinement Fusion at Los Alamos National Laboratory",
"year_published": 2016,
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"abstract": "Nonuniformities present in the laser illumination and target in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments lead to an asymmetric compression of the target, resulting in an inefficient conversion of shell kinetic energy to thermal energy of the hot-spot plasma. In this paper, the effects of asymmetric compression of cryogenic deuterium tritium laser-direct-drive implosions are examined using a suite of nuclear and x-ray diagnostics on the OMEGA laser. The neutron-averaged hot-spot velocity ( u \u2192 hs) and apparent ion temperature ( T i) asymmetry are determined from neutron time-of-flight measurements of the primary deuterium tritium fusion neutron energy spectrum, while the areal density (\u03c1R) of the compressed fuel surrounding the hot spot is inferred from measurements of the scattered neutron energy spectrum. The low-mode perturbations of the hot-spot shape are characterized from x-ray self-emission images recorded along three quasi-orthogonal lines of sight. Implosions with significant mode-1 laser-drive asymmetries show large hot-spot velocities (>100\u2009km/s) in a direction consistent with the hot-spot elongation observed in x-ray images, measured T i asymmetry, and \u03c1R asymmetry. Laser-drive corrections have been applied through shifting the initial target location in order to mitigate the observed asymmetry. With the asymmetry corrected, a more-symmetric hot spot is observed with reduced u \u2192 hs , T i asymmetry, \u03c1R asymmetry, and a 30% increase in the fusion yield.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0041554",
"title": "Mitigation of mode-one asymmetry in laser-direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2021,
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"first_author": "Owen Mannion",
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"abstract": "The Release of Thermonuclear Energy by Inertial Confinement: Ways Towards Ignition, by Friedwardt Winterberg, Singapore, World Scientific, 2010, 436 pp., \u00a392.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-9-81-429590-1. ...",
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"abstract": "A highly nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation that models the electron heat transfer process in laser inertial fusion has been solved numerically. The strong temperature dependence of the electron thermal conductivity and heat loss term (Bremsstrahlung emission) makes this a highly nonlinear process. In this case, an efficient numerical method is developed for the energy transport mechanism from the region of energy deposition into the ablation surface by a combination of the Crank-Nicolson scheme and the Newton-Raphson method. The quantitative behavior of the electron temperature and the comparison between analytic and numerical solutions are also investigated. For more clarification, the accuracy and conservation of energy in the computations are tested. The numerical results can be used to evaluate the nonlinear electron heat conduction, considering the released energy of the laser pulse at the Deuterium-Tritium (DT) targets and preheating by heat conduction ahead of a compression shock in the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) approach. (\u00a9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CoPP...55..677H/abstract",
"title": "Numerical Investigation Into the Highly Nonlinear Heat Transfer Equation with Bremsstrahlung Emission in the Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas",
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"abstract": "The implosion efficiency in inertial confinement fusion depends on the degree of stagnated fuel compression, density uniformity, sphericity, and minimum residual kinetic energy achieved. Compton scattering-mediated 50-200 keV x-ray radiographs of indirect-drive cryogenic implosions at the National Ignition Facility capture the dynamic evolution of the fuel as it goes through peak compression, revealing low-mode 3D nonuniformities and thicker fuel with lower peak density than simulated. By differencing two radiographs taken at different times during the same implosion, we also measure the residual kinetic energy not transferred to the hot spot and quantify its impact on the implosion performance.",
"URL": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33095614/",
"title": "Time-Resolved Fuel Density Profiles of the Stagnation Phase of Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Implosions.",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "Significant theoretical and experimental progress continues to be made at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), charting the path to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ignition. Direct drive offers the potential for higher-gain implosions than x-ray drive and is a leading candidate for an inertial fusion energy power plant. LLE's direct-drive ICF ignition target designs for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are based on hot-spot ignition. A cryogenic target with a spherical DT-ice layer, within or without a foam matrix, enclosed by a thin plastic shell, will be directly irradiated with ~1.5\u2009MJ of laser energy. Cryogenic and plastic/foam (surrogate-cryogenic) targets that are hydrodynamically scaled from these ignition target designs are imploded on the 60-beam, 30\u2009kJ, UV OMEGA laser system to validate the key target physics issues, including energy coupling, hydrodynamic instabilities and implosion symmetry. Prospects for direct-drive ignition on the NIF are extremely favourable, even while it is in its x-ray-drive irradiation configuration, with the development of the polar-direct-drive concept. A high-energy petawatt capability is being constructed at LLE next to the existing 60-beam OMEGA compression facility. This OMEGA EP (extended performance) laser will add two short-pulse, 2.6\u2009kJ beams to the OMEGA laser system to backlight direct-drive ICF implosions and study fast-ignition physics with focused intensities up to 6 \u00d7 1020\u2009W\u2009cm\u22122.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/45/10/S24/meta",
"title": "Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics: charting the path to thermonuclear ignition",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Fusion power",
"National Ignition Facility",
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"first_author": "R. L. McCrory",
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{
"abstract": "The recently completed National Ignition Campaign (NIC) on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) showed significant discrepancies between post-shot simulations of implosion performance and experimentally measured performance, particularly in thermonuclear yield. This discrepancy between simulation and observation persisted despite concerted efforts to include all of the known sources of performance degradation within a reasonable two-dimensional (2-D), and even three-dimensional (3-D), simulation model, e.g., using measured surface imperfections and radiation drives adjusted to reproduce observed implosion trajectories [Clark et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 056318 (2013)]. Since the completion of the NIC, several effects have been identified that could explain these discrepancies and that were omitted in previous simulations. In particular, there is now clear evidence for larger than anticipated long-wavelength radiation drive asymmetries and a larger than expected perturbation seeded by the capsule support tent. This paper describes an updated suite of one-dimensional (1-D), 2-D, and 3-D simulations that include the current best understanding of these effects identified since the NIC, as applied to a specific NIC shot. The relative importance of each effect on the experimental observables is compared. In combination, these effects reduce the simulated-to-measured yield ratio from 125:1 in 1-D to 1.5:1 in 3-D, as compared to 15:1 in the best 2-D simulations published previously. While the agreement with the experimental data remains imperfect, the comparison to the data is significantly improved and suggests that the largest sources for the previous discrepancies between simulation and experiment are now being included.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1228517-radiation-hydrodynamics-modeling-highest-compression-inertial-confinement-fusion-ignition-experiment-from-national-ignition-campaign",
"title": "Radiation hydrodynamics modeling of the highest compression inertial confinement fusion ignition experiment from the National Ignition Campaign",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
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"Perturbation (astronomy)",
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"abstract": "The engineering design of the new innovative fusion reactors constitutes a clear challenge for the need to overcome several new technological edges in every engineering aspect. The great amount of thermal energy delivered into any inertial fusion chamber and the large temperatures and thermal gradients that are envisaged, joined to the even more demanding aspects related to neutron activation, Tritium breeding and the characteristics that are imposed to the coolant that could be used for that purpose, converged into material selection in which liquid metal seems to be one of the most interesting options. The safety assessment of such Fusion reactors should be clearly provided to fulfill the requirements asked by the Regulatory Bodies in a near-term future, when licensing will be a must. Therefore the availability of well proven and validated engineering design tools is a must. In this context, CFD is one of the tools that are potentially needed for thermal-hydraulic design of such complex machines. The state-of-the-art of CFD technologies will be shown, in particular in relation with liquid metals.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/112/3/032045/pdf",
"title": "Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes as design tools for inertial confinement fusion reactor",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Thermal energy",
"Engineering",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Fusion power",
"Context (language use)",
"Material selection",
"Engineering design process",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Coolant"
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"first_author": "Alberto Ab\u00e1nades",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"abstract": "An inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target freezing system, which is capable of fabricating a uniform layer of DT condensate inside a glass microshell, has been developed using cold helium gas jets. The system marks a significant improvement on the existing target freezing systems for the following reasons: first, it does not require cryogenic shields; second, it is directly operable inside a room\u2010temperature target chamber; third, it maintains the integrity of a cryogenic target for as long as desired; fourth, since a bare target can be directly positioned inside the target chamber with no enclosure, implosion of the target using energetic beams (e.g., laser) can easily be achieved at any instant. Description of the system and some results illustrating its performance are presented along with their future applications.",
"URL": "https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/cryogenic-inertial-confinement-fusion-target-fabrication-system-d",
"title": "Cryogenic inertial confinement fusion target fabrication system directly operable inside a room\u2010temperature target chamber",
"year_published": 1980,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Shields",
"Optics",
"Fabrication",
"Cryogenics",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Implosion",
"Condensation",
"Laser",
"Helium"
],
"first_author": "Kyekyoon Kim",
"scholarly_citations_count": 7,
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"abstract": "The ablative Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability is a central issue in the performance of laser-accelerated inertial-confinement-fusion targets. Historically, the accurate numerical simulation of this instability has been a challenging task for many radiation hydrodynamics codes, particularly when it comes to capturing the ablatively stabilized region of the linear dispersion spectrum and modeling ab initio perturbations. Here, we present recent results from two-dimensional numerical simulations of the ablative RT instability in planar laser-ablated foils that were performed using the Eulerian code FastRad3D. Our study considers polystyrene, (cryogenic) deuterium-tritium, and beryllium target materials, quarter- and third-micron laser light, and low and high laser intensities. An initial single-mode surface perturbation is modeled in our simulations as a small modulation to the target mass density and the ablative RT growth-rate is calculated from the time history of areal-mass variations once the target rea...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23l2701B/abstract",
"title": "Numerical simulations of the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability in planar inertial-confinement-fusion targets using the FastRad3D code",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Planar",
"Instability",
"Laser ablation",
"Ab initio",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Computational physics",
"Computer simulation",
"Laser"
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"first_author": "Jason Bates",
"scholarly_citations_count": 21,
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"abstract": "We describe an instrument which measures the angular spread and spectrum of near forward scattered laser light from a probe beam in a long scalelength laser plasma. The instrument consists of a combination of time integrating and time resolving detectors which measure the scattered light amplitude over four orders of magnitude for a range of angles. These measurements allow us to study the beam spray resulting from various laser and plasma conditions and determine the density fluctuations associated with this beam spray.",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/rsi/70/1/10.1063/1.1149386",
"title": "Measurements of near forward scattered laser light in a large inertial confinement fusion plasma (invited)",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Light scattering",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Orders of magnitude (temperature)",
"Beam (structure)",
"Amplitude",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Laser",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "J. D. Moody",
"scholarly_citations_count": 8,
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{
"abstract": "Motivated by recent long scale-length single- and multiple-beam experiments conducted on LLE\u2019s OMEGA laser system [W. Seka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 175002 (2002)], we have simulated backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in inhomogeneous direct drive plasmas where a critical surface is present at all times. This was achieved by adapting pF3D, a parallel, three-dimensional laser\u2013plasma interaction code developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [R. L. Berger et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 4337 (1998)]. The shortcomings of the paraxial approximation, inherent in pF3D, were identified and circumvented via a practical approach that has led to an improved understanding of the experiments. The results show a qualitative agreement between the simulated and experimental SBS backscattered power reflectivity, with the conclusion that the time dependence of the SBS reflectivity is governed by target hydrodynamics and a quantitative agreement in the blue-shift in the frequency of reflected light. The simulations have also shown a sensitivity of the backscattered reflectivity to the amplitude of the specularly reflected signal of an \u201copposing\u201d beam.",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/11/7/10.1063/1.1755708",
"title": "Modeling stimulated Brillouin scattering in the underdense corona of a direct drive inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Backscatter",
"Beam (structure)",
"Amplitude",
"Brillouin scattering",
"Laser",
"Paraxial approximation",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "J.F. Myatt",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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{
"abstract": "The role of a high-Z radiation cavity or hohlraum in inertial confinement fusion is to convert laser energy into soft x-ray energy, in a highly spatially symmetric manner, so that a centrally located capsule containing deuterium and tritium can be uniformly imploded. In practice, however, the asymmetry introduced by the small number of high intensity laser beams can introduce significant perturbations in the drive uniformity. Experiments performed on Nova (10 beams) [J. T. Hunt and D. R. Speck, Opt. Eng. 28, 461 (1989)] and Omega (using 40 beams) [J. M. Sources, R. L. McCrory, C. P. Verdon et al., Phys. Plasmas 3, 2108 (1996)] demonstrate a significant improvement in symmetry and target performance from a fourfold increase in the number of laser beams.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1576762",
"title": "Role of laser beam geometry in improving implosion symmetry and performance for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Asymmetry",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "R. E. Turner",
"scholarly_citations_count": 13,
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"sentence": "Experiments performed on Nova 10 beams and Omega using 40 beams demonstrate a significant improvement in symmetry and target performance from a fourfold increase in the number of laser beams.",
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{
"abstract": "We present a new approach to indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion which makes use of highly supersonic, radiatively cooled, slugs of plasma to energize a hohlraum. 2D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations of slug formation in shaped liner Z-pinch implosions are presented along with 2D-radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the slug impacting a converter foil and 3D-view-factor simulations of a double-ended hohlraum. Results for the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratory indicate that two synchronous slugs of 250 kJ kinetic energy could be produced, resulting in a capsule surface temperature of approximately 225 eV.",
"URL": "https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/indirectdrive-inertial-confinement-fusion-using-highly-supersonic-radiatively-cooled-plasma-slugs(31fdfab2-fdb5-4d5a-957b-f51dbe2c5497)/export.html",
"title": "Indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion using highly supersonic, radiatively cooled, plasma slugs.",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Atomic physics",
"Supersonic speed",
"Magnetohydrodynamic drive",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics",
"Resistive touchscreen",
"FOIL method",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Jerry Chittenden",
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"sentence": "Results for the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratory indicate that two synchronous slugs of 250 kJ kinetic energy could be produced, resulting in a capsule surface temperature of approximately 225 eV.",
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"abstract": "A gated x-ray detector is under development for use at the National Ignition Facility that is intended to provide plasma emission images in the presence of neutron yields up to 1015 expected during inertial confinement fusion experiments with layered cryogenic targets. These images are expected to provide valuable time-resolved measurements of core and fuel symmetries. Additional capabilities of this instrument will include the ability to make spatially resolved electron temperature measurements. A description of this instrument and its operation is given with emphasis on features that differentiate it from previous designs.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RScI...81jE539G/abstract",
"title": "A hardened gated x-ray imaging diagnostic for inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility.",
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"abstract": "We examine the potential that imposed magnetic fields of tens of Tesla that increase to greater than 10 kT (100 MGauss) under implosion compression may relax the conditions required for ignition and propagating burn in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. This may allow the attainment of ignition, or at least significant fusion energy yields, in presently performing ICF targets on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) that today are sub-marginal for thermonuclear burn through adverse hydrodynamic conditions at stagnation [Doeppner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 055001 (2015)]. Results of detailed two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic-burn simulations applied to NIF capsule implosions with low-mode shape perturbations and residual kinetic energy loss indicate that such compressed fields may increase the probability for ignition through range reduction of fusion alpha particles, suppression of electron heat conduction, and potential stabilization of higher-mode Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Optimum initial applied fields are found to be around 50\u2009T. Given that the full plasma structure at capsule stagnation may be governed by three-dimensional resistive magneto-hydrodynamics, the formation of closed magnetic field lines might further augment ignition prospects. Experiments are now required to further assess the potential of applied magnetic fields to ICF ignition and burn on NIF.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhPl...24f2708P/abstract",
"title": "The potential of imposed magnetic fields for enhancing ignition probability and fusion energy yield in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2017,
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{
"abstract": "Reduction in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) from National Ignition Facility Hohlraums has been predicted through the use of multi-ion species materials on Hohlraum walls. This approach to controlling SBS is based upon introducing a lighter ion species to the heavier ion species Hohlraum wall in order to greatly increase the ion Landau damping of ion acoustic waves (IAWs). In a collisionless plasma, if the IAWs driven by SBS reach sufficient amplitudes, this increased damping is reduced or even eliminated by ion trapping in the IAWs. Here, the nonlinear behavior of IAWs is simulated with a multi-ion species Vlasov code, including interspecies ion\u2013ion collisions, self-collisions, and electron\u2013ion pitch-angle collisions. The effect of collisions on the trapping of ions and electrons in a large-amplitude IAW is studied in a regime of relevance to current Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments. Our simulations show that collisions can scatter trapped particles out of resonance with the IAW, suppressing trapping and helping to maintain an effective Landau damping of the IAW. The IAW amplitude required to trap particles in the presence of strong collisions is estimated analytically. These estimates are tested for strongly damped IAWs in tantalum oxide and pure helium plasmas. Our simulations show that, above a threshold amplitude, the damping is reduced by an amount inversely proportional to the wave amplitude. Thus, the success of controlling SBS using a multispecies plasma may depend sensitively on laser power and pulse length.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "The competing effects of wave amplitude and collisions on multi-ion species suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in inertial confinement fusion Hohlraums",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "We have investigated the effects of multiple shock waves and electron thermal conduction coupled with the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in a stagnating system of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) by 2D simulations. We found that the multiple shock waves enhance the small wave number perturbation modes due to the inverse-cascade process from large wave number modes, and the final spectra are almost independent of the initial spectra. Due to the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, the mixing layer of the interface grows and enhances the cooling of the hot spark region by an inflow of cool and dense fuel material. The cooling effect is compatible to that by electron thermal conduction. However, the ablation of the fuel material caused by the thermal conduction suppresses the growth of the large wave number modes. Therefore, although both cooling effects is present in the stagnating system, the cooling of the hot spark region are not markedly enhanced.",
"URL": "https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003905533",
"title": "Effects of Multiple Shock and Thermal Conduction on Mixing Layer Evolution in a Stagnating High-Gain Inertial Confinement Fusion Target",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability",
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"Wavenumber",
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"first_author": "Atsushi Sunahara",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the possibility of ignition or high energy gain is largely determined by our ability to control the RayleighTaylor (RT) instability growth in the target. The e...",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20211882",
"title": "Basic hydrodynamics of Richtmyer-Meshkov-type growth and oscillations in the inertial confinement fusion-relevant conditions.",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability",
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"Ignition system",
"Instability",
"High energy",
"Expansion wave",
"Mechanics",
"Shock wave",
"Classical mechanics"
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"first_author": "Yefim Aglitskiy",
"scholarly_citations_count": 66,
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"abstract": "X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) provides enhanced image contrast beyond absorption-based x-ray imaging alone due to refraction and diffraction from gradients in the object material density. It is sensitive to small variations in density, such as internal voids, cracks, grains, defects, and material flow, as well as to stronger density variations such as from a shock wave. Beyond its initial use in biology and materials science, XPCI is now routinely used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density (HED) research, first to characterize ICF capsules and targets, and later applied in dynamic experiments, where coherent x-ray sources, ultrafast x-ray pulses, and high temporal and spatial resolution are required. In this Review article, XPCI image formation theory is presented, its diverse use in ICF and HED research is discussed, the unique requirements for ultrafast XPCI imaging are given, as well as current challenges and issues in its use.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0127497",
"title": "Invited article: X-ray phase contrast imaging in inertial confinement fusion and high energy density research.",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Density contrast",
"Phase-contrast imaging",
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"Quantum mechanics"
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"first_author": "David S Montgomery",
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"abstract": "The fuel ion temperature in inertial confinement fusion can be determined from the neutron energy spectrum. For the implosion experiment with low neutron yield, and thus low signal-to-noise ratio, a new technique to unfold the neutron energy spectrum from the observed neutron time-of-flight signal is presented in this paper. This method uses a low-pass filter to remove noise from the signal with a threshold value determined by power spectrum analysis. This technique has been applied to the analysis of the observed neutron time-of-flight signals in the indirect drive implosion experiment conducted on Shenguang III prototype laser facility, and fuel ion temperatures of about 1.0 keV are obtained.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/38/6/066201",
"title": "An improved method of unfolding neutron TOF spectrum for low ion temperature inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Spectral density",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Neutron temperature",
"Bonner sphere",
"Noise (electronics)",
"Neutron cross section"
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"first_author": "Zifeng Song",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "The problems of illumination symmetry in laser-imploded targets is studied using a two-dimensional fluid computer model. The thermal smoothing of 'hot spots' in the laser illumination is found to be much reduced for short laser wavelengths because of the smaller separation of critical density from the solid.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JPhD...15.1673E/abstract",
"title": "Two-dimensional fluid simulations of non-uniformly irradiated targets for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Irradiation",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Thermal",
"Laser illumination",
"Smoothing",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Laser",
"Wavelength"
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"first_author": "Roger Evans",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"abstract": "Abstract\n We report on fabrication and characterization of layered, tungsten doped, spherical about 2 mm diameter microcrystalline diamond ablator shells for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the National Ignition Facility. As previously reported, diamond ICF ablator shells can be fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on solid spherical silicon mandrels using an ellipsoidal microwave plasma reactor. In the present work, we further developed these ablator shells by embedding a W-doped diamond layer sandwiched between two undoped diamond regions. W incorporation in diamond was achieved by adding tungsten hexacarbonyl to the CH4/H2 CVD feed gas. We observe that the W doping concentration decreases with increasing deposition rate which, in turn, is controlled by adjusting the total gas pressure. Cross sectional microstructural analysis reveals sharp interfaces between doped and undoped regions of the diamond shell and uniform W distribution with concentrations up to about 0.3 at.%. At higher W concentrations (>0.3 at.%) formation of tungsten carbide precipitates is observed. Using a 3\u2010shock 1.6 MJ laser pulse, the targets described in this work produced the first laser driven implosion to break the 1 \u00d7 1016 neutron yield barrier, followed by experiments (described in future publications) with similar targets and slightly more laser energy producing yields as high as 4 \u00d7 1017.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/aca4e4/pdf",
"title": "Tungsten doped diamond shells for record neutron yield inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Materials science",
"Diamond",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Tungsten",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Chemical vapor deposition",
"Doping",
"Synthetic diamond",
"Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
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"Laser",
"Nanotechnology",
"Optics",
"Optoelectronics",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemistry",
"Physics",
"Chromatography"
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"first_author": "T. Braun",
"scholarly_citations_count": 8,
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"sentence": "formation of tungsten carbide precipitates is observed.",
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"sentence": "Using a 3shock 1.6 MJ laser pulse, the targets described in this work produced the first laser driven implosion to break the 1 1016 neutron yield barrier, followed by experiments described in future publications with similar targets and slightly more laser energy producing yields as high as 4 1017.",
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"abstract": "A compact and simple multiframe x\u2010ray imaging system was developed in order to monitor the implosion of spherical targets in inertial confinement fusion research. Time intervals between consecutive frames can be adjusted flexibly, and the maximum number of adjacent frames is 20 for an overall duration of 1.4 ns. Each frame is recorded with a temporal resolution of 83\u00b120 ps, a spatial resolution of 10 lp/mm at a modulation transfer function of 20%, and an intensity dynamic range of 103. A proximity focused image intensifier with two microchannel plates allows to obtain a gain of 105. Measured temporal response and gain characteristics could be reproduced by a simple Monte Carlo calculation.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991RScI...62..124K/abstract",
"title": "Multiframe x\u2010ray imaging system for temporally and spatially resolved measurements of imploding inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Temporal resolution",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Image intensifier",
"Optical transfer function",
"Implosion",
"Image resolution",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Image processing"
],
"first_author": "M. Katayama",
"scholarly_citations_count": 44,
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"abstract": "The radiation transport effect on pellet implosion and the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability are studied in a light-ion beam (LIB) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) by numerical simulation and analytic work. First, we present the nonuniformity-smoothing effect of the radiation transport on implosion symmetry in an LIB ICF fuel pellet. The 2-D implosion simulation shows that the initial nonuniformity can be smoothed out well in an LIB ICF pellet; for example, the initial nonuniformity of 6% is smoothed to 0.07% during the implosion phase. In addition, linear analyses for the R-T instability under nonuniform acceleration in space and under radiation are also performed: The nonuniform acceleration field in space does not change the growth rate (\u03b3) of the R-T instability. However, this nonuniformity may suppress the growth itself of the R-T instability. Radiation may reduc the growth rate (\u03b3).",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/radiation-effect-on-pellet-implosion-and-rayleightaylor-instability-in-lightion-beam-inertial-confinement-fusion/A0CCC74425AF8CF92E628D06DF013C80",
"title": "Radiation effect on pellet implosion and Rayleigh-Taylor instability in light-ion beam inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Radiation implosion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Instability",
"Radiation effect",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Shigeo Kawata",
"scholarly_citations_count": 43,
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"abstract": "We describe details of radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of directly driven targets for inertial confinement fusion using laser drivers with different laser wavelengths. Of particular interest here are comparisons of frequency-tripled glass (laser wavelength 351\u2009nm) lasers with the argon fluoride (193\u2009nm) and krypton fluoride (248\u2009nm) excimer lasers and the effects that these laser wavelengths have on the target designs. We explore the effect these drivers have on the compromise involved between lowering laser plasma instabilities (LPIs) or hydrodynamic instabilities while providing high gains and seek to quantify this trade-off. Short-wavelength drivers have significant advantages, primarily in using less power and energy to drive targets. Additionally, they expand the allowed operating regime that is constrained by LPI avoidance and the production of higher pressures needed for more hydrodynamically stable targets. Potential disadvantages to shorter drive wavelengths, such as increased imprint, are examined and found to be unimportant.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0118093",
"title": "The importance of laser wavelength for driving inertial confinement fusion targets. II. Target design",
"year_published": 2023,
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"first_author": "Andrew J. Schmitt",
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"abstract": "In this paper, neutronic analysis in a laser fusion inertial confinement fusion fission energy (LIFE) engine fuelled plutonium and minor actinides using a MCNP codes was investigated. LIFE engine fuel zone contained 10 vol% TRISO particles and 90 vol% natural lithium coolant mixture. TRISO fuel compositions have Mod\u2460: reactor grade plutonium (RG-Pu), Mod\u2461: weapon grade plutonium (WG-Pu) and Mod\u2462: minor actinides (MAs). Tritium breeding ratios (TBR) were computed as 1.52, 1.62 and 1.46 for Mod\u2460, Mod\u2461 and Mod\u2462, respectively. The operation period was computed as ~21 years when the reference TBR > 1.05 for a self-sustained reactor for all investigated cases. Blanket energy multiplication values (M) were calculated as 4.18, 4.95 and 3.75 for Mod\u2460, Mod\u2461 and Mod\u2462, respectively. The burnup (BU) values were obtained as ~1230, ~1550 and ~1060 GWd tM\u20131, respectively. As a result, the higher BU were provided with using TRISO particles for all cases in LIFE engine.",
"URL": "http://pst.hfcas.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract10050.shtml",
"title": "Monte Carlo calculations of the incineration of plutonium and minor actinides of laser fusion inertial confinement fusion fission energy (LIFE) engine",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Nuclear engineering",
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"Actinide",
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"Lithium",
"Plutonium",
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"first_author": "Adem Ac\u0131r",
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"abstract": "The evolution of axially symmetric localized perturbations in the deceleration-phase Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an inertial confinement fusion shell capsule is studied by two-dimensional simulations. Large amplitude divot-like mass perturbations were tracked into the deeply nonlinear regime. Dense fluid spikes penetrating the hot spot as well as light material bubbles rising into the dense shell have been studied, using both a full physics model and a simplified (classical) model neglecting thermal conductivity and fusion reactions. The stabilizing effect of ablation (due to electron thermal conductivity and fusion alpha-particle transport) is found to be more pronounced for spikes than for bubbles. For small width perturbations, bubbles grow faster than spikes, contrary to classical model results.",
"URL": "http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/14/7/10.1063/1.2751144",
"title": "Nonlinear evolution of localized perturbations in the deceleration-phase Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an inertial confinement fusion capsule",
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"abstract": "We present analytic theory and numerical simulations comparing the optical beam smoothing capabilities of the smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) technique using random temporal phase modulation, with that of the induced spatial incoherence technique. The analytic theory provides a simple formula for the SSD mode spectrum in the usual case where the phase mask at the focusing lens is random, and its asymptotic limit quantitatively relates the long wavelength mode smoothing to the width of the angular dispersion. With parameters and phase aberration relevant to the National Ignition Facility beams, the SSD simulations show that the large long wavelength components, which are also found in earlier simulations, can be significantly reduced by replacing the independent random phase masks in each pair of adjacent beams by a conjugate pair of zero-correlation masks. These simulations suggest that one can combine zero-correlation masks with random temporal phase modulation and multiple color cycles to achieve...",
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"title": "Comparison of optical beam smoothing techniques for inertial confinement fusion and improvement of smoothing by the use of zero-correlation masks",
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"abstract": "The wall\u2010stabilized z discharge has been scaled successfully to the parameters required for a light\u2010ion\u2010beam\u2010driven inertial confinement fusion facility. The electrical behavior of discharges with various gas species, pressures, lengths, and currents has been investigated. These investigations identify the required dielectric strength of the discharge channel wall. A low\u2010mass, low\u2010Z wall construction with sufficient dielectric strength is demonstrated. The discharge internal dynamics have been studied using temporal and imaging interferometry, framing photography, magnetic\u2010field measurement, and spectroscopy. The discharge current radial profile, and its dependence on discharge parameters, has been diagnosed. The discharge consists of a magnetohydrodynamically stable, imploding thick annulus. The observed radial profile explains data from previous transport experiments. Contamination of the discharge by wall material is found to be negligible during the times of interest. These observations motivate a zer...",
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"title": "Development of wall\u2010stabilized z discharges for intense ion\u2010beam transport in inertial confinement fusion facilities",
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"abstract": "We present a novel approach to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) electron temperature distributions of inertially confined fusion plasma hotspots at the National Ignition Facility. Using very limited number of two-dimensional (2D) x-ray imaging lines of sight, we perform 3D reconstructions of x-ray emission distributions from different x-ray energy channels ranging from 20 to 30\u00a0keV. 2D time-integrated x-ray images are processed using the algebraic reconstruction technique to reconstruct a 3D hotspot x-ray emission distribution that is self-consistent with the input images. 3D electron temperatures are computed using the energy channel ratios. We demonstrate the high accuracy and applicability of this method with different complex hotspot geometries in both synthetic and experimental results.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0097471",
"title": "Three-dimensional electron temperature measurement of inertial confinement fusion hotspots using x-ray emission tomography.",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "In order to achieve the high density compression in laser indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion,the implosion symmetry and hohlraum radiation uniformity are strictly required.To study the variations of implosion asymmetry with hohlraum length and time,three kinds of hohlraum lengths are adopted in experiment.X-ray emission from capsule fuel is measured by an X-ray framing camera.Based on measured capsule compression process and ellipticity variation,it is preliminarily judged that the medium hohlraum of 1700 \u03bcm long is the closest to implosion symmetry demand of Shenguang III prototype laser facility.Time-resolved implosion asymmetry is derived from a simplified analytic model,in which used is the time-resolved hohlraum radiation nonuniformity derived from a view-factor code.The derived results of the time-resolved implosion asymmetry are basically in agreement with experimental results.The physical mechanism for how hohlraum radiation nonuniformity evolution induces the variations of implosion asymmetry with hohlraum length and time is analyzed.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-WLXB201322045.htm",
"title": "Variations of implosion asymmetry with hohlraum length and time in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Implosion",
"High density",
"Asymmetry",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum"
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"abstract": "This paper introduces the relationship between X-ray line emission diagnosis and various physical quantities in the study of inertial confinement fusion, and briefly explains the diagnosis method and principle of X-ray crystal spectrometer. For different types of diagnosis, it introduces the functions and principles of different commonly used types of diffraction crystals. In addition, it introduces a new type of X-ray diagnostic method of multi-cone curved crystals, which has high light collection efficiency and at the same time ensures the delicate coupling of the back-end receiving device and reduces aberrations. Based on the study of the diffraction characteristics of the multi-cone curved crystal, X-Chase, an X-ray arbitrary surface crystal diffraction tracking simulation software, was developed. At the same time, the multi-cone crystal of H and He line emissions on the SG laser facility is utilized to demonstrate the code functions. The numerical simulation results show that the variable cone crystal has a good focusing ability.",
"URL": "http://www.hplpb.com.cn/en/article/doi/10.11884/HPLPB202032.200129",
"title": "Study on X-ray line emission diffraction in inertial confinement fusion and its recent progress",
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"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Diffraction",
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"Laser",
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"abstract": "Simulations of a double Z-pinch hohlraum, relevant to the high-yield inertial-confinement-fusion concept, predict that through geometry design the time-integrated P 2 Legendre mode drive asymmetry can be systematically controlled from positive to negative coefficient values. Studying capsule elongation, recent experiments on Z confirm such control by varying the secondary hohlraum length. Since the experimental trend and optimum length are correctly modeled, confidence is gained in the simulation tools; the same tools predict capsule drive uniformity sufficient for high-yield fusion ignition.",
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"title": "Demonstration of radiation symmetry control for inertial confinement fusion in double Z-pinch hohlraums.",
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"abstract": "A technique for measuring residual motion during the stagnation phase of an indirectly driven inertial confinement experiment has been implemented. This method infers a velocity from spatially and temporally resolved images of the X-ray emission from two orthogonal lines of sight. This work investigates the accuracy of recovering spatially resolved velocities from the X-ray emission data. A detailed analytical and numerical modeling of the X-ray emission measurement shows that the accuracy of this method increases as the displacement that results from a residual velocity increase. For the typical experimental configuration, signal-to-noise ratios, and duration of X-ray emission, it is estimated that the fractional error in the inferred velocity rises above 50% as the velocity of emission falls below 24\u2009\u03bcm/ns. By inputting measured parameters into this model, error estimates of the residual velocity as inferred from the X-ray emission measurements are now able to be generated for experimental data. Details...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23g2701R/abstract",
"title": "Spatially resolved X-ray emission measurements of the residual velocity during the stagnation phase of inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments",
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"abstract": "In the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion facilities, the irradiation uniformity of the laser beams on the target is a key factor affecting the effective compression of the target. At present, a variety of beam-smoothing techniques have been developed to control the spatiotemporal characteristics of the focal spots. However, many optical components involved in optical transmission links and complex transmission transformations often lead to complex optical transmission. Moreover, when using the diffraction optical method to analyze the shape and characteristics of the focal spots, a lot of data are needed to be processed and calculated, resulting in large calculation and low computational efficiency. It is urgent to find a new and fast method to describe the statistical properties of the focal spots. In addition, in the beam-smoothing technique, since the phase distribution of the continuous phase plate is obtained by multiple iterations of random numbers, although the details of focal spots obtained by different continuous phase plates are not the same, they all have similar statistical properties. Therefore, the modulation of the laser beam by the continuous phase plate can be regarded as the transmission process of the laser beam through a random surface. Although the intensities of the speckle within the focal spot at different locations have the strong randomness, and the random distributions of the target speckles obtained by different beam-smoothing methods are different, the overall distribution satisfies a certain statistical law. In this paper, the light-field properties of the focal spot are described by the statistical characterization method. The circular complex Gaussian random variables are used to directly describe the statistical properties of the target surface light field, and the far-field focal spots obtained by the diffractive optical method and those by the statistical characterization method are compared with each other and analyzed based on the typical focal spot evaluation parameters. The results show that the instantaneous properties of the focal spots obtained by the diffractive optical method and those obtained by the statistical characterization method are basically identical, but their time-integrated far-field focal spots are different. The correlation coefficient can be further used to describe the time-varying properties of the far-field focal spots. Compared with the diffractive optical method, in the numerical calculation process, the statistical characterization method of light field properties can directly obtain the analytical expression of the statistical distribution of the light field according to the statistical properties of the continuous phase plate surface shape. Secondly, this method can avoid the numerical calculation process from near field to far field. Last but not least, there is no need to perform data processing on each point of the light field, which makes things simple and effective and does not require large-scale data storage and processing.",
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20182091",
"title": "Method of statistically characterizing target plane light field properties in inertial confinement fusion device",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we perform a series of high-resolution 3D simulations of an OMEGA-type inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosion with varying levels of initial long-wavelength asymmetries in order to establish the physical energy loss mechanism for observed yield degradation due to long-wavelength asymmetries in symcap (gas-filled capsule) implosions. These simulations demonstrate that, as the magnitude of the initial asymmetries is increased, shell kinetic energy is increasingly retained in the shell instead of being converted to fuel internal energy. This is caused by the displacement of fuel mass away from and shell material into the center of the implosion due to complex vortical flows seeded by the long-wavelength asymmetries. These flows are not fully turbulent, but demonstrate mode coupling through non-linear instability development during shell stagnation and late-time shock interactions with the shell interface. We quantify this effect by defining a separation lengthscale between the fue...",
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"title": "Exponential yield sensitivity to long-wavelength asymmetries in three-dimensional simulations of inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions",
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"abstract": "Energy deposition of MeV electrons in dense plasmas, important for fast ignition in inertial confinement fusion, is modeled analytically. It is shown that classical stopping and scattering dominate electron transport and energy deposition when the electrons reach the dense plasmas in the cores of compressed targets, while \u201canomalous\u201d stopping associated with self-generated fields and micro-instabilities (suggested by previous simulations) might initially play an important role in the lower-density plasmas outside the dense core. For MeV electrons in precompressed deuterium-tritium fast-ignition targets, the initial penetration results in approximately uniform energy deposition but the latter stages of penetration involve mutual couplings of energy loss, straggling, and blooming that lead to enhanced, nonuniform energy deposition. This model can be used for quantitatively assessing ignition requirements for fast ignition.",
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"sentence": "This model can be used for quantitatively assessing ignition requirements for fast ignition.",
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"abstract": "Magnetizing a cryogenic deuterium\u2013tritium (DT)-layered inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion can improve performance by reducing thermal conduction and improving DT-alpha confinement in the hot spot. A room-temperature, magnetized indirect-drive ICF platform at the National Ignition Facility has been developed, using a high-Z, high-resistivity AuTa4 alloy as the hohlraum wall material. Experiments show a 2.5\u00d7 increase in deuterium\u2013deuterium (DD) neutron yield and a 0.8-keV increase in hot-spot temperature with the application of a 12-T B-field. For an initial 26-T B-field, we observed a 2.9\u00d7 yield increase and a 1.1-keV temperature increase, with the inferred burn-averaged B-field in the compressed hot spot estimated to be 7.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8 kT using measured primary DD-n and secondary DT-n neutron yields.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Performance scaling with an applied magnetic field in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Implosion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Hohlraum",
"Physics",
"Deuterium",
"Neutron",
"Hot spot (computer programming)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Magnetic field",
"Plasma",
"Atomic physics",
"Ignition system",
"Thermodynamics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computer science",
"Operating system"
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"first_author": "H. Sio",
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"abstract": "Z-pinch dynamic hohlraums (ZPDHs) could potentially be used to drive inertial confinement fusion targets. Double- or multishell capsules using the technique of volume ignition could exploit the advantages of ZPDHs while tolerating their radiation asymmetry, which would be unacceptable for a central ignition target. In this paper, we review research on Z-pinch implosions and ZPDHs for indirect drive targets at the Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics. The characteristics of double-shell targets and the associated technical requirements are analyzed through a one-dimensional computer code developed from MULTI-IFE. Some key issues regarding the establishment of suitable sources for dynamic hohlraums are introduced, such as soft X-ray power optimization, novel methods for plasma profile modulation, and the use of thin-shell liner implosions to inhibit the generation of prior-stagnated plasma. Finally, shock propagation and radiation characteristics in a ZPDH are presented and discussed, together with some plans for future work.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5099088%40mre.2019.SIZ2019.issue-1",
"title": "Experimental investigation of Z-pinch radiation source for indirect drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"Ignition system",
"Power optimization",
"Z-pinch",
"Source code",
"Hohlraum",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Zhenghong Li",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"sentence": "Finally, shock propagation and radiation characteristics in a ZPDH are presented and discussed, together with some plans for future work.",
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{
"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion experiments, the neutron yield is an important metric for thermonuclear fusion performance. Neutron activation diagnostics can be used to infer neutron yields. The material used for neutron activation diagnostic undergoes a threshold reaction so that only neutrons having energies above the threshold energy are observed. For thermonuclear experiments using deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fuel constituents, neutrons arising from D + D reactions (DD-neutrons) and neutrons resulting from D + T reactions (DT-neutrons) are of primary interest. Indium has two neutron activation reactions that can be used to infer yields of DD-neutrons and DT-neutrons. One threshold is high enough that only DT-neutrons can induce activation, the second reaction can be activated by both DD-neutrons and DT-neutrons. Thus, to obtain the DD-neutron yield, the contribution made by DT-neutrons to the total induced activity must be extracted. In DD-fuel experiments, DT-neutrons arise from secondary reactions, which are significantly lower in number than primary DD-neutrons, and their contribution to the inferred DD-neutron yield can be ignored. When the DD- and DT-neutron yields become comparable, such as when low tritium fractions are added to DD-fuel, the contribution of DT-neutrons must be extracted to obtain accurate yields. A general method is described for this correction to DD-neutron yields.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0101823",
"title": "Inferring neutron yields using indium activation samples for small fractions of tritium added to deuterium fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments.",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Neutron",
"Nuclear physics",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Deuterium",
"Neutron activation",
"Neutron source",
"Neutron emission",
"Tritium",
"Neutron generator",
"Neutron cross section",
"Neutron temperature",
"Physics",
"Neutron detection",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Radiochemistry",
"Materials science",
"Chemistry",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "M A Mangan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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{
"abstract": "High dynamic range and large format technique of micro-chanunel plate (MCP), gated framing camera is developed to diagnose high-power laser-plasma X-ray emission spectra. The single frame format is 13 mm\u00d736 mm, and exposure time is adjustable from 0.5 ns to 5 ns. Its spectral response in 1.0\u201410 keV is more flat than that of X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD), and there exists no energetic enhancement effect. Performance evaluation has been conducted on high power laser devices, and the results show that the system has a high signal-to-noise ratio and the dynamic range is greater than 3 \u00d7 103. The system has been applied successfully to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) physics experiment.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "High dynamic range imaging and application to laser-plasma diagnostics in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiment",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": "NaN",
"first_author": "Cao Zhu-Rong",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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{
"abstract": "This paper presents a simplified, tutorial approach to determining the gains of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets, via a basic, zero-dimensional (\u201c0-D\u201d), energy \u201cbookkeeping\u201d of input (parametrized by ICF drivers\u2019 coupling efficiencies to the target, and subsequent hydrodynamic efficiencies of implosion) versus output (thermonuclear burn efficiency and target fuel mass). Physics issues/constraints such as hydrodynamic instabilities, symmetry and implosion velocity requirements will be discussed for both the direct drive (driver impinging directly on the target) and indirect drive (x-ray implosion within a driver heated hohlraum) approaches to ICF. Supplementing the 0-D model with simple models for hohlraum wall energy loss (to predict coupling efficiencies) and a simple one-dimensional (1-D) model of the implosion as a spherical rocket (to predict hydrodynamic implosion efficiencies) allows gains to be predicted that compare well with the results of complex two-dimensional (2-D) radiation hydrodynamic simulations.",
"URL": "https://fire.pppl.gov/PHPRosen.pdf",
"title": "The physics issues that determine inertial confinement fusion target gain and driver requirements: A tutorial",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Coupling",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Implosion",
"Rocket",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Hohlraum",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Mordecai D. Rosen",
"scholarly_citations_count": 80,
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{
"abstract": "Resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde (RF) aerogels satisfy inertial confinement fusion requirements for cell size and density. The cell size is <0.1 \u03bcm for densities ranging from 65 to 100 mg/cm3. Uniformity as measured by x\u2010ray radiography appears good, but careful machining of the RF piece is needed to prevent machine marks from interfering with interpretation. The RF aerogel is wettable with liquid hydrogen, and can be machined to 7\u2010\u03bcm surface finish. Stability of that surface over time needs to be improved. Radiation stability, methods of gluing and overcoating, and the thermal expansion coefficient still need to be determined.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JVSTA...6.2559H/abstract",
"title": "Low\u2010density resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde aerogels for direct\u2010drive laser inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 1988,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Liquid hydrogen",
"Aerogel",
"Thermal expansion",
"Optoelectronics",
"Laser",
"Machining",
"Surface finish"
],
"first_author": "L. M. Hair",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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{
"abstract": "Fuel\u2013shell mix in kinetic plasma conditions is probed using nuclear and x-ray self-emission in shock-driven, D3He-gas-filled inertial confinement fusion implosions. As initial gas fill density decreases, measured nuclear yields and ion temperatures are lower than expected as compared to radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. Spatially and temporally resolved x-ray emissions indicate significant mixing at the fuel\u2013shell interface in implosions with low initial gas fill density. This observed fuel\u2013shell mix introduces a substantial amount of shell ions into the center of the implosion prior to and during shock flash and is the key mechanism needed in the kinetic-ion simulations to match experimental nuclear yields.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0087905",
"title": "Fuel\u2013shell mix and yield degradation in kinetic shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Implosion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Kinetic energy",
"Plasma",
"Shock (circulatory)",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Shell (structure)",
"Fusion power",
"Fusion",
"Z-pinch",
"Thermalisation",
"Shock wave",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Classical mechanics",
"Medicine",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Internal medicine",
"Engineering",
"Composite material"
],
"first_author": "H. Sio",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "The Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) has been proposed for the study of high\u2010gain, high\u2010yield inertial\u2010confinement\u2010fusion targets. The light\u2010ion LMF approach uses a multimodular system with applied\u2010B extraction diodes as ion sources. A number of ion\u2010beam transport and focusing schemes are being considered to deliver the beams from the diodes to the target. These include ballistic transport with solenoidal lens focusing, z\u2010discharge channel transport, and wire\u2010guided transport. The energy transport efficiency \u03b7t has been defined and calculated as a function of various system parameters so that point designs can be developed for each scheme. The analysis takes into account target requirements and realistic constraints on diode operation, beam transport, and packing. The effect on \u03b7t of voltage ramping for time\u2010of\u2010flight beam bunching during transport is considered here. Although only 5 mrad microdivergence calculations are presented here, results for bunching factors of \u22643 show that transport efficienc...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.355984",
"title": "EFFECT OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT BUNCHING ON EFFICIENCY OF LIGHT-ION-BEAM INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT-FUSION TRANSPORT SCHEMES",
"year_published": 1994,
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"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Nuclear physics",
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"Computational physics",
"Ion beam",
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"first_author": "P. F. Ottinger",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Based on the kinetic theory, improved T-matrix models for the continuous-slowing-down and the linear-energy-transfer stopping powers are established at the same level, where multiple scattering effects and the related transverse deflection are accounted for consistently and systematically. The degree of deflection characterizing the extent of transverse deflection is defined by means of the ratio of these two stopping powers. Calculations for the energy deposition and deflection of \u03b1 particles in hot dense deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) plasmas and also in hot dense DT plasmas mixed with carbon (C) impurities are performed. Multiple scattering effects and the resulting transverse deflection are demonstrated to have a significant influence on the stopping power of \u03b1 particles, in particular, in mixtures containing different ions with large mass and charge asymmetry. It is shown that for DT plasma mixed with \n \n \n 5\n %\n \n \n C impurities, the range and penetration depth of the \u03b1 particle are shortened by about \n \n \n 21\n %\n \n \n and \n \n \n 27\n %\n \n \n , respectively. Our models are found to be appropriate for the evaluation of stopping powers not only in weakly coupled plasmas but also in moderately degenerate and correlated plasmas. These results manifest that multiple scattering effects and the induced transverse deflection need to be taken into account in modeling the transport of \u03b1 particles in hot dense plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/acd19f/pdf",
"title": "Energy deposition and deflection of \u03b1 particles in hot dense plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusions",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Deflection (physics)",
"Atomic physics",
"Plasma",
"Scattering",
"Physics",
"Deuterium",
"Materials science",
"Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Optics",
"Chromatography"
],
"first_author": "Chengliang Lin",
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"abstract": "X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) has demonstrated capability to characterize inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules, and phase retrieval can reconstruct phase information from intensity images. This study introduces ICF-PR-Net, a novel deep learning-based phase retrieval method for ICF-XPCI. We numerically constructed datasets based on ICF capsule shape features, and proposed an object\u2013image loss function to add image formation physics to network training. ICF-PR-Net outperformed traditional methods as it exhibited satisfactory robustness against strong noise and nonuniform background and was well-suited for ICF-XPCI\u2019s constrained experimental conditions and single exposure limit. Numerical and experimental results showed that ICF-PR-Net accurately retrieved the phase and absorption while maintaining retrieval quality in different situations. Overall, the ICF-PR-Net enables the diagnosis of the inner interface and electron density of capsules to address ignition-preventing problems, such as hydrodynamic instability growth.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "ICF-PR-Net: a deep phase retrieval neural network for X-ray phase contrast imaging of inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2024,
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"first_author": "Kaijun Shi",
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{
"abstract": "The IAEA Advisory Group Meeting on the Technology of Inertial Confinement Experiments was held at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, USSR, on 19\u201323 July 1976. The meeting reviewed progress and engineering problems of research on inertial confinement systems and discussed new conceptual designs of fusion reactors.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/16/5/018/",
"title": "Technology of Inertial Confinement Systems (Report on the IAEA Advisory Group Meeting, Dubna, 1976)",
"year_published": 1976,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Engineering physics",
"Group (mathematics)"
],
"first_author": "P. Pashinin",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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{
"abstract": "High-mode perturbations and low-mode asymmetries were measured in the deceleration phase of indirectly driven, deuterium gas filled inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions at convergence ratios of 10 to 15, using a new \u201cenhanced emission\u201d technique at the National Ignition Facility [E. M. Campbell et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 429, 3 (1998)]. In these experiments, a high spatial resolution Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope was used to image the x-ray emission from the inner surface of a high-density-carbon capsule's shell. The use of a high atomic number dopant in the shell enabled time-resolved observations of shell perturbations penetrating into the hot spot. This allowed the effects of the perturbations and asymmetries on degrading neutron yield to be directly measured. In particular, mix induced radiation losses of \u223c400\u2009J from the hot spot resulted in a neutron yield reduction of a factor of \u223c2. In a subsequent experiment with a significantly increased level of short-mode initial perturbations, shown throu...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25e4502P/abstract",
"title": "Visualizing deceleration-phase instabilities in inertial confinement fusion implosions using an \u201cenhanced self-emission\u201d technique at the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Phase (waves)",
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"Radiation",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Computational physics",
"Deuterium",
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"first_author": "Louisa Pickworth",
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"abstract": "X-ray imaging is a fundamental diagnostic tool for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research and provides data on the size and the shape of the core in implosions. We report on the feasibility and performance analyses of an ignition x-ray imager to be used on cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions at the National Ignition Facility. The system is intended to provide time-integrated, broadband, moderate-energy x-ray core images of imploding inertial confinement fusion capsules. It is optimized with respect to spatial-resolution, signal-to-background, and signal-to-noise ratios, taking into account the extreme operating conditions expected at NIF due to high expected neutrons yields, gamma rays, and x rays from laser-plasma interactions.",
"URL": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc884669/m2/1/high_res_d/889438.pdf",
"title": "High energy x-ray imager for inertial confinement fusion at the National Ignition Facility",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Neutron",
"Ignition system",
"Cryogenics",
"Nuclear physics",
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"first_author": "Riccardo Tommasini",
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"abstract": "Sol-gel technology has been applied with considerable success in the production of high quality hollow glass microspheres(HGMs)for inertial confinement fusion(ICF)research in China.The specifications of HGMs,such as glass composition,diameter,wall thickness,sphericity,wall thickness uniformity,surface finish,strength and gas permeability,must meet the stringent requirements imposed by ICF targets.Meeting all of these sometimes conflicting specifications has been the driving force of the research in the fabrication of HGMs for ICF target.In this work,various technologies used for fabricating high quality HGMs were compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages,and the basic principles of the preparation of dried-gel particles/microspheres by sol-gel technology and the transformation process from the dried-gel particles/microspheres to glass shells were further summarized.The progress in the fabrication of HGMs for ICF targets by dried-gel method over the past thirty years was presented.An overview of advances and technical bottlenecks in the control of glass composition,diagnostic element doping,diameter,wall thickness,surface finish,strength,gas permeability and batch uniformity were reviewed.Finally,the future research needs of producing HGMs for ICF targets by sol-gel technology and their possible solutions were also discussed.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HGSZ201310001.htm",
"title": "Progress of fabrication of hollow glass microspheres for inertial confinement fusion targets by sol-gel technology",
"year_published": 2013,
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"first_author": "QI Xiaob",
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"abstract": "A series of thin glass-shell shock-driven DT gas-filled capsule implosions was conducted at the OMEGA laser facility. These experiments generate conditions relevant to the central plasma during the shock-convergence phase of ablatively driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. The spectral temperatures inferred from the DTn and DDn spectra are most consistent with a two-ion-temperature plasma, where the initial apparent temperature ratio, T_{T}/T_{D}, is 1.5. This is an experimental confirmation of the long-standing conjecture that plasma shocks couple energy directly proportional to the species mass in multi-ion plasmas. The apparent temperature ratio trend with equilibration time matches expected thermal equilibration described by hydrodynamic theory. This indicates that deuterium and tritium ions have different energy distributions for the time period surrounding shock convergence in ignition-relevant ICF implosions.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34412205",
"title": "Thermal decoupling of deuterium and tritium during the inertial confinement fusion shock-convergence phase.",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Physics",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Hydrodynamic theory",
"Phase (matter)",
"Spectral line",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Neel Kabadi",
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"abstract": "It is proposed to use multi-stage FEL amplifier with a diaphragm focusing line as direct energy driver for inertial confinement fusion. The driving beam for the FEL amplifier is generated by the linear induction accelerator. The laser system operates at a radiation wavelength of 0.5 \u03bcm with the total energy of laser flash of 1.5 MJ, pulse duration of 4 ns and repetition rate of 40 pulses per second. Total efficiency (i.e. conversion efficiency of net electrical power to the radiation power) of the proposed system is equal to 12%. The brightness of the output radiation is 1022 W/cm2 sr. The scale and the cost of the FEL based energy driver are close to those of the heavy ion fusion driver.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168900295013261",
"title": "Multi-stage FEL amplifier with diaphragm focusing line as direct energy driver for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Pulse repetition frequency",
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"abstract": "The micrometer-scale internal defect in the capsule is one of the most important factors that limit implosion performance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, which creates instability seeds as shocks propagate through the capsule shell. Here, we report the generation mechanism of vortex pairs resulting from the interaction of shock waves with multiple bubbles, as well as the origin of more intricate perturbation waves than those observed in the case of single defects. Based on the subsequent evolution of hydrodynamic instability, it is evident that the vortex pairs induce the emergence of low-density (light-bubble case) or high-density (referred to as heavy-bubble case) jets on the ablative front. The presence of multiple side-by-side defects can rapidly amplify the dimensions of the jet. These jets could be responsible for the \u201cmeteor shower\u201d observed in implosion experiments. Converging disturbed waves between vertically aligned defects lead to a more complex nonlinear flow field evolution compared to the scenario with a single defect. A systematic study of localized perturbation growth as a function of defect placement is presented. We investigate the dependence of circulation in the flow field on the locations of the defects. The scanning results of defect scenes with different sizes revealed the reason why the depth of fluid penetration is affected by the position and size, and found that the effects of the position and size on the perturbation expansion width can be equivalent to a certain extent. The extension of the perturbation width when the defect is off-axis limits the degree of penetration of the perturbation depth. The results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of physical processes, such as the seeding mechanism, shell integrity, and mass injection into the central region, which may be applied to inform the development of more effective strategies to mitigate implosion degradation in ICF implosion experiments.",
"URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0185396/19711906/032701_1_5.0185396.pdf",
"title": "Coupling dynamics of capsule interior defects and its impact on hydrodynamic instabilities at ablation fronts for inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2024,
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"Inertial frame of reference",
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"abstract": "Recent advances in hydrodynamics theory and experiments at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics are described. Particular emphasis is laid on improvements in the implosion stability achieved by shaping the ablator adiabat and on the newly developed designs for fast ignition fuel assembly. The results of two-dimensional simulations and a recent set of implosion experiments on OMEGA are presented to verify the role of adiabat shaping on the hydrodynamic stability of direct-drive implosions. Adiabat shaping laser pulses are also used to implode massive capsules on a low adiabat and low implosion velocity in order to assemble high density plasmas for fast ignition. The areal densities measured in implosion experiments of such targets on OMEGA are among the highest ever recorded in a laser-driven compression experiment. Slow low-adiabat implosions of massive wetted-foam DT capsules are used in the simulations to generate the fuel assemblies for different driver energies. Such dense cores are then ignited by a fast electron beam and the resulting thermonuclear yield is used to compute the target gain. It is shown that a 200 kJ UV laser can assemble fuel yielding about 18 MJ of energy when ignited by 15 kJ of 1-2 MeV electrons.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PPCF...48B.153B/abstract",
"title": "Progress in hydrodynamics theory and experiments for direct-drive and fast ignition inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we are intending to investigate the shock ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) by using an ion beam driver to examine energy gain performance in reactor-size targets filled by cryogenic deuterium-tritium hydrogen isotopes. Here, pressure dynamics across the fuel layer affected by ignition beam parameters have been analyzed by using the DEIRA-4 simulation code, for the two targets that we chose for the case study. By choosing the proper pulse shaping and evaluation of finding the appropriate time and position of the inter-collision time between two compression and ignition pulses, it has been found that shock ignition can create the pressure more than 104 Gbar at the fuel center and therefore increase gain by 18% and 25% for Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. Ionic shock ignition can also decrease the ignition threshold; hence, it causes 19% reduction for Case 1 and 39% reduction for Case 2 of the internal beam energy. It has been shown that besides the lower implosion velocities relative to traditional central ignition, which are now maintained, the fuel pressure at stagnation becomes much higher than it is. In addition, the stable stagnation stage, ignition condition, and high-energy gain are achieved when the optimum configuration of the ignition beam has been derived. Our results show that we can attain pressures level of 200 Gbar\u2009<\u2009P\u2009<\u2009500 Gbar and implosion velocities of 170\u2009km\u2009s\u22121\u2009<\u2009Uimp\u2009<\u2009291\u2009km\u2009s\u22121 which are in agreement with laser-driven shock ignition alternatives. The pressure range is more than the Standard ICF, laser-driven shock ignition, and impact fast ignition (IFI), and the implosion velocity range is less than Standard ICF and IFI.In this paper, we are intending to investigate the shock ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) by using an ion beam driver to examine energy gain performance in reactor-size targets filled by cryogenic deuterium-tritium hydrogen isotopes. Here, pressure dynamics across the fuel layer affected by ignition beam parameters have been analyzed by using the DEIRA-4 simulation code, for the two targets that we chose for the case study. By choosing the proper pulse shaping and evaluation of finding the appropriate time and position of the inter-collision time between two compression and ignition pulses, it has been found that shock ignition can create the pressure more than 104 Gbar at the fuel center and therefore increase gain by 18% and 25% for Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. Ionic shock ignition can also decrease the ignition threshold; hence, it causes 19% reduction for Case 1 and 39% reduction for Case 2 of the internal beam energy. It has been shown that besides the lower implosion veloci...",
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"title": "Mitigation of deceleration-phase Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability growth in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
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"abstract": "The stagnation pressure ${p}_{s}$ of imploding cylindrical ( $n\\phantom{\\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\\phantom{\\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$) and spherical ( $n\\phantom{\\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\\phantom{\\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3$) shells is found to scale as ${p}_{s}{/p}_{0}\\ensuremath{\\propto}{M}_{0}^{2(n+1)/(\\ensuremath{\\gamma}+1)}$, where ${M}_{0}$ is the Mach number of the imploding shell and ${p}_{0}$ its maximum pressure. The result holds approximately for Mach numbers in the range $2l{M}_{0}l25$ relevant for inertial confinement fusion capsules and is of key importance for their ignition energy scaling. It is derived analytically on the basis of similarity solutions for an ideal gas with adiabatic exponent $\\ensuremath{\\gamma}$.",
"URL": "http://eldorado.tu-dortmund.de/handle/2003/19411",
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"abstract": "The fluence of high\u2010energy (>14 MeV) \u2018\u2018secondary\u2019\u2019 neutrons, produced in D\u2013T reactions involving suprathermal fuel ions created by elastic scattering with 14\u2010MeV \u2018\u2018primary\u2019\u2019 neutrons, yields information about the fuel density\u2010radius product (\u03c1R) and the hydrodynamic stability of inertial\u2010confinement fusion (ICF) targets. The suprathermal ions, produced in proportion to the fuel \u03c1R, create secondary neutrons with energies \u226430 MeV when fusing with a thermal ion. The ratio of secondary to primary neutrons determines the mean fuel \u03c1R. Since secondary neutrons, which are mainly formed near the fuel tamper interface with energies >24 MeV, are radially directed, the detection of their angular distribution provides a unique measurement of the deviation from spherical geometry of the fuel \u03c1R. Valid for fuel \u03c1R>0.1 g/cm2 and D\u2013T yield above 1014, this diagnostic would be valuable in upcoming ICF experiments.",
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"abstract": "We investigate yield degradation due to applied low mode P2 and P4 asymmetries in layered inertial confinement fusion implosions. This study has been performed with a large database of >600 2D simulations. We show that low mode radiation induced drive asymmetries can result in significant deviation between the core hot spot shape and the fuel \u03c1R shape at peak compression. In addition, we show that significant residual kinetic energy at peak compression can be induced by these low mode asymmetries. We have developed a metric, which is a function of the hot spot shape, fuel \u03c1R shape, and residual kinetic energy at peak compression, that is well correlated to yield degradation due to low mode shape perturbations. It is shown that the \u03c1R shape and residual kinetic energy cannot, in general, be recovered by inducing counter asymmetries to make the hot core emission symmetric. In addition, we show that the yield degradation due to low mode asymmetries is well correlated to measurements of time dependent shape throughout the entire implosion, including early time shock symmetry and inflight fuel symmetry.",
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"title": "Metrics for long wavelength asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.95.031204.",
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"title": "Publisher's Note: X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube [Phys. Rev. E 95, 031204(R) (2017)].",
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"abstract": "Abstract Low-mode asymmetries represent an important obstacle to achieving high-gain inertial confinement fusion implosions. As a step in learning how to control such effects, an OMEGA experiment with imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetries was done to study the expected signatures of this type of asymmetry [M. Gatu Johnson et\u00a0al., PRE 2018]. In the present work, a 3D xRAGE simulation including the stalk mount has been brought to bear on the data from that experiment. Comprehensive comparisons between simulated and measured observables are made. Good agreement between simulated and measured x-ray image-inferred shell trajectories, bang times and neutron emission widths are seen, showing that the hydrodynamics are well captured in the simulation. Asymmetries seen in simulated and measured time-resolved and time-integrated x-ray images and areal densities also compare well, showing impact of both stalk and mode 2. On the other hand, important differences in measured and simulated neutron emission histories, yield, and ion temperature (Tion) asymmetries are seen, suggesting that the simulation is overestimating shock yield. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of considering all asymmetry sources when interpreting measured signatures of asymmetry.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020HEDP...3600825G/abstract",
"title": "3D xRAGE simulation of inertial confinement fusion implosion with imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetry",
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"abstract": "The radiation drive asymmetry and laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs) inside the conventional cylindrical hohlraum configuration are two daunting issues in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. Recently, an octahedral spherical hohlraum (SH) (Lan et al 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 010704), a novel three-axis cylindrical hohlraum (TACH) (Kuang et al 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 34636), and an advanced three-axis elliptical hohlraum (TAEH) (Jing et al 2017 arXiv:1703.01579) with six laser entrance holes (LEHs) were proposed to mitigate these issues. In this paper, the performance of these three new hohlraum configurations is compared. Preliminary simulations indicate that the TAEH (with a case-to-capsule ratio, CCR = 2.8) could provide excellent radiation symmetry, comparable to those inside the SH (CCR = 5.1) and TACH (CCR = 2.2). The filling time of plasma affecting the LPIs is between those of the SH and TACH, and about 1.5 times the one in the ignition hohlraum Rev5-CH (300 eV) of the National Ignition Campaign (Haan et al 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 051001). The energy coupling efficiency of the TAEH is about 29% and 17% greater than those inside the SH and TACH, respectively. Moreover, all three configurations have robust symmetry with respect to laser beam pointing errors and capsule offset, with the SH being the most insensitive.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NucFu..58i6017J/abstract",
"title": "Comparison of three hohlraum configurations with six laser entrance holes for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2018,
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"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
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"Hohlraum",
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"first_author": "Longfei Jing",
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"abstract": "Cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) results from two-beam energy exchange via seeded stimulated Brillouin scattering, which detrimentally reduces ablation pressure and implosion velocity in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Mitigating CBET is demonstrated for the first time in inertial-confinement implosions at the National Ignition Facility by detuning the laser-source wavelengths ($\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}2.3\\text{ }\\text{ }\\AA{}$ UV) of the interacting beams. We show that, in polar direct-drive, wavelength detuning increases the equatorial region velocity experimentally by 16% and alters the in-flight shell morphology. These experimental observations are consistent with design predictions of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that indicate a 10% increase in the average ablation pressure.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29543010",
"title": "First Observation of Cross-Beam Energy Transfer Mitigation for Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions Using Wavelength Detuning at the National Ignition Facility.",
"year_published": 2018,
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"abstract": "Abstract\n\t Laser\u2013plasma interaction and hot electrons have been characterized in detail in laser irradiation conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The experiment was carried out at the Gekko XII laser facility in multibeam planar target geometry at an intensity of approximately \n\t \n\t\t\n\t\t\n$3\\times {10}^{15}$\n\n\t \n\t W/cm2. Experimental data suggest that high-energy electrons, with temperatures of 20\u201350 keV and conversion efficiencies of \n\t \n\t\t\n\t\t\n$\\eta <1\\%$\n\n\t \n\t , were mainly produced by the damping of electron plasma waves driven by two-plasmon decay (TPD). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is observed in a near-threshold growth regime, producing a reflectivity of approximately \n\t \n\t\t\n\t\t\n$0.01\\%$\n\n\t \n\t , and is well described by an analytical model accounting for the convective growth in independent speckles. The experiment reveals that both TPD and SRS are collectively driven by multiple beams, resulting in a more vigorous growth than that driven by single-beam laser intensity.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/63E9B791877107A10CBD310354C463B1/S2095471923000130a.pdf/div-class-title-multibeam-laser-plasma-interaction-at-gekko-xii-laser-facility-in-conditions-relevant-for-direct-drive-inertial-confinement-fusion-div.pdf",
"title": "Multibeam laser\u2013plasma interaction at the Gekko XII laser facility in conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Laser",
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"abstract": "The Geant4 toolkit was used to perform benchmark Monte Carlo simulations of proton micro-tomography imaging. A phantom of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target was designed, based on experimental data. Simulations of STIM (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy) and PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) tomography were performed. Quantitative images were obtained from the TomoRebuild and JPIXET software packages, chosen for their ability to handle large solid angles of X-ray detection. The tomographic images were compared with the original phantom, used as a reference. For STIM-T, the accuracy of the calculated mass density was \u2264 2 % for TomoRebuild and \u2264 14 % for JPIXET. Corrections of X-ray production cross section and X-ray absorption were tested for the quantification of Ge, used as a dopant in the ICF target. The accuracy on the obtained Ge density was \u2264 2.9 % for TomoRebuild and \u2264 6.4 % for JPIXET, whereas the error was about 40 % without correction.",
"URL": "http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0168583X22003901/pdf/S0168583X22003901.pdf",
"title": "Accuracy of three-dimensional proton imaging of an inertial confinement fusion target assessed by Geant4 simulation",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "A new deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion gamma-to-neutron branching ratio [3H(d,\u03b3)5He/3H(d,n)4He] value of (4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0)\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22125 was recently reported by this group [Y. Kim et al. Phys. Rev. C (submitted)]. This measurement, conducted at the OMEGA laser facility located at the University of Rochester, was made for the first time using inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas. Neutron-induced backgrounds are significantly reduced in these experiments as compared to traditional beam-target accelerator-based experiments due to the short pulse nature of ICF implosions and the use of gas Cherenkov \u03b3-ray detectors with fast temporal responses and inherent energy thresholds. It is expected that this ICF-based measurement will help resolve the large and long-standing inconsistencies in previously reported accelerator-based values, which vary by a factor of approximately 30. The reported value at ICF conditions was determined by averaging the results of two methods: (1) a direct measurement of ICF D-T \u03b3-ray and neutron ...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPl...19e6313K/abstract",
"title": "D-T gamma-to-neutron branching ratio determined from inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
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"abstract": "Images formed by 14 MeV neutrons emitted from the core of inertial confinement fusion targets demonstrate 60 \u03bcm resolution for the penumbral aperture imaging system used in our 1988 experiments. Hohlraums containing deuterium\u2013tritium filled capsules were irradiated at the Nova Laser Facility and produced images with detector limited resolution. Neutron yields ranged from 5\u00d71010 to 2\u00d71011. The results imply that convolution of the aperture point spread function with the neutron emitting region of the target core is less than 40 \u03bcm. Images produced by the indirect-drive hohlraum targets are compared with previously reported images of high-yield (1\u00d71013) exploding-pusher targets that show 150 \u03bcm (full width half maximum) diameters for the emitting region.",
"URL": "https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/295690-neutron-penumbral-aperture-images-inertial-confinement-fusion-targets-achieve-mu-resolution-abstract",
"title": "Neutron penumbral aperture images of inertial confinement fusion targets achieve 60 \u03bcm resolution (abstract)",
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"abstract": "It is the aim of this article to design a fusion power plant whose electric output power is 1 GW and find a way for breaking through fusion technically and energy economically. Proton beams whose total energy is 12 MJ, pulse width 30 ns, and beam number 6 are chosen here as the energy driver. Because of the low quality of these proton beams, the target should be indirect driven and its radius should be large. The target with the radius of 8.7 mm is the spherical cryogenic hollow one, which has double shells and five layers. The reactor has double solid walls. The inner wall rotates around the axis to induce a centrifugal acceleration. Flibe as the coolant protects the solid walls from damage and breeds tritium. The key technology of this power plant is for beam focusing and propagation. To suppress beam divergence by the electrostatic force due to unneutralized proton charge, simultaneous electron beam launching is proposed. When the excess electron beam current is \u201350 kA, the induced magnetic field in the azimuthal direction confines the beam in a radius of 5 mm, provided that the beam path is covered by the metal guide whose radius is 6 mm.",
"URL": "http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0263034600007254",
"title": "Application of pulse power technology to inertial confinement fusion: Focusing and propagation of proton beam",
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"abstract": "Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities at interfaces of disparate mass densities have long been known to generate magnetic fields during inertial confinement fusion implosions. An externally applied magnetic field can also be efficiently amplified by RT instabilities. The focus here is on magnetic field generation and amplification at the gas-ice interface which is RT unstable during the deceleration phase of the implosion. RT instabilities lead to undesirable mix of hot and cold plasmas which enhances thermal energy loss and tends to produce a more massive warm-spot instead of a hot-spot. Two mechanisms are shown here to mitigate the thermal energy loss from the hot-spot. The first mechanism is the reduction of electron thermal conductivity with interface-aligned magnetic fields. This can occur through self-generated magnetic fields via the Biermann battery effect as well as through externally applied magnetic fields that undergo an exponential growth via the stretch-and-fold magnetohydrodynamic dynamo. Self-generated magnetic fields during RT evolution can result in a factor of 2\u221210 decrease in the electron thermal conductivity at the gas-ice interface, while externally applied magnetic fields that are compressed to 6\u20131000 T at the onset of deceleration (corresponding to pre-implosion external fields of 0.06\u201310 T) could result in a factor of 2\u2013500 reduction in electron thermal conductivity at the gas-ice interface. The second mechanism to mitigate thermal energy loss from the hot-spot is to decrease the interface mixing area between the hot and cold plasmas. This is achieved through large external magnetic fields of 1000 T at the onset of deceleration which damp short-wavelength RT modes and long-wavelength Kelvin-Helmholtz modes thus significantly slowing the RT growth and reducing mix.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45049180",
"title": "The mitigating effect of magnetic fields on Rayleigh-Taylor unstable inertial confinement fusion plasmasa)",
"year_published": 2013,
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"first_author": "Bhuvana Srinivasan",
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"sentence": "This is achieved through large external magnetic fields of 1000 T at the onset of deceleration which damp short-wavelength RT modes and long-wavelength Kelvin-Helmholtz modes thus significantly slowing the RT growth and reducing mix.",
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{
"abstract": "The AURORA KrF laser at Los Alamos became operational in August 1989. AURORA is the first integrated system for demonstrating the capability of a KrF laser to perform target physics experiments for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and is currently configured as a 5-kJ, 5-ns, 96-beam device. Both laser physics and ICF target physics experiments have been performed over the last year. Of the four major amplifiers in the AURORA laser system, one performed better than expected, one performed about as expected, and two performed below expectations. The causes of the variability in the amplifier performance are now well enough understood that this information can be used to improve the detailed design of the NIKE laser currently under construction at the Naval Research Laboratory. design of the NIKE laser currently under construction at the Naval Research Laboratory. High-dynamic-range pulse shapes have been propagated with minimal distortion through the AURORA amplifier chain, verifying theoretical predictions. Target physics experiments have been performed with intensities greater than 100 TW/cm2, pulse lengths ranging from 2\u20137 ns, and spot-size diameters from 500\u20131100 \u00b5m. The analysis of this first-generation kJ-class KrF laser target physics facility identified the strengths and weaknesses of KrF lasers for ICF applications. Detailed measurements of amplifier performance led to a better understanding of issues for KrF laser-fusion systems, and design studies for future KrF lasers for ICF applications incorporate improvements based in part on AURORA experience.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/laser-and-particle-beams/article/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-krf-lasers-for-inertial-confinement-fusion-applications-learned-from-the-aurora-laser/E284924C3E62113C9373AD12CF0D2C96",
"title": "Strengths and weaknesses of KrF lasers for inertial confinement fusion applications learned from the AURORA laser",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Distortion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Amplifier",
"Gas laser",
"Nike laser",
"Laser science",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"abstract": "To form a smooth solid layer of the hydrogen isotope inside a microshell, a new approach is in progress where the basic principles of fabrication of fine dispersed compounds (solid solutions) with low doping are employed. This approach is shown to be applied experimentally using the H2/HD mixture with the HD concentration less than 1%. As a result, a transparent solid layer is formed inside a 500 \u00b5m glass shell. The layer keeps its transparency under cycling heating treatment from 5 to 16-20 K. The technique developed can be applied for fabrication of cryogenic targets used in the inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JPhD...35..825K/abstract",
"title": "A new method of fabrication of the transparent solid hydrogen layer inside a microshell: the application to inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Fabrication",
"Solid solution",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Layer (electronics)",
"Shell (structure)",
"Solid hydrogen",
"Optoelectronics",
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"first_author": "E.R. Koresheva",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"abstract": "In this article, we study the effect of various parameters on the estimation of radiation temperature inside an indirect drive ICF hohlraum and also study the hydrodynamics of aluminum and gold foils driven by the hohlraum radiation. A multigroup one-dimensional, radiation hydrodynamic code is used for this study. Opacities are calculated using a screened hydrogenic average atom model. We also investigate the opacities of Au-Sm and Au-Gd mixtures. It is shown that the mixing of two high Z materials can lead to an enhancement in the Rosseland means, which is of direct interest in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. The radiation temperature inside a cylindrical hohlraum is seen to be strongly dependent on the number of frequency groups used. One group radiation transport underpredicts the radiation temperature. It is shown that erroneous results can be obtained if the space mesh in the hohlraum wall is not fine enough. The spectrum of the radiation inside the hohlraum is seen to be different from Planck, especially in the high-energy range. This may lead to preheating of the target. Hydrodynamics of an aluminum foil driven by the hohlraum radiation is also presented in this article. A scaling law for the radiation-driven shock-wave speed in the gold foil is obtained.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001LPB....19..259G/abstract",
"title": "Effects of various parameters on numerical simulations of inertial confinement fusion hohlraum and radiation hydrodynamics",
"year_published": 2001,
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"Space (mathematics)",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Mixing (physics)",
"Radiation",
"Planck",
"Range (particle radiation)",
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"abstract": "Since DT laser fusion with 10-MJ laser pulses for 1000-MJ output now offers the physics solution for an economical fusion energy reactor, the conditions are evaluated assuming that controlled ICF reactions will become possible in the future using clean nuclear fusion fuel such as deuterium-helium(3) or hydrogen-boron(11). Using the transparent physics mechanisms of volume ignition of the fuel capsules, we show that the volume ignition for strong reduction of the optimum initial temperature can be reached for both types of fuels if a compression about 100 times higher than those in present-day laser compression experiments is attained in the future. Helium(3) laser-pulse energies are then in the same range as for DT, but ten times higher energies will be required for hydrogenboron(11).",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992LPB....10..145P/abstract",
"title": "Volume ignition of inertial confinement fusion of deuterium-helium(3) and hydrogen-boron(ll) clean fusion fuel",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Helium-3",
"Hydrogen",
"Laser",
"Helium",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Peter Pieruschka",
"scholarly_citations_count": 14,
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"abstract": "Progress in pulsed power technologies has enabled the use of z pinches for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Z pinches can provide x-ray powers of 200 TW and x-ray energies approaching 2 MJ. Computational capabilities have advanced to the point that 2-D radiation magneto-hydrodynamics computer codes can be used as detailed design tools. Several ICF configurations have been proposed. The z-pinch driven hohlraum configuration (ZPDH) uses two separate z pinches to provide the radiation to drive an ICF capsule. The decoupling of the z-pinch from the target in the ZPHD permits physics issues such as radiation production, transport, symmetry, and capsule hydrodynamics to be treated separately. The penalty is the increased energy requirement. ZPDH experiments have demonstrated the potential for acceptable capsule symmetry and radiation transport. The dynamic hohlraum concept uses the z pinch itself as a radiation case around the capsule providing the potential for very high coupling efficiency but at the expense of complex z-pinch/target coupling physics.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPCF...42B.157S/abstract",
"title": "Wire-array z pinches as intense x-ray sources for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2000,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Radiation",
"X-ray",
"Z-pinch",
"Decoupling (cosmology)",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Hohlraum",
"Pulsed power"
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"first_author": "R. B. Spielman",
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{
"abstract": "The persistence of spin-polarized fuels is a crucial problem for polarized magnetic and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The depolarizations of polarized deuterium-tritium (DT) fuels in indirectly driven ICF implosions are investigated with three-dimensional spin transport hydrodynamics simulations. The spin transport equations for deuterons and tritons are derived with the density matrix formalism, which are used to investigate the evolutions of spin eigenstate distributions of DT fuel. The depolarization of DT ions by strong self-generated magnetic fields and the mixings of DT ions with different spin states can be captured by the spin transport equation. The simulation results show that triton polarizations are sensitive to large scale magnetic fields generated by polar mode asymmetries. It is also found that the depolarization of tritons can be reduced by an optimized spin alignment of the polarized fuel. The methods and results can be used to optimize the design of polarized fusion targets and interpret polarized fusion experiments.",
"URL": "http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033115",
"title": "Numerical study of spin-polarized deuterium-tritium fuel persistence in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Deuterium",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Spin (aerodynamics)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Ion",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Depolarization",
"Atomic physics",
"Tritium",
"Plasma",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Tokamak",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Medicine",
"Thermodynamics",
"Endocrinology"
],
"first_author": "Ronghao Hu",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "The persistence of spin-polarized fuels is a crucial problem for polarized magnetic and inertial confinement fusion ICF.",
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"entity": "magnetic confinement fusion"
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Technique",
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "spin-polarized fuels"
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"sentence": "The depolarizations of polarized deuterium-tritium DT fuels in indirectly driven ICF implosions are investigated with three-dimensional spin transport hydrodynamics simulations.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Technique",
"entity": "inertial confinement fusion"
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"entity": "deuterium"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "tritium"
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "depolarization"
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
"entity": "spin transport hydrodynamics"
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"sentence": "The spin transport equations for deuterons and tritons are derived with the density matrix formalism, which are used to investigate the evolutions of spin eigenstate distributions of DT fuel.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "deuterium"
},
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "tritium"
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"category": "Particle",
"entity": "deuteron"
},
{
"category": "Particle",
"entity": "triton"
},
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
"entity": "density matrix formalism"
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "spin transport"
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "evolution of spin eigenstate distributions"
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"sentence": "The depolarization of DT ions by strong self-generated magnetic fields and the mixings of DT ions with different spin states can be captured by the spin transport equation.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "depolarization"
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
"entity": "spin transport equation"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The simulation results show that triton polarizations are sensitive to large scale magnetic fields generated by polar mode asymmetries.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Particle",
"entity": "triton"
},
{
"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "magnetic field"
},
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "polar mode asymmetries"
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"sentence": "It is also found that the depolarization of tritons can be reduced by an optimized spin alignment of the polarized fuel.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Particle",
"entity": "triton"
},
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "depolarization"
},
{
"category": "Concept",
"entity": "spin alignment"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "tritium"
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]
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"sentence": "The methods and results can be used to optimize the design of polarized fusion targets and interpret polarized fusion experiments.",
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "polarized fusion targets"
},
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "polarized fusion experiments"
}
]
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]
},
{
"abstract": "The silica alco-gel was obtained by the 2-step acid-base catalyzed TEOS.Aging in a solution of methyltrimethoxylsilane and trimethylating Si-OH groups increased the strength and stiffness of the wet gel by hexamethyldisilazane(HMDSA) on the surface of silica matrix.The modified silica aerogel was obtainted by CO_2 supercritical drying method.The bulk densities of aerogels were between 30~100 mg/cm~3.FTIR and some other experiment methods were used to investigate the structure and hydrophobic properties.The experiment results showed that the aerogel possessed perfect size-stability and hydrophobic properties.The aerogel micro-cylinder for ICF targets was manufactured by lathe machine.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY200608015.htm",
"title": "Preparation of modified silica aerogel and its appilication in inertial confinement fusion(ICF) experiment",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Catalysis",
"Materials science",
"Supercritical drying",
"Aerogel",
"Chemical engineering"
],
"first_author": "Zhang Yong",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"sentence": "The modified silica aerogel was obtainted by CO_2 supercritical drying method.",
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"sentence": "The bulk densities of aerogels were between 30100 mgcm3.FTIR and some other experiment methods were used to investigate the structure and hydrophobic properties.",
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"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
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"sentence": "The experiment results showed that the aerogel possessed perfect size-stability and hydrophobic properties.",
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"sentence": "The aerogel micro-cylinder for ICF targets was manufactured by lathe machine.",
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{
"abstract": "Numerical simulations of the temporal evolution of laser light filamentation and stimulated Brillouin forward scattering (SBFS) in plasmas, under conditions that are relevant to laser fusion, are presented and analyzed. Long term unsteady behavior of filaments is observed to be the norm. Temporal and spatial incoherence due to filamentation and SBFS are impressed upon time-independent incident laser beams. The bandwidth and angular divergence imposed upon the beam increase with the strength of the interaction. In addition, the spectrum of the transmitted light is redshifted by an amount that increases with the interaction strength. Spectral analysis of the transmitted light reveals that SBFS plays a role in the generation of the observed temporal incoherence. Incident beams with some spatial incoherence but no temporal smoothing are compared to those with ab initio temporal beam smoothing (TBS). Under typical conditions, TBS beams will undergo far less angular and spectral spreading and far less SBFS than...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.872733",
"title": "Time-dependent filamentation and stimulated Brillouin forward scattering in inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Light scattering",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Brillouin zone",
"Beam (structure)",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Brillouin scattering",
"Filamentation",
"Forward scatter"
],
"first_author": "Andrew J. Schmitt",
"scholarly_citations_count": 93,
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"sentence": "Numerical simulations of the temporal evolution of laser light filamentation and stimulated Brillouin forward scattering SBFS in plasmas, under conditions that are relevant to laser fusion, are presented and analyzed.",
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"entity": "laser light filamentation"
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"sentence": "Long term unsteady behavior of filaments is observed to be the norm.",
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"category": "Time reference",
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"sentence": "Temporal and spatial incoherence due to filamentation and SBFS are impressed upon time-independent incident laser beams.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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"sentence": "Spectral analysis of the transmitted light reveals that SBFS plays a role in the generation of the observed temporal incoherence.",
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"entity": "temporal incoherence"
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"sentence": "Incident beams with some spatial incoherence but no temporal smoothing are compared to those with ab initio temporal beam smoothing TBS.",
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"sentence": "Under typical conditions, TBS beams will undergo far less angular and spectral spreading and far less SBFS than...",
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{
"abstract": "Neutron time\u2010of\u2010flight techniques have been used to diagnose fuel ion temperatures of inertial confinement fusion plasmas. A new technique for making this measurement using an array of \u2018\u2018single\u2010hit\u2019\u2019 detectors operating in single\u2010particle counting mode is described. This technique has some potential advantages over previous methods (faster timing, better energy resolution, good sensitivity) and can possibly be further developed to allow detailed measurements of neutron energy spectra to give other diagnostic information, such as fuel areal density (\u3008\u03c1R\u3009).",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.337762",
"title": "Inertial confinement fusion ion temperature measurements using a single-hit detector array",
"year_published": 1986,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ion",
"Neutron",
"Particle detector",
"Nuclear physics",
"Neutron temperature",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Detector"
],
"first_author": "M. D. Cable",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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"sentence": "Neutron timeofflight techniques have been used to diagnose fuel ion temperatures of inertial confinement fusion plasmas.",
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"entity": "temperature"
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"sentence": "A new technique for making this measurement using an array of singlehit detectors operating in singleparticle counting mode is described.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
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{
"sentence": "This technique has some potential advantages over previous methods faster timing, better energy resolution, good sensitivity and can possibly be further developed to allow detailed measurements of neutron energy spectra to give other diagnostic information, such as fuel areal density \u03c1R.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "energy"
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},
{
"abstract": "Power flow in a recyclable transmission line (RTL) for a z-pinch-driven inertial-confinement fusion energy (IFE) system is studied. In a magnetically insulated transmission line, plasma forms by explosive emission on the cathode but emission from the anode does not occur. However, in an RTL, the large linear current density that flows in the electrodes at small radius near the load resistively heats the anode surface, leading to anode plasma formation and ion emission. If the impedance of the RTL is too small, large ion current losses can occur and large electron flow currents can be launched into the z-pinch load region. If only the boundary current drives the z-pinch load, then these large electron flow currents can introduce a polarity effect with more bound current in the anode than the cathode. While being mindful of the IFE system requirement to maintain a small RTL inductance, these problems are avoided by choosing the line impedance at the load end of the RTL to be well above the effective impedance of the imploding load. In this case, the ion current losses are tolerable and the electron flow current is negligibly small. For the present baseline design with a peak current of 60 MA driving a 100-ns implosion, these power flow constraints require a gap of order 2 mm or more at the load end of the RTL",
"URL": "https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.ieee-art-000004032905",
"title": "Power Flow in a Magnetically Insulated Recyclable Transmission Line for a Z -Pinch-Driven Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Energy System",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power transmission",
"Electrical impedance",
"Materials science",
"Implosion",
"Current density",
"Ion current",
"Z-pinch",
"Cathode",
"Mechanics",
"Anode"
],
"first_author": "Joseph W. Schumer",
"scholarly_citations_count": 21,
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"sentence": "However, in an RTL, the large linear current density that flows in the electrodes at small radius near the load resistively heats the anode surface, leading to anode plasma formation and ion emission.",
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"entity": "heating"
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"sentence": "If only the boundary current drives the -pinch load, then these large electron flow currents can introduce a polarity effect with more bound current in the anode than the cathode.",
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"sentence": "In this case, the ion current losses are tolerable and the electron flow current is negligibly small.",
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{
"abstract": "Measurements of the neutron spectrum from the T(t,2n)4He (tt) reaction have been conducted using inertial confinement fusion implosions at the OMEGA laser facility. In these experiments, deuterium-tritium (DT) gas-filled capsules were imploded to study the tt reaction in thermonuclear plasmas at low reactant center-of-mass (c.m.) energies. In contrast to accelerator experiments at higher c.m. energies (above 100 keV), these results indicate a negligible n + 5He reaction channel at a c.m. energy of 23 keV.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23030170",
"title": "Measurements of the T(t,2n)4He neutron spectrum at low reactant energies from inertial confinement implosions.",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Neutron",
"Lawson criterion",
"Neutron source",
"Neutron generator",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Neutron spectroscopy",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "D. T. Casey",
"scholarly_citations_count": 31,
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{
"abstract": "Electroplating remains an attractive deposition approach for fabricating metal microspherical targets for inertial confinement fusion because of its relatively fast deposition rates and ability to produce full-density small grain coatings. Here, we discuss recent advances that allow for coating thick (>60 \u00b5m) leak-free gold capsules and capsules with gradients of gold and silver. We present a new apparatus used for electroplating hollow microspherical (typically 2-mm diameter) mandrels and discuss the resulting surface roughness and sphericity obtained using this plating method.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15361055.2023.2171526?needAccess=true&role=button",
"title": "Advances in Electroplating Gradients and Thick Metallic Coatings on Microspherical Targets for Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Electroplating",
"Materials science",
"Plating (geology)",
"Coating",
"Deposition (geology)",
"Fusion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Sphericity",
"Wafer",
"Surface roughness",
"Surface finish",
"Nanotechnology",
"Metallurgy",
"Composite material",
"Optics",
"Layer (electronics)",
"Laser",
"Paleontology",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Physics",
"Sediment",
"Geophysics",
"Biology",
"Geology"
],
"first_author": "Corie Horwood",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "A detailed description of stimulated Raman backscattering and related processes for the purpose of inertial confinement fusion requires multi-dimensional kinetic simulations of a full speckle in a high-temperature, large-scale, inhomogeneous plasma. In particular for the shock-ignition scheme operating at high laser intensities, kinetic aspects are predominant. High- (I\u03bbo2~5\u00d71015W\u03bcm2/cm2) as well as low-intensity (I\u03bbo2~1015W\u03bcm2/cm2) cases show the predominance of collisionless, collective processes for the interaction. While the two-plasmon decay instability and the cavitation scenario are hardly affected by intensity variation, inflationary Raman backscattering proves to be very sensitive. Brillouin backscattering evolves on longer time scales and dominates the reflectivities, although it is sensitive to the intensity. Filamentation and self-focusing do occur for all cases but on time scales too long to affect Raman backscattering.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3630937",
"title": "Kinetic simulations of stimulated Raman backscattering and related processes for the shock-ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Coherent backscattering",
"Raman scattering",
"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
"Raman spectroscopy",
"Rayleigh scattering",
"Filamentation",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Caterina Riconda",
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"abstract": "Currently, laboratory created energy density of laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is extremely close to that for ignition, while the divergence between experiment and simulation is increasing. One of the key issues is the lack of advanced knowledge of laser-hohlraum coupling process, which has shown the complexity of hohlraum environment. Optical Thomson scattering (OTS) becomes the standard technique for diagnosing the ICF hohlraum plasma parameters, due to its capability of providing unperturbed, local and precise measurement. The development of OTS in China is closely related with the Shenguang series laser facilities, on which most of the ICF experiments are carried out. In recent years, 4\u03c9(263 nm) Thomson scattering technique has been set up on Shenguang-III prototype and 100 kJ-level laser facility, the corresponding results help the understanding of ICF physics. In the near future, several novel methods will be developed, for high-precision diagnostics of ICF ignition hohlraum plasmas and the research of new physical phenomena.",
"URL": "http://www.hplpb.com.cn/en/article/doi/10.11884/HPLPB202032.200130",
"title": "Recent research progress of optical Thomson scattering in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Ignition system",
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"abstract": "We report the first measurement of the 10B(\u03b1,n)13N reaction in a polar-direct-drive exploding pusher (PDXP) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This work is motivated by the need to develop alternative mix diagnostics, radiochemistry being the focus here. The target is composed of a 65/35 at. % deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fill surrounded by a roughly 30\u2009\u03bcm thick beryllium ablator. The inner portion of the beryllium ablator is doped with 10 at. % of 10B. Radiation-hydrodynamics calculations were performed in 1D to optimize both the remaining boron rho-R and the DT neutron yield. A charged-particle transport post-processor has been developed to study \u03b1-induced reactions on the ablator material. Results indicate a large 13N production from \u03b1-induced reactions on 10B, measurable by the radiochemical analysis of a gaseous samples system at the NIF. The PDXP target N201115-001 was successfully fielded on the NIF, and nitrogen from the 10B(\u03b1,n)13N reaction was measured. The 13N production yield, as well as the DT neutron yield, was, however, lower than expected. Some of the reduced yields can be explained by the oblate shape, but the ratios of the various radiochemical signals are not commensurate with expectations based on a simple reduction of the 1D results. Preliminary 2D radiation-hydrodynamics computations are consistent with the experimental measurements, and work is ongoing to extend the radiochemistry analysis into higher dimensions.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0079676",
"title": "First measurement of the 10B(\u03b1,n)13N reaction in an inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility: Initial steps toward the development of a radiochemistry mix diagnostic",
"year_published": 2022,
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"National Ignition Facility",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Ignition system",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fusion",
"Plasma",
"Aerospace engineering",
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"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
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"abstract": "Heavy-ion-driven fusion (HIF) is a scheme to achieve inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Investigation of the non-uniformity of heavy-ion beam (HIB) irradiation is one of the key issues for ICF driven by powerful heavy-ion beams. Ions in HIB impinge on the pellet surface and deposit their energy in a relatively deep and wide area. Therefore, the non-uniformity of HIB irradiation should be evaluated in the volume of the deposition area in the absorber layer. By using the OK1 code with some corrections, the non-uniformity of heavy-ion beam irradiation for the different ion beams on two kinds of targets were evaluated in 12-beam, 20-beam, 60-beam and 120-beam irradiation schemes. The root-mean-square (RMS) non-uniformity value becomes \u03c3RMS = 8.39% in an aluminum mono-layer pellet structure and \u03c3RMS = 6.53% in a lead-aluminum layer target for the 12-uranium-beam system. The RMS non-uniformity for the lead-aluminum layer target was lower than that for the mono-layer target. The RMS and peak-to-valley (PTV) non-uniformities are reduced with the increase in beam number, and low at the Bragg peak layer.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1009-0630/13/1/10/pdf",
"title": "Non-Uniformity of Heavy-Ion Beam Irradiation on a Direct-Driven Pellet in Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Irradiation",
"Optics",
"Ion",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Fusion",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
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"first_author": "Leila Gholamzadeh",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "The target fuel depletion and energy gain of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) for uniform spherical target of D-~3He advanced fuel compressed by high power multi-laser-beam have been calculated in this article. In order to extract the fusion energy from the fusion reaction chamber, a new kind of porous wet wall of free surface liquid lithium,consisting of an array of capillaries, with anti-radiation and automatic renewal properties, has been designed. The energy balance of this reactor system is discussed, and the difference of the fuel depletion fraction, energy gain and other engineering characteristics are compared with similar D-T fuel target reactor system.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HJBY200502002.htm",
"title": "Studies of the target fuel depletion and energy gain of inertial confinement fusion with D-~3He advanced fuel",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Power (physics)",
"Free surface",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Energy balance",
"Porosity",
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"first_author": "Deng Baiquan",
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"abstract": "It is demonstrated that the growth of acceleration-phase instabilities in inertial confinement fusion implosions can be controlled, especially in the high-foot implosions [O. A. Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056314 (2014)] on the National Ignition Facility. However, the excessive growth of the deceleration-phase instabilities can still destroy the hot spot ignition. A scheme is proposed to retard the deceleration-phase Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability growth by shock collision near the waist of the inner shell surface. Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations confirm the improved deceleration-phase hot spot stability properties without sacrificing the fuel compression.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhPl...23e2713W/abstract",
"title": "A scheme for reducing deceleration-phase Rayleigh\u2013Taylor growth in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2016,
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"first_author": "L. F. Wang",
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"sentence": "However, the excessive growth of the deceleration-phase instabilities can still destroy the hot spot ignition.",
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"sentence": "A scheme is proposed to retard the deceleration-phase RayleighTaylor instability growth by shock collision near the waist of the inner shell surface.",
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"sentence": "Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations confirm the improved deceleration-phase hot spot stability properties without sacrificing the fuel compression.",
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"abstract": "Because of the presence of a chamber gas in a particle-beam reactor cavity, non-neutron target debris created from thermonuclear burn will be modified or stopped before it reaches the first reactor wall.The resulting modified spectra and pulse lengths and the cavity overpressure created by the momentum and energy exchange between the debris and gas need to be calculated to determine their effect on the first wall.The purpose of this paper is to present results of the debris-background-gas problem obtained with a one-fluid,two-temperature plasma hydrodynamic computer code model which includes multi-frequency radiation transport.Spherical symmetry, ideal-gas equation-of-state, and LTE for each radiation frequency group were assumed.The transport of debris ions was not included, and all the debris energy was assumed to be in radiation. The calculated X-ray spectra and pulse lengths and the background overpressure are presented. The impact of the initial target spectra on these chamber conditions is discussed.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11536924",
"title": "X-ray and pressure conditions on the first wall of a particle beam inertial confinement reactor",
"year_published": 1981,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Overpressure",
"Particle beam",
"Radiation pressure",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "G.R. Magelssen",
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"abstract": "This paper is devoted to the study of the deceleration phase of inertial confinement capsules. The purpose is to obtain a zero-dimensional model that has the form of a closed system of ordinary differential equations for the main hydrodynamic quantities. The model takes into account the energy released by nuclear reactions, a nonlocal model for the \u03b1-particle energy deposition process, and radiation loss by electron bremsstrahlung. The asymptotic analysis is performed in the case of a strong temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity. We finally study the beginning of the expansion phase after stagnation to derive an ignition criterion.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:41005138",
"title": "The role of nuclear reactions and \u03b1-particle transport in the dynamics of inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Physics",
"Electron",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Atomic physics",
"Asymptotic analysis",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Phase (matter)",
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"Differential equation",
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"first_author": "Josselin Garnier",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion gains of deuterium-tritium (DT) at volume ignition are discussed for the forthcoming conditions of the NIF or LMJ laser pulses in the range of nanosecond duration at direct drive. This turns out to be similar to the expected values known form spark ignition. These conditions should be reached also by single pulse interaction of picosecond pulses using the unique anomaly of nonlinear force driven plasma block acceleration with ps pulses for volume ignition. Total gains of 200 for MJ laser pulses are expected.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/112/2/022025/meta",
"title": "Single-shot laser driven inertial confinement fusion based on nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Optics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Nanosecond",
"Laser",
"Picosecond",
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"abstract": "In the alpha particle transport in ICF hotspot, previous models focus mainly on how the incident particles lose their energy but lost sight of how the target particles will respond to this lost energy. In this paper, we developed a novel single-scattering model based on the Monte Carlo method, which abandons the stopping-power and models every single-scattering event in the alpha particle life. It enables to describe both the energy stopping of the incident alpha particle and the target particles response to the collisions. With this model, it shows that the target DT-ions at the ICF hotspot boundary will be non-Maxwellian distributed after colliding with the high-energy alpha particles, which refers to a much higher fusion reactivity compared with a Maxwellian one. At the same time, this model gives a longer and dispersed alpha particle range in hotspot plasmas and suggests that the traditionally used stopping power models would overestimate the stopping ability of the target particles.",
"URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0179526/18847958/012706_1_5.0179526.pdf",
"title": "Modeling of the non-Maxwellian response of DT plasmas to alpha particle transport in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hotspot",
"year_published": 2024,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Plasma",
"Plasma confinement",
"Alpha particle",
"Fusion",
"Hotspot (geology)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Computational physics",
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"Philosophy",
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"first_author": "Bao Du",
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{
"abstract": "Poly-\u03b1-methylstyrene (PAMS) is considered as the preferred mandrel material, whose degradation is crucial for the fabrication of high-quality inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. Herein, we reveal that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) during PAMS degradation, which is usually attributed to the thermal effect, unexpectedly exhibits a strong high-temperature tunneling effect. Specifically, although the energy barrier of the HAT reaction is only 10-2 magnitude different from depolymerization, the tunneling probability of the former can be 14-32 orders of magnitude greater than that of the latter. Furthermore, chain scission following HAT will lead to a variety of products other than monomers. Our work highlights that quantum tunneling may be an important source of uncertainty in PAMS degradation, which will provide a direction for the further development of key technology of target fabricating in ICF research and even the solution of plastic pollution.",
"URL": "http://www.cell.com/article/S2589004221016448/pdf",
"title": "Quantum tunneling of hydrogen atom transfer affects mandrel degradation in inertial confinement fusion target fabrication.",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Depolymerization",
"Fabrication",
"Mandrel",
"Degradation (telecommunications)",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Chemical physics",
"Hydrogen",
"Chemistry",
"Optoelectronics",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Composite material",
"Electrical engineering",
"Organic chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Medicine",
"Alternative medicine",
"Pathology"
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"first_author": "Yu Zhu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "This paper presents the goals and some of the results of experiments conducted within the Working Package 10 (Fusion Experimental Programme) of the HiPER Project. These experiments concern the study of the physics connected to 'advanced ignition schemes', i.e. the fast ignition and the shock ignition approaches to inertial fusion. Such schemes are aimed at achieving a higher gain, as compared with the classical approach which is used in NIF, as required for future reactors, and make fusion possible with smaller facilities.In particular, a series of experiments related to fast ignition were performed at the RAL (UK) and LULI (France) Laboratories and studied the propagation of fast electrons (created by a short-pulse ultra-high-intensity beam) in compressed matter, created either by cylindrical implosions or by compression of planar targets by (planar) laser-driven shock waves. A more recent experiment was performed at PALS and investigated the laser?plasma coupling in the 1016?W?cm?2 intensity regime of interest for shock ignition.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/53/12/124041/meta",
"title": "The HiPER project for inertial confinement fusion and some experimental results on advanced ignition schemes",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Nova (laser)",
"Ignition system",
"Beam (structure)",
"Atomic physics",
"HiPER",
"Shock wave",
"Plasma",
"Shock (mechanics)"
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"first_author": "Dimitri Batani",
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{
"abstract": "The dynamic-shell target is a new class of design for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). These targets address some of the target fabrication challenges prevalent in current ICF targets and take advantage of advances in manufacturing technologies. This study first examines how the dynamic-shell design can be used to control the density of the central region and therefore convergence ratio, thus expanding the design space for ICF. Additionally, the concern of low-mode perturbation growth is considered. A new class of high-performing beam configurations, based on icosahedral polyhedra and charged-particle simulations is proposed. These configurations achieve low levels of irradiation nonuniformity through selection of beam shapes that suppress the dominant symmetrical mode.",
"URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2021.784258/pdf",
"title": "Central Density and Low-Mode Perturbation Control of Inertial Confinement Fusion Dynamic-Shell Targets",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Icosahedral symmetry",
"Fusion",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Perturbation (astronomy)",
"Computer science",
"Physics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Plasma",
"Mathematics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Geometry",
"Quantum mechanics"
],
"first_author": "W. Trickey",
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"sentence": "A new class of high-performing beam configurations, based on icosahedral polyhedra and charged-particle simulations is proposed.",
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"sentence": "These configurations achieve low levels of irradiation nonuniformity through selection of beam shapes that suppress the dominant symmetrical mode.",
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"abstract": "Within the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) framework, the solid-to-plasma transition of the ablator arouses increasing interest, in particular due to the laser-imprint issue. Phase evolution of the ablator is linked to the evolution of the electron collision frequency, which is of crucial importance since it drives electron heating by laser energy absorption and lattice-ion heating due to collisions between electrons and the lattice-ion system. Thus, an accurate description of electron collisions over the whole temperature range occurring in ICF, starting from a few tens of kelvins (solid state) up to tens of millions of kelvins (plasma state), is necessary. In this work, a polystyrene ablator is considered, and a model of chemical fragmentation is presented to describe the heated polystyrene evolution. Electron collisions are described by electron\u2013phonon collisions in the solid state and by electron\u2013ion and electron\u2013neutral collisions in the plasma state. An effective electron collision frequency valid over the whole range of temperatures reached in ICF experiments is established and discussed. Thermal conductivity is also deduced from collisions in the plasma state and shows a good agreement with the one evaluated by ab initio calculations.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27i2703P/abstract",
"title": "Modeling the electron collision frequency during solid-to-plasma transition of polystyrene ablator for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion applications",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Ab initio quantum chemistry methods",
"Atomic physics",
"Polystyrene",
"Atmospheric temperature range",
"Laser",
"Plasma",
"Thermal conductivity"
],
"first_author": "A. Pineau",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "In heavy ion beam (HIB) inertial confinement fusion (ICF), key issues include an accelerator design for an intense HIB, an efficient HIB transport, interaction between HIB and reactor gas, a HIB-target interaction, a reactor design and so on. In this paper, three-dimensional computer simulations are performed for a HIB irradiation onto a direct-driven spherical fuel pellet in HIB ICF in order to clarify the dependence of multi-HIB illumination non-uniformity on parameter values of HIB illumination. We investigate the energy deposition non-uniformity using 12, 20, 32, 60, 92 and 120-beam irradiation systems. In this study, effects of HIB temperature and emittance are also evaluated. The calculation results demonstrate that we can realize a sufficiently low non-uniform energy deposition, for example, less than 2[%] even for a 32-beam irradiation system using the Gaussian beam.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10011821328",
"title": "Heavy Ion Beam Illumination Uniformity in Heavy Ion Beam Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Irradiation",
"Stopping power",
"Deposition (phase transition)",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Gaussian beam",
"Heavy ion beam",
"Key issues",
"Thermal emittance"
],
"first_author": "T. Someya",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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{
"abstract": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is currently developing a hybrid fusion-fission nuclear energy system, called LIFE, to generate power and burn nuclear waste. We utilize inertial confinement fusion to drive a subcritical fission blanket surrounding the fusion chamber. It is composed of TRISO-based fuel cooled by the molten salt flibe. Low-yield (37.5 MJ) targets and a repetition rate of 13.3 Hz produce a 500 MW fusion source that is coupled to the subcritical blanket, which provides an additional gain of 4-8, depending on the fuel.In the present work, we describe the neutron transport and nuclear burnup analysis. We utilize standard analysis tools including, the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) transport code, ORIGEN2 and Monte burns to perform the nuclear design. These analyses focus primarily on a fuel composed of depleted uranium not requiring chemical reprocessing or enrichment. However, other fuels such as weapons grade plutonium and highly-enriched uranium are also under consideration. In addition, we have developed a methodology using 6Li as a burnable poison to replace the tritium burned in the fusion targets and to maintain constant power over the lifetime of the engine. The results from depleted uranium analyses suggest up to 99% burnup of actinides is attainable while maintaining full power at 2GW for more than five decades.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Neutron Transport and Nuclear Burnup Analysis for the Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion-Fission Energy (LIFE) Engine",
"year_published": 2009,
"fields_of_study": [
"Burnup",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Neutron transport",
"Nuclear physics",
"Depleted uranium",
"Blanket",
"Nuclear transmutation",
"Neutron source",
"Fusion power",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Neutron",
"Fission",
"Nuclear fuel",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Materials science",
"Uranium",
"Physics",
"Plasma",
"Engineering",
"Composite material"
],
"first_author": "Kevin J. Kramer",
"scholarly_citations_count": 22,
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"sentence": "In addition, we have developed a methodology using 6Li as a burnable poison to replace the tritium burned in the fusion targets and to maintain constant power over the lifetime of the engine.",
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"sentence": "The results from depleted uranium analyses suggest up to 99 burnup of actinides is attainable while maintaining full power at 2GW for more than five decades.",
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{
"abstract": "This manuscript examines the correlations between the hot-spot velocity (an observable signature of residual kinetic energy), low-mode implosion asymmetries, and burn amplification in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Using a combination of two-dimensional axis-symmetric and three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations coupled to neutronics, we find that for typical NIF implosions, the stagnation asymmetry multiplies the observed hot-spot velocity anywhere from 80% to 120%, while burn amplification always increases it. Additionally, we find stagnation asymmetry typically deflects the observed hot-spot flow. The two mechanisms (low-mode implosion asymmetries and burn amplification) can be decoupled, and application of a simple model to a database of cryogenic implosions on the NIF infers the total hot-spot velocity amplification. This finding modifies the interpretation of data collected from inertial confinement fusion experiments and impacts the magnitude and origin of low-mode asymmetries.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Correlations between asymmetric compression, burn amplification, and hot-spot velocities in inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Implosion",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Hot spot (computer programming)",
"Asymmetry",
"Nuclear physics",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma",
"Mechanics",
"Particle physics",
"Computer science",
"Operating system"
],
"first_author": "R. C. Nora",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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{
"abstract": "A strong nonhydrodynamic mechanism generating atomic fuel-shell mix has been observed in strongly shocked inertial confinement fusion implosions of thin deuterated-plastic shells filled with 3He gas. These implosions were found to produce D3He-proton shock yields comparable to implosions of identical shells filled with a hydroequivalent 50\u223650 D3He gas mixture. Standard hydrodynamic mixing cannot explain this observation, as hydrodynamic modeling including mix predicts a yield an order of magnitude lower than was observed. Instead, these results can be attributed to ion diffusive mix at the fuel-shell interface.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.135001",
"title": "First observations of nonhydrodynamic mix at the fuel-shell interface in shock-driven inertial confinement implosions.",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Order of magnitude",
"Ion",
"Mixing (process engineering)",
"Atomic physics",
"Shell (structure)",
"Mechanics",
"Shock (mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "Hans Rinderknecht",
"scholarly_citations_count": 59,
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"abstract": "We report on planar target experiments conducted on the OMEGA-EP laser facility performed in the context of the Shock Ignition (SI) approach to inertial confinement fusion. The experiment aimed at characterizing the propagation of strong shock in matter and the generation of hot-electrons (HE), with laser parameters relevant to SI (1-ns UV laser beams with I \u223c10 16 W/cm 2). Time-resolved radiographies of targets were performed in order to study the hydrodynamic evolution. The hot-electron source was characterized in terms of maxwellian temperature T h and laser to hot-electron energy conversion efficiency \u03b7 using data from different x-rays spectrometers. The post-processing of these data gives a range of possible values for T h and \u03b7 (i.e. T h [keV] \u2208 [20,50] and \u03b7 \u2208 [2%,13%]). These values are used as input in hydrodynamic simulations to reproduce the results obtained in radiographies, thus constraining the range for the HE measurements. According to this procedure, we found that the laser converts \u223c10% \u00b14% of energy into hot-electrons with T h = 27 keV \u00b17 keV. Such electrons have enough low temperature that they should not be a prehaeat concern in SI.",
"URL": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/180226/",
"title": "Experimental characterization of hot electron emission and shock dynamics in thecontext of the Shock Ignition Approach to Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Ignition system",
"Atomic physics",
"Energy conversion efficiency",
"Context (language use)",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Laser",
"Shock (mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "A. Tentori",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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"abstract": "KrF laser intrinsic efficiency increases modestly with increase in lasing medium temperature up to at least a few hundred degrees Celsius. Such temperatures are high enough to permit efficient generation of electric power from the large amounts of heat that must be continuously removed from the lasing medium of a repetitively pulsed KrF laser in an inertial confinement fusion power plant. The effects of power generation from lasing medium heat on net plant efficiency and effective laser efficiency were investigated in a generic systems analysis. Two approaches to efficient, cost-effective generation of electric power from lasing medium heat were analyzed in detail: dedicated power generation systems that use lasing medium heat as the sole thermal energy source and the use of lasing medium thermal energy to heat main-plant steam cycle feedwater. Feedwater heating gives higher generation efficiencies and is more cost-effective than a dedicated system.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6225498-improving-inertial-confinement-fusion-power-plant-effective-driver-efficiencies-generating-electricity-from-krf-laser-reject-heat",
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"abstract": "Journal Article Using Laboratory-Based X-ray Tomography for Metrological Measurements of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets Get access Nikolaus L Cordes, Nikolaus L Cordes Presenting Author: ncordes@lanl.gov Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Steven G Young, Steven G Young MST-7: Engineered Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Tana Morrow, Tana Morrow MST-7: Engineered Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Thomas Day, Thomas Day MST-7: Engineered Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Derek Schmidt, Derek Schmidt MST-7: Engineered Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Brian M Patterson Brian M Patterson MST-7: Engineered Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 29, Issue Supplement_1, 1 August 2023, Page 1552, https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozad067.798 Published: 22 July 2023",
"URL": "https://academic.oup.com/mam/article-pdf/29/Supplement_1/1552/50934881/ozad067.798.pdf",
"title": "Using Laboratory-Based X-ray Tomography for Metrological Measurements of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets.",
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"abstract": "A detector for fuel areal density measurements in inertial confinement fusion capsules has been designed. Observation of neutrons scattered in an imploded deuterium capsule (0.27\u20130.6 MeV) is a promising method for areal density measurements in the National Ignition Facility DD surrogate capsules. In order to detect scattered neutrons, we need to (1) suppress interference due to the strong direct neutron burst and (2) suppress the background produced by neutrons scattering on nontarget material (mainly from the target chamber). In our detector system, we suppress direct neutrons by gating the detector. We suppress the nontarget background neutrons by placing the detector outside the target chamber and limiting the view of the detector with collimators. In addition, we are developing a lithium-glass scintillation-fiber detector (LG-SCIFI) to detect the scattered neutrons. The LG-SCIFI will work as a multichannel scintillator array. The scintillation signal will be amplified by a microchannel plate image int...",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion (ICF), x-ray radiography is a critical diagnostic for measuring implosion dynamics, which contain rich three-dimensional (3D) information. Traditional methods for reconstructing 3D volumes from 2D radiographs, such as filtered backprojection, require radiographs from at least two different angles or lines of sight (LOS). In ICF experiments, the space for diagnostics is limited, and cameras that can operate on fast timescales are expensive to implement, limiting the number of projections that can be acquired. To improve the imaging quality as a result of this limitation, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently been shown to be capable of producing 3D models from visible light images or medical x-ray images rendered by volumetric computed tomography. We propose a CNN to reconstruct 3D ICF spherical shells from single radiographs. We also examine the sensitivity of the 3D reconstruction to different illumination models using preprocessing techniques such as pseudo-flatfielding. To resolve the issue of the lack of 3D supervision, we show that training the CNN utilizing synthetic radiographs produced by known simulation methods allows for reconstruction of experimental data as long as the experimental data are similar to the synthetic data. We also show that the CNN allows for 3D reconstruction of shells that possess low mode asymmetries. Further comparisons of the 3D reconstructions with direct multiple LOS measurements are justified.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33820106",
"title": "Neural network for 3D inertial confinement fusion shell reconstruction from single radiographs",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion requires the inertia of the imploding mass to provide the necessary confinement such that the core reaches adequate high density, temperature, and pressure. Experiments utilize low-Z capsules filled with hydrogenic fuel, which are subject to multiple instabilities at the interfaces during the implosion. To improve the stability of the fuel:capsule interface and narrow the imploding shell profile, capsules are doped with a small atomic percentage of a high-Z material. A series of recent indirect-drive experiments executed at the National Ignition Facility with tungsten-doped high density carbon capsules has demonstrated that the presence of this dopant serves to increase the in-flight aspect ratio of the shell and increase the compression and neutron yield performance of both gas-filled and deuterium-tritium cryogenically layered targets. These experiments definitively demonstrate that benefits accrued by the introduction of a high-Z dopant into the capsule can outweigh the detrimentally reduced stability of the ablation front, avoiding shell breakup or significant radiative cooling of the hot spot. Future experiments will utilize these types of capsules to further increase nuclear performance.",
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"abstract": "Shock ignition, an alternative concept for igniting thermonuclear fuel, is explored as a new approach to high gain, inertial confinement fusion targets for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Results indicate thermonuclear yields of $\\ensuremath{\\sim}120--250\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{MJ}$ may be possible with laser drive energies of 1--1.6 MJ, while gains of $\\ensuremath{\\sim}50$ may still be achievable at only $\\ensuremath{\\sim}0.2\\text{ }\\text{ }\\mathrm{MJ}$ drive energy. The scaling of NIF energy gain with laser energy is found to be $G\\ensuremath{\\sim}126E\\text{ }\\text{ }(\\mathrm{MJ}{)}^{0.510}$. This offers the potential for high-gain targets that may lead to smaller, more economic fusion power reactors and a cheaper fusion energy development path.",
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"abstract": "The velocities and temperatures of shock waves generated by laser-driven hohlraum radiation fields have been measured in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule ablator materials. Time-resolved measurements of the preheat temperature ahead of the shock front have been performed and included in the analysis. Measurements of the x-ray burnthrough of the ablation front and the ablator x-ray re-emission have also been made in the Cu-doped beryllium, polyimide, and Ge-doped CH ablator samples. The experiments utilize 15 beams of the University of Rochester Omega Laser [Soures et al., Phys. Plasmas 3, 2108 (1996)] to heat hohlraums to radiation temperatures of \u223c120\u2013200 eV. In the experiments, planar samples of ablator material are exposed to the hohlraum radiation field, generating shocks in the range of 10\u201350 Mbars. The experimental results are compared to integrated two-dimensional Lasnex [G. B. Zimmerman and W. L. Kruer, Comments Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 2, 51 (1975)] calculations, in wh...",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhPl...11.2778O/abstract",
"title": "Shock propagation, preheat, and x-ray burnthrough in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion ablator materials",
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"abstract": "On the basis of China's own technology and industry,the \"Shenguang\" inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research devices were built,and a series of world-class results achieved. In this paper,the history of ICF research in the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics is reviewed.",
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"abstract": "The evolution of the plasma density in the rarefaction wave formed after a laser-driven shock is released from a CH foil was measured using optical interferometry. It was found that the plasma density profile is very sensitive to the conditions at the back surface of the foil before the shock release. Dedicated experiments demonstrated that radiation preheat by coronal x rays caused early expansion of the back surface and faster expansion of the rarefaction wave. Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations with accurate modeling of radiation preheat from the plasma corona are in good agreement with the experimental results. The early expansion of material interfaces due to coronal x-ray preheat must be evaluated in designing and interpreting laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0056850",
"title": "Density evolution after shock release from laser-driven polystyrene (CH) targets in inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "In 2021, the fusion yield of 1.35\u2009MJ was produced at NIF by using indirect drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF), indicating that indirect drive ICF has reached ignition. However, the driving radiation flux on capsule inside Hohlraums is still a puzzle in indirect drive ICF studies. The energy deficit at NIF is still neither well understood nor solved. In this paper, we proposed a scheme to determine the driving radiation flux on the capsule by using the combination of the shock wave technique and the reemitted radiation flux measurement. In this scheme, a witness sample is placed in the Hohlraum center as the surrogate of the capsule. The shock velocity in the witness sample is measured by a streaked optical pyrometer from one side, and the temporal reemitted radiation flux is measured by a space-resolved flat response x-ray detector. Then, the peak of the radiation flux is determined by the shock velocity, and the time behavior of the radiation flux is determined by the reemitted flux through the numerical simulation of radiation hydrodynamic code. The rules for designing the witness sample and an example of applying this scheme to determine the driving radiation flux on capsule inside the octahedral spherical Hohlraum are presented in detail.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Determining the driving radiation flux on capsule in Hohlraum for indirect drive inertial confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "The National Ignition Campaign (NIC) uses non-igniting \u201ctritium hydrogen deuterium (THD)\u201d capsules to study and optimize the hydrodynamic assembly of the fuel without burn. These capsules are designed to simultaneously reduce DT neutron yield and to maintain hydrodynamic similarity with the DT ignition capsule. We will discuss nominal THD performance and the associated experimental observables. We will show the results of large ensembles of numerical simulations of THD and DT implosions and their simulated diagnostic outputs. These simulations cover a broad range of both nominal and off-nominal implosions. We will focus on the development of an experimental implosion performance metric called the experimental ignition threshold factor (ITFX). We will discuss the relationship between ITFX and other integrated performance metrics, including the ignition threshold factor (ITF), the generalized Lawson criterion (GLC), and the hot spot pressure (HSP). We will then consider the experimental results of the recent NIC THD campaign. We will show that we can observe the key quantities for producing a measured ITFX and for inferring the other performance metrics. We will discuss trends in the experimental data, improvement in ITFX, and briefly the upcoming tuning campaign aimed at taking the next steps in performance improvement on the path to ignition on NIF.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:43024270",
"title": "Performance metrics for inertial confinement fusion implosions: Aspects of the technical framework for measuring progress in the National Ignition Campaigna)",
"year_published": 2012,
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"abstract": "The hollow glass microspheres(HGMs) with high permeability for inertial confinement fusion targets were prepared by sol-gel method.The effects of glass composition,blowing agent,furnace atmosphere pressure and composition,and refining tem-perature on the yield,quality and permeability of resultant HGMs were investigated.The results show that the percentage of silicon dioxide in the resultant HGMs with a high permeability is higher than 95% in mass.The most alkali oxides in the initial dried gel is volatilized in the refining process of liquid HGMs.The initial glass compositions of the dried gel particles have little effect on the permeability of the resulting HGMs.However,the blowing efficiency of the dried gel particles,the yield of hollow microspheres,and the quality of the resultant HGMs vary with the initial glass compositions.The increase of the temperature and length of the refining zone can improve the HGMs' permeability to deuterium gas.The permeability coefficient of the high permeation HGMs to deuterium gas at ambient temperature is about 4 \u00d7 10-20 mol/(m\u00b7s\u00b7Pa),which is slightly higher than that of the pure silica glass to deuterium gas at the same temperature.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXYB201110003.htm",
"title": "Fabrication of Hollow Glass Microspheres with High Permeability for Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets by Dried Gel Method",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Permeability (electromagnetism)",
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"Alkali metal",
"Glass microsphere",
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"abstract": "We present initial results from experiments performed to characterize plastic capsules using a compact x-pinch pulser with a floor space < 1m 2 . The pulser produces 80 kA current with a rise time of 40 ns. Various wire materials including tungsten, molybdenum and aluminum were used. X-pinch length was varied to obtain maximum x-ray yield and photon energies. X- rays in 5-9 keV energy range were used for the phase contrast radiography of plastic shells. Results with plastic capsules (1 mm diameter, 20 \u00b5m thick wall) show a phase contrast effect at the edges of the wall. The sharpness of the image reveals source size of less than 3 \u00b5m.",
"URL": "https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP05/Session/KP1.69",
"title": "A Compact X-pinch X-ray source for Characterization of Inertial Confinement Fusion Capsules",
"year_published": 2005,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Pinch",
"Photon",
"Materials science",
"X-ray",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Rise time",
"Tungsten"
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"first_author": "Farhat Beg",
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"abstract": "In a laser driven inertial-confinement fusion experiment, bang time is defined as the time between the laser light impinging the target and the peak of the fusion reactions. Bang time is often used to compare computed predictions to experiment. Large laser facilities, such as NIF and LMJ, which are currently under construction, will produce yields far in excess of any previous inertial-confinement fusion experiment. One of the implications of such high yields is that fusion \u03b3 rays, which have branching ratios four orders of magnitude less than that of fusion neutrons, may be used to diagnose bang time. This article describes the first of such \u03b3-ray bang-time measurement made using the OMEGA laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester. The diagnostic used for this was a gas Cherenkov detector. The experimental setup, data and error analyses, and suggested improvements are presented.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RScI...77jE724H/abstract",
"title": "\u03b3-ray 'bang-time' measurements with a gas-Cherenkov detector for inertial-confinement fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Cherenkov detector",
"Neutron",
"Particle detector",
"Nuclear physics",
"Laboratory for Laser Energetics",
"Laser",
"Measuring instrument",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Colin Horsfield",
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"abstract": "MeV-range ions generated in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high-energy-density physics experiments carry a wealth of information, including fusion reaction yield, rate, and spatial emission profile; implosion areal density; electron temperature and mix; and electric and magnetic fields. Here, the principles of how this information is obtained from data and the charged particle diagnostic suite currently available at the major US ICF facilities for making the measurements are reviewed. Time-integrating instruments using image plate, radiochromic film, and/or CR-39 detectors in different configurations for ion counting, spectroscopy, or emission profile measurements are described, along with time-resolving detectors using chemical vapor deposited diamonds coupled to oscilloscopes or scintillators coupled to streak cameras for measuring the timing of ion emission. A brief description of charged-particle radiography setups for probing subject plasma experiments is also given. The goal of the paper is to provide the reader with a broad overview of available capabilities, with reference to resources where more detailed information can be found.",
"URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/rsi/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0127438/16681141/021104_1_online.pdf",
"title": "Charged particle diagnostics for inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics experiments.",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Implosion",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Charged particle",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Range (aeronautics)",
"Detector",
"Scintillator",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma",
"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Tokamak",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Composite material"
],
"first_author": "M Gatu Johnson",
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"abstract": "A X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometry method has been developed to measure the gas-storage half-life of individual fusion capsules in a non-destructive way,and the relative uncertainty of these measurements was about 10%.The relative contents of gas in the capsule measured by XRF spectrometer at different times were fitted to calculate the leak rate and the storage gas half-life in the capsule with the gas-leakage formula.Because the Ar storage half-life at 110 \u2103 was correlated to the D2 storage half-life at room temperature for fusion capsules,the Ar storage half-life of plastic capsules at room temperature and 100 \u2103 were measured,respectively.The result indicated that the Ar storage half-life of a plastic capsule was several thousand hours at room temperature,but only several tens hours at 100 \u2103.The stability of instrument and the influence of the sample's longitudinal position z on the intensity of XRF spectrum were studied.The measurement uncertainty originated mostly from the instrument's stability due to precisely positioning the sample.The technique was fast and simple enough to be used as a tool for controlling the quality of capsules and eliminating those capsules with a leak rate faster than the established standard.The method could provide the one-to-one information of gas-storage half-life and improve the inertial confinement fusion(ICF) experimental results.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TEST200908003.htm",
"title": "Measurement of Gas-storage Half-life of Inertial Confinement Fusion Capsules by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry",
"year_published": 2009,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Measurement uncertainty",
"Fusion",
"X-ray fluorescence",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Chemistry",
"Spectrometer",
"Half-life",
"Intensity (heat transfer)"
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"first_author": "Chu Qiao-mei",
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"abstract": "A theoretical model for the ablatively driven Rayleigh\u2013Taylor (RT) instability single-mode and multimode mixing fronts is presented. The effect of ablation is approximately included in a Layzer-type potential flow model, yielding the description of both the single-mode evolution and the two-bubble nonlinear competition. The reduction factor of the linear growth rate due to ablative stabilization obtained by the model is similar to the Takabe formula. The single-bubble terminal velocity is found to be similarly reduced by ablation, in good agreement with numerical simulations. Two-bubble competition is calculated, and a statistical mechanics model for multimode fronts is presented. The asymptotic ablation correction to the classical RT \u03b1gt2 mixing zone growth law is derived. The effect of ablative stabilization on the allowed in-flight aspect ratio of inertial confinement fusion pellets is estimated using the results of the statistical mechanics model.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhPl....5.1467O/abstract",
"title": "Scaling laws of the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor ablation front mixing zone evolution in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Potential flow",
"Mixing (physics)",
"Terminal velocity",
"Instability",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
"Rayleigh scattering",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Statistical mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Dan Oron",
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"abstract": "In ignition scale hot plasmas, temperature gradients and thermal transport modify electron distributions in a velocity range resonant with Langmuir waves typical of those produced by stimulated Raman scattering. We examine the resultant changes to the Landau damping experienced by these Langmuir waves and the levels of thermal plasma fluctuations. The form factor and Thomson scattering cross-section in such plasmas display unique characteristics of the background conditions. A theoretical model and high-order Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations are used in our analysis. An experiment to measure changes in thermal plasma fluctuation levels due to a thermal gradient is proposed.",
"URL": "https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/219921",
"title": "Resonance between heat-carrying electrons and Langmuir waves in inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Thomson scattering",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Heat transfer",
"Plasma oscillation",
"Landau damping",
"Plasma"
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"abstract": "We herein propose a fuel pellet with a flower-shaped tamper and an ablator layer filled with a heavier material as a heavy-ion inertial fusion target. The proposed fuel pellet structure successfully mitigates the non-uniformity of energy deposition owing to the different penetration depths at different parts of the incident heavy-ion beams. The heavier material in the ablator interferes with the movement of the ablator material. The low-density region in the ablator layer at the edge of the irradiated area is mitigated, and direct heating of the fuel by heavy-ion beams is prevented.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pfr/17/0/17_2404064/_pdf",
"title": "Reduction of Energy Deposition Non-Uniformity by Adjustment of Pellet Structure for Heavy-Ion-Beam Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Fusion power",
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"abstract": "It has long been recognized that broadband laser light has the potential to control parametric instabilities in inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) plasmas. Here, we use results from laser-plasma-interaction simulations to estimate the bandwidth requirements for mitigating the three predominant classes of instabilities in direct-drive ICF implosions: cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), two-plasmon decay (TPD), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). We find that for frequency-tripled, Nd:glass laser light, a bandwidth of 8.5\u2009THz can significantly increase laser absorption by suppressing CBET, while \u223c13\u2009THz is needed to mitigate absolute TPD and SRS on an ignition-scale platform. None of the glass lasers used in contemporary ICF experiments, however, possess a bandwidth greater than 1\u2009THz and reaching larger values requires the use of an auxiliary broadening technique such as optical parametric amplification or stimulated-rotational-Raman scattering. An arguably superior approach is the adoption of an argon-fluoride (ArF) laser as an ICF driver. Besides having a broad bandwidth of \u223c10\u2009THz, the ArF laser also possesses the shortest wavelength (193\u2009nm) that can scale to the high energy/power required for ICF\u2014a feature that helps to mitigate parametric instabilities even further. We show that these native properties of ArF laser light are sufficient to eliminate nearly all CBET scattering in a direct-drive target and also raise absolute TPD and SRS thresholds well above those for broadband glass lasers. The effective control of parametric instabilities with broad bandwidth is potentially a \u201cgame changer\u201d in ICF because it would enable higher laser intensities and ablation pressures in future target designs.",
"URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0150865/17475603/052703_1_5.0150865.pdf",
"title": "Suppressing parametric instabilities in direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas using broadband laser light",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Thomson scattering",
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"first_author": "J. W. Bates",
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"abstract": "In implosion experiments, bremsstrahlung radiation ratios of broad-energy-band x-ray emission intensities (sampled by Ross pair) and narrow-energy-band x-ray emission intensities (sampled by multilayer) are typically used to extract the hotspot electron temperature. The latter method could potentially be more accurate because it does not require any additional theoretical arithmetic. However, the boundary conditions of the energy band, drastic influence on the measured electron temperature resulting from response differences of recording devices in the energy band, evident impact from uncertainties of the detector aiming, and coordinate interrelations for the two narrow-energy-band x-ray images have not been explored. These problems should be overcome to obtain the accurate hotspot electron temperature using the narrow-energy-band x-ray emission intensities method. This study solves the problems indicated above by exploring a diagnosis technique to extract the accurate hotspot electron temperature. In particular, we determine that the effect of the response differences and uncertainties could be ignored when the width of the sampled narrow energy band is approximately \u00b10.5\u00a0keV in the linear spectrum response regions of the imaging plate, and the reflectivity of the multilayer is uniform and constant in that energy band and the viewing field of the detector (\u2265\u00b1110 \u00b5m). This study is the first to consider the linear spectrum response of the imaging plate in different energy regions, eliminating the effect of the response differences. Finally, the maximal emission intensities in the two recorded-energy-band x-ray images can be used for coordinate interrelation.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0095803",
"title": "Solutions of several theory and technique problems in high-space-resolving hotspot electron temperature diagnosis techniques in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Optics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
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"first_author": "Kuan Ren",
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"abstract": "Ion temperatures serve as an important diagnostic for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. In direct-drive ICF experiments on OMEGA, neutron-time-of-flight (nTOF) data are used to infer the ion temperature of the fusing plasma produced in the implosion experiment. The analysis of the nTOF data requires an assumption about the shape of the underlying source signal. Since the source nTOF signal is a near-replica of the neutron energy spectrum, an ideal Gaussian shape, corresponding to the neutron energy spectrum of a uniform temperature plasma, is routinely employed. However, spatial and temporal variations of the ion temperature in the plasma give rise to higher-order moments, which were first described by Munro [Nucl. Fusion 56, 036001 (2016)]. In this work, we show a simpler alternative analysis to derive moments of the neutron energy spectrum for a plasma with variations in ion temperature. We also present a revised analysis of measured nTOF signals that uses a model with an additional degree of freedom to take into account the effect of ion temperature variations on the shape of the spectrum. Compared to presently used nTOF analysis, the revised analysis yields on average \u22482\u00d7 more accurate fits to the data and up to 15% higher ion temperatures for cryogenic experiments. Furthermore, we quantify the ion temperature inflation caused by radially symmetric fluid flows, which are present even in a symmetric implosion, and which serve as a lower bound on the ion temperature inflation in real implosions.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Measuring higher-order moments of neutron-time-of-flight data for cryogenic inertial confinement fusion implosions on OMEGA",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Plasma diagnostics",
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"Omega",
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"abstract": "In inertial confinement fusion implosions, tertiary reaction-in-flight processes create deuterium-tritium fusion reactions $[\\mathrm{T}{(d,n)}^{4}\\mathrm{He}]$ with an incident particle moving at MeV energies instead of the thermonuclear keV temperatures. Additional relativistic kinematic treatments were added to a nuclear resonance code, spect, and resulting calculations showed an upshifting of the deuterium-tritium fusion $\\ensuremath{\\gamma}$-ray pathway $[\\mathrm{T}{(d,\\ensuremath{\\gamma})}^{5}\\mathrm{He}]$ for MeV interactions. Using the calculated spectra, a representative reaction-in-flight $\\ensuremath{\\gamma}$-ray emission for ICF implosions was estimated.",
"URL": "http://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.034003",
"title": "Deuterium-tritium fusion \n\u03b3\n-ray spectrum at MeV energies with application to reaction-in-flight inertial confinement fusion measurements",
"year_published": 2024,
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "relativistic kinematic treatments"
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{
"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "upshifting"
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]
},
{
"sentence": "Using the calculated spectra, a representative reaction-in-flight ensuremath-ray emission for ICF implosions was estimated.",
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{
"abstract": "Fast Ignition (FI) is recognized as a potentially promising approach to achieve the high-energy-gain target performance needed for commercial inertial confinement fusion. Here we consider deuteron beam driven FI which provides not only the \u201chot spot\u201d ignition spark, but also extra \u201cbonus\u201d fusion energy through reactions in the target. In this study, we estimate the impact of the added deposition energy due to the fusion reactions occurring, based on calculations using a modified energy multiplication factor Fc. The deuteron beam energy deposition range and time are also evaluated in order to estimate the desired deuteron initial energy. It is shown that an average of 30% extra energy can be gained from deuterons with 1 MeV initial energy and 12% from deuterons with 3 MeV initial energy. These results indicate that the energy benefit of this approach could be significant, but a much more comprehensive calculation is needed to realize a full 3D design for realistic experimental studies.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/18/3/10.1063/1.3553444",
"title": "Energy enhancement for deuteron beam fast ignition of a precompressed inertial confinement fusion target",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Ignition system",
"Beam (structure)",
"Nuclear physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Fusion power",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Xiaoling Yang",
"scholarly_citations_count": 41,
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{
"abstract": "Abstract\n Inertial confinement fusion experiments are sensitive to cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), a laser-plasma instability that redistributes laser energy in the coronal plasma through self-generated ion acoustic wave (IAW) gratings. The detailed CBET coupling depends on the polarization state of the crossing wavefields. CBET itself can also scramble the beam polarizations by inducing ellipticity through the IAW grating, and rotating the seed polarization toward that of the pump. We develop a ray-based model that describes the polarized CBET coupling and that is compatible with the framework of 3D inline radiative hydrodynamics simulations. The model is implemented in the ASTER/IFRIIT code and verified against an academic test case and an offline polarized CBET post-processor. It is then applied to the detailed configuration of the distributed polarization rotator system on OMEGA, where results highlight how polarized CBET induces significant low modes in the collisional absorption source term. Finally, the modeling is applied to a simple indirect-drive configuration, comparing CBET calculations with 96 unpolarized or polarized beams with 24 unpolarized quads. It is shown that these cases produce similar power amplification per cone of beams grouped with similar polar angles. However, the 96 beam geometry itself is found to reduce azimuthal variations in quad power after the interaction and favors beams with larger polar angles within the cones, an effect that is amplified by the polarized CBET. Application of the model to inline calculations of OMEGA implosions are presented in a companion paper.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "3D simulations of inertial confinement fusion implosions part 1: inline modeling of polarized cross beam energy transfer and subsequent drive anomalies on OMEGA and NIF",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"Optics",
"Plasma",
"Omega",
"Linear polarization",
"Radiative transfer",
"Computational physics",
"Laser",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Physical chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics"
],
"first_author": "A Cola\u00eftis",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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},
{
"abstract": "Abstract\n The two-plasmon-decay instability (TPD) in the large-incidence-angle regime is studied via fluid and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. It is found that the TPD threshold in this regime within a narrow incidence angle range close to 60\u2218 can be orders of magnitude lower than the normal-incidence threshold. A threshold formula is proposed for this regime and is verified by fluid and PIC simulations. PIC simulations show significant laser absorption and energetic electron generation once TPD is excited. The incident angle and the laser spot size have a significant influence on the TPD in the large-incidence-angle regime. The low threshold and significant hot electron generation in this regime pose potentially unexpected preheating risks to inertial confinement fusion.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Two plasmon decay instability stimulated by large-incidence-angle laser in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Instability",
"Laser",
"Angle of incidence (optics)",
"Plasmon",
"Physics",
"Excited state",
"Atomic physics",
"Fusion",
"Electron",
"Range (aeronautics)",
"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear physics",
"Mechanics",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Composite material"
],
"first_author": "C-W Lian",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments create a unique laboratory environment in which thermonuclear fusion reactions occur within a plasma, with conditions comparable to stellar cores and the early universe. In contrast, accelerator-based measurements must compete with bound electron screening effects and beam stopping when measuring fusion cross sections at nucleosynthesis-relevant energies. Therefore, ICF experiments are a natural place to study nuclear reactions relevant to nuclear astrophysics. However, analysis of ICF-based measurements must address its own set of complicating factors. These include: the inherent range of reaction energies, spatial and temporal thermal temperature variation, and kinetic effects such as species separation. In this work we examine these phenomena and develop an analysis to quantify and, when possible, compensate for their effects on our inference. Error propagation in the analyses are studied using synthetic data combined with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) machine learning. The novel inference techniques will aid in the extraction of valuable and accurate data from ICF-based nuclear astrophysics experiments.",
"URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.937972/pdf",
"title": "Efficacy of inertial confinement fusion experiments in light ion fusion cross section measurement at nucleosynthesis relevant energies",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Nuclear astrophysics",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy"
],
"first_author": "A. J. Crilly",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
"abstract": "A series of 2D in-plane plane wave particle-in-cell simulations find distinctive paths of laser-plasma instability evolution in OMEGA-scale implosions, depending on the initial electron temperature. At low temperatures, two-plasmon decay (TPD) dominates in both initial growth and the steady state. At high temperatures, the initial dominant modes switch to stimulated Raman scattering, but TPD still dominates a steady state characterized by cavitation and Langmuir turbulence. A hot electron scaling is also obtained from the simulations that, when combined with laser/plasma conditions from hydro simulations, can predict hot electron generation in implosions that do not employ smoothing-by-spectral-dispersion (SSD). It also shows that under the same laser/plasma conditions, SSD can reduce hot electron generation.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Evolution and hot electron generation of laser\u2013plasma instabilities in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Plasma",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Laser",
"Electron temperature",
"Atomic physics",
"Instability",
"Electron",
"Thomson scattering",
"Optics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "S. H. Cao",
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"entity": "hot electron generation"
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{
"abstract": "Results from experiments performed to characterize plastic capsules containing foam layers are presented. A compact X-pinch pulser with a footprint <1m2 having a peak current of 80kA and a rise time of 50ns was used. Various wire materials including tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum were employed. Results with plastic capsules (1mm diameter, 20\u03bcm thick wall with 80\u03bcm foam inside the capsule) show phase contrast effects at the edges of the wall due to the foam, which mimics the ice inside the shell. The sharpness of the image reveals a source less than 2\u03bcm in size and x-ray diodes show a pulse length of \u223c10ns. The small source size allows high-resolution phase contrast imaging of capsules. The x-ray pulse from an X-pinch is sufficiently short to avoid the motional blurring due to cryogenic system vibrations, which is not possible with low flux sources.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.2335959",
"title": "Compact X-pinch based point x-ray source for phase contrast imaging of inertial confinement fusion capsules",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Pinch",
"Pulse duration",
"Materials science",
"Z-pinch",
"Rise time",
"Tungsten",
"Phase-contrast imaging",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Farhat Beg",
"scholarly_citations_count": 46,
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"sentence": "A compact X-pinch pulser with a footprint 1m2 having a peak current of 80kA and a rise time of 50ns was used.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "X-pinch pulser"
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"sentence": "Various wire materials including tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum were employed.",
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"entity": "tungsten"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "molybdenum"
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"entity": "aluminum"
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"sentence": "Results with plastic capsules 1mm diameter, 20\u03bcm thick wall with 80\u03bcm foam inside the capsule show phase contrast effects at the edges of the wall due to the foam, which mimics the ice inside the shell.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
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"sentence": "The sharpness of the image reveals a source less than 2\u03bcm in size and -ray diodes show a pulse length of 10ns.",
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"sentence": "The -ray pulse from an X-pinch is sufficiently short to avoid the motional blurring due to cryogenic system vibrations, which is not possible with low flux sources.",
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{
"abstract": "In some regions of a laser driven inertial fusion target, the electron mean-free path can become comparable to or even longer than the electron temperature gradient scale-length. This can be particularly important in shock-ignited (SI) targets, where the laser-spike heated corona reaches temperatures of several keV. In this case, thermal conduction cannot be described by a simple local conductivity model and a Fick's law. Fluid codes usually employ flux-limited conduction models, which preserve causality, but lose important features of the thermal flow. A more accurate thermal flow modeling requires convolution-like non-local operators. In order to improve the simulation of SI targets, the non-local electron transport operator proposed by Schurtz-Nicolai-Busquet [G. P. Schurtz et al., Phys. Plasmas 7, 4238 (2000)] has been implemented in the DUED fluid code. Both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) simulations of SI targets have been performed. 1D simulations of the ablation phase highlight that while the shock profile and timing might be mocked up with a flux-limiter; the electron temperature profiles exhibit a relatively different behavior with no major effects on the final gain. The spike, instead, can only roughly be reproduced with a fixed flux-limiter value. 1D target gain is however unaffected, provided some minor tuning of laser pulses. 2D simulations show that the use of a non-local thermal conduction model does not affect the robustness to mispositioning of targets driven by quasi-uniform laser irradiation. 2D simulations performed with only two final polar intense spikes yield encouraging results and support further studies.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21a2701M/abstract",
"title": "Effects of non-local electron transport in one-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations of shock-ignited inertial confinement fusion targets",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Thermal conduction",
"Atomic physics",
"Thermal",
"Electron temperature",
"Computational physics",
"Laser",
"Plasma",
"Shock (mechanics)"
],
"first_author": "Alberto Marocchino",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"sentence": "2D simulations performed with only two final polar intense spikes yield encouraging results and support further studies.",
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"abstract": "We report on numerical studies of real viscous effects on the implosion characteristics of imploded DT micro-targets. We use the implicit ePLAS code to perform 2D simulations of spherical and slightly ellipsoidal DT shells on DT gas filled \u223c40\u2009\u03bcm diameter voids. Before their final implosions the shells have been nearly adiabatically compressed up to 102 or 103\u2009g/cm3 densities. While the use of conventional artificial viscosity can lead to high central densities for initially spherical shells, we find that a real physical viscosity from ion-ion collisions can give a high (>20\u2009keV) central temperature but severely reduced central density (<200\u2009g/cm3), while the elliptical shells evidence p\u2009=\u20092 distortion of the heated central fuel region. These results suggest that the general use of artificial viscosities in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) modeling may have lead to overly optimistic yields for current NIF targets and that polar direct drive with more energy for the imploding capsule may be needed for ultimate ICF success.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhPl...21b2705M/abstract",
"title": "Real viscosity effects in inertial confinement fusion target deuterium\u2013tritium micro-implosions",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Distortion",
"Physics",
"Viscosity",
"Current (fluid)",
"Atomic physics",
"Implosion",
"Polar",
"Ellipsoid",
"Mechanics",
"Deuterium"
],
"first_author": "R. J. Mason",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"sentence": "While the use of conventional artificial viscosity can lead to high central densities for initially spherical shells, we find that a real physical viscosity from ion-ion collisions can give a high 20 keV central temperature but severely reduced central density 200 gcm3, while the elliptical shells evidence 2 distortion of the heated central fuel region.",
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"sentence": "These results suggest that the general use of artificial viscosities in Inertial Confinement Fusion ICF modeling may have lead to overly optimistic yields for current NIF targets and that polar direct drive with more energy for the imploding capsule may be needed for ultimate ICF success.",
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{
"abstract": "Plasma jets, such as \u03b3-ray burst jets, Herbig\u2013Haro jets, \u03bc-quasar jets, and active galactic nuclei jets, are found throughout the universe [S. Mendoza et al., Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. 41, 453 (2005)]. Plasma jets are also present in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments originating from the capsule's fill tube and occasionally from divots and voids in the capsules, particles on the exterior of the capsule, or from the tent holding the capsule in the target. This paper looks at two different gas-filled capsule implosions containing a plasma jet resulting from a capsule fill tube and fill channel, both of which utilized high density carbon ablators. Two models were developed, a drag and a snowplow model, which use the time-dependent motion of the injected mass through the hotspot to estimate the mass injected into the hotspot from the fill tube and channel, arriving at an average injected mass of \u223c84.5\u2009\u00b1\u200925.5\u2009ng for the first experiment and 91\u2009\u00b1\u200920\u2009ng for the second experiment. Unlike previous methods to estimate fill tube injected mass, these techniques do not assume that the mixed mass is in thermal equilibrium with the hotspot or that the x-ray emission is only coming from within the hotspot itself. This paper also discusses the features seen in these experiments which include limb brightening in the shell for undoped ablators and flattening in the ablator from shadowing by the fill tube.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPl...27k2706B/abstract",
"title": "Fill tube dynamics in inertial confinement fusion implosions with high density carbon ablators",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Hotspot (geology)",
"Flattening",
"Astron",
"Thermal equilibrium",
"Active galactic nucleus",
"Mechanics",
"Drag",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Kevin Baker",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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{
"abstract": "High resolution (\u03bb\u2215\u0394\u03bb \u223c 10 000) 1D imaging x-ray spectroscopy using a spherically bent crystal and a 2D hybrid pixel array detector is used world wide for Doppler measurements of ion-temperature and plasma flow-velocity profiles in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas. Meter sized plasmas are diagnosed with cm spatial resolution and 10 ms time resolution. This concept can also be used as a diagnostic of small sources, such as inertial confinement fusion plasmas and targets on x-ray light source beam lines, with spatial resolution of micrometers, as demonstrated by laboratory experiments using a 250-\u03bcm (55)Fe source, and by ray-tracing calculations. Throughput calculations agree with measurements, and predict detector counts in the range 10(-8)-10(-6) times source x-rays, depending on crystal reflectivity and spectrometer geometry. Results of the lab demonstrations, application of the technique to the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and predictions of performance on NIF will be presented.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RScI...83jE125H/abstract",
"title": "Application of spatially resolved high resolution crystal spectrometry to inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2012,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Image resolution",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Spectrometer",
"Plasma diagnostics",
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"first_author": "K. W. Hill",
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"sentence": "Throughput calculations agree with measurements, and predict detector counts in the range 10-8-10-6 times source -rays, depending on crystal reflectivity and spectrometer geometry.",
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{
"abstract": "A multi-dimensional code FLAME-MD solving fluid-like laser-plasma instabilities' (LPIs) equations has been developed and is used to study multiple-beam two-plasmon decay (TPD) instability relevant to a laser-entrance-hole window burn-off scenario in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. It is found that TPD can be collectively driven by multiple beams incident at large incidence angles with respect to the electron density gradient at a very low threshold. The polarization configuration of the laser beams is a key factor determining the way of sharing common daughter electron plasma waves (EPWs). The p-polarized beams arranged on the same incidence cone can collectively drive common EPWs along the cone axis. The common-wave sharing mechanisms among the s-polarized beams are largely dependent on the geometry of the beams and are less robust. The simulation results also show that the p-polarized beams are dominating the multiple-beam TPD processes. The common EPWs along the cone axis can accelerate energetic electrons toward the capsule inside the hohlraum and, therefore, pose a fuel-preheat risk to ICF implosions.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Large-incidence-angle multiple-beam two-plasmon decay instability in inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Hohlraum",
"Instability",
"Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"Plasma",
"Atomic physics",
"Beam (structure)",
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"Electron",
"Optics",
"Mechanics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Physical chemistry"
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"abstract": "Energy spectra and spectrally resolved one-dimensional fluence images of self-emitted charged-fusion products (14.7MeV D 3 He protons) are routinely measured from indirectly driven inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) experiments utilizing ignition-scaled hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A striking and consistent feature of these images is that the fluence of protons leaving the ICF target in the direction of the hohlraum's laser entrance holes (LEHs) is very nonuniform spatially, in contrast to the very uniformfluence of protons leaving through the hohlraum equator. In addition, the measured nonuniformities are unpredictable, and vary greatly from shot to shot. These",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/36873831",
"title": "Observation of strong electromagnetic fields around laser-entrance holes of ignition-scale hohlraums in inertial-confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility",
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"abstract": "We present results from the newly developed grazing incidence imaging spectrometer (GIIS) from both TRIDENT and OMEGA experiments. This instrument was originally designed to measure electron temperature via isoelectronic line ratios on gas-filled targets, but in addition has other useful applications. GIIS is a planar crystal Bragg spectrometer that is mounted to a conventional x-ray framing camera with an array of pinholes and slits to collect spectrally integrated two-dimensional images as well as spectrally resolved one-dimensional images. We have successfully recorded x-ray spectra from 4.5\u20136 and 3.3\u20135keV from both planar foil experiments on TRIDENT and preheated hydrodynamic experiments on OMEGA. We report on the instrument design and will present preliminary results.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:38024312",
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"abstract": "In this article, we study the hydrodynamics and burn of the thermonuclear fuel in inertial confinement fusion pellets at the ion kinetic level. The analysis is based on a two-velocity-scale Vlasov-Fokker-Planck kinetic model that is specially tailored to treat fusion products (suprathermal \u03b1-particles) in a self-consistent manner with the thermal bulk. The model assumes spherical symmetry in configuration space and axial symmetry in velocity space around the mean flow velocity. A typical hot-spot ignition design is considered. Compared with fluid simulations where a multi-group diffusion scheme is applied to model \u03b1 transport, the full ion-kinetic approach reveals significant non-local effects on the transport of energetic \u03b1-particles. This has a direct impact on hydrodynamic spatial profiles during combustion: the hot spot reactivity is reduced, while the inner dense fuel layers are pre-heated by the escaping \u03b1-suprathermal particles, which are transported farther out of the hot spot. We show how the kinetic transport enhancement of fusion products leads to a significant reduction of the fusion yield.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/21/12/10.1063/1.4904212",
"title": "Ion kinetic effects on the ignition and burn of inertial confinement fusion targets: A multi-scale approach",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Diffusion (business)",
"Kinetic energy",
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"Atomic physics",
"Hot spot (veterinary medicine)",
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"first_author": "B. E. Peigney",
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"abstract": "Nonlocal electron transport is important for understanding laser-target coupling for laser-direct-drive (LDD) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) simulations. Current models for the nonlocal electron mean free path in radiation-hydrodynamic codes are based on plasma-physics models developed decades ago; improvements are needed to accurately predict the electron conduction in LDD simulations of ICF target implosions. We utilized time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) to calculate the electron stopping power (SP) in the so-called conduction-zone plasmas of polystyrene in a wide range of densities and temperatures relevant to LDD. Compared with the modified Lee-More model, the TD-DFT calculations indicated a lower SP and a higher stopping range for nonlocal electrons. We fit these electron SP calculations to obtain a global analytical model for the electron stopping range as a function of plasma conditions and the nonlocal electron kinetic energy. This model was implemented in the one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic code lilac to perform simulations of LDD ICF implosions, which are further compared with simulations by the standard modified Lee-More model. Results from these integrated simulations are discussed in terms of the implications of this TD-DFT-based mean-free-path model to ICF simulations.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Time-dependent density-functional-theory calculations of the nonlocal electron stopping range for inertial confinement fusion applications.",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Computational physics",
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"first_author": "K A Nichols",
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"abstract": "The implosion uniformity of a directly driven spherical inertial confinement fusion capsule is considered within the context of the Laser Megajoule configuration. Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic simulations have been performed assuming irradiation with two laser beam cones located at 49\u00b0 and 131\u00b0 with respect to the axis of symmetry. The laser energy deposition causes an inward shock wave whose surface is tracked in time, providing the time evolution of its non-uniformity. The illumination model has been used to optimize the laser intensity profiles used as input in the 2D hydro-calculations. It is found that a single stationary laser profile does not maintain a uniform shock front over time. To overcome this drawback, it is proposed to use two laser profiles acting successively in time, in order to dynamically stabilize the non-uniformity of the shock front.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22j2709T/abstract",
"title": "Uniformity of spherical shock wave dynamically stabilized by two successive laser profiles in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Time evolution",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Optics",
"Physics",
"Implosion",
"Fusion power",
"Context (language use)",
"Laser M\u00e9gajoule",
"Laser",
"Shock wave"
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"first_author": "Mauro Temporal",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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{
"abstract": "Volume ignition is an alternative approach to inertial confinement fusion. Due to igniting the whole fuel region rather than the central hot spot compared with the central hot-spot ignition, more laser energy is needed for volume ignition. Therefore, it is much desirable to examine the ignition margin for volume ignition. Hydrodynamic instabilities are major factors responsible for degrading inertial confinement fusion implosion performance. Hydrodynamic instabilities usually bring dramatic deformations of the fuel target, and accordingly, more radiation energy loss leaks from the fuel region. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on how they influence the radiation energy loss and increase critical temperatures for volume ignition. The present results show that critical ignition temperature increases both with the perturbation mode number and the perturbation amplitudes. What is more, we find that perturbations with longitudinal mode have a greater impact than those with latitudinal mode, and targets with lower deuterium\u2013tritium mass are more vulnerable to perturbations. The present results are important and offer support for subsequent ignition-target design.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Critical temperature for volume ignition of deuterium\u2013tritium fuel in inertial confinement fusion: Effects of hydrodynamic instabilities",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Implosion",
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Mechanics",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Volume (thermodynamics)",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Nuclear physics",
"Plasma",
"Thermodynamics",
"Engineering"
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"first_author": "Rui-Hua Xu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "We report simulation results that suggest record neutron yields above 3\u00d71014 can be achieved in laser-driven fusion on OMEGA by imploding large-outer-diameter targets (\u223c1010\u2009\u03bcm) containing ice layers as thin as 34\u2009\u03bcm. Historically, the performance of thin and fast capsules is thought to be highly degraded by hydrodynamic instabilities. We present pulse designs that push implosion velocities above 650\u2009km/s while maintaining enough ablative stabilization and low enough in-flight aspect ratios to survive the acceleration phase. We show that these targets also possess improved stability during deceleration stemming from augmented core temperatures and low fuel convergence.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "High yields in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion using thin-ice DT liner targets",
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"URL": "http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/EN/Y2011/V60/I2/025212",
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"abstract": "The National Ignition Facility has recently achieved successful burning plasma and ignition using the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) approach. However, there are still many fundamental physics phenomena that are not well understood, including the kinetic processes in the hohlraum. Shan et\u00a0al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 195001 (2018)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.120.195001] utilized the energy spectra of neutrons to investigate the kinetic colliding plasma in a hohlraum of indirect drive ICF. However, due to the typical large spatial-temporal scales, this experiment could not be well simulated by using available codes at that time. Utilizing our advanced high-order implicit PIC code, LAPINS, we were able to successfully reproduce the experiment on a large scale of both spatial and temporal dimensions, in which the original computational scale was increased by approximately seven to eight orders of magnitude. Not only is the validity of the explanation of the experiment confirmed by our simulations, i.e., the abnormally large width of neutron spectra comes from beam-target nuclear fusions, but also a different physical insight into the source of energetic deuterium ions is provided. The acceleration of deuterium ions can be categorized into two components: one is propelled by a sheath electric field created by the charge separation at the onset, while the other is a result of the reflection of the potential of the shock wave. The robustness of the acceleration mechanism is analyzed with varying initial conditions, e.g., temperatures, drifting velocity, and ion components. This paper might serve as a reference for benchmark simulations of upcoming simulation codes and may be relevant for future research on mixtures and entropy increments at plasma interfaces.",
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"title": "Large-scale kinetic simulations of colliding plasmas within a hohlraum of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion.",
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"URL": "https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1331877",
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"abstract": "In the study of laser driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the image data obtained through X-ray high-speed photography technology can be used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of the plasma with fluid state produced by work and energy transport. The research of X-ray high-speed photography technology has always been an important part of the development of ICF diagnostics. The Laser Fusion Research Center of China Academy of Engineering Physics has made important progresses in the research of X-ray high-speed photography technology in recent years. These advances include: (1) making a success in developing the X-ray camera with 100ps exposure time for Shenguang laser facilities, which has reached the international advanced level as a whole, and is characterised in such aspects as high sensitivity, transmission-type band-pass filtering and miniaturized design; (2) proposing new types of X-ray high-speed photography technologies with 10 ps exposure time such as the micro-sweep gating technology to break the bottleneck of temporal resolution; (3) taking the lead in carrying out theoretical design, technical verification and engineering design of the radiation-hardened X-ray high-speed camera in China; (4) making the efforts on modeling and simulation on target debris and carrying out the special experiments for the first time in China to verify the simulation results.",
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},
{
"sentence": "These advances include 1 making a success in developing the X-ray camera with 100ps exposure time for Shenguang laser facilities, which has reached the international advanced level as a whole, and is characterised in such aspects as high sensitivity, transmission-type band-pass filtering and miniaturized design 2 proposing new types of X-ray high-speed photography technologies with 10 ps exposure time such as the micro-sweep gating technology to break the bottleneck of temporal resolution 3 taking the lead in carrying out theoretical design, technical verification and engineering design of the radiation-hardened X-ray high-speed camera in China 4 making the efforts on modeling and simulation on target debris and carrying out the special experiments for the first time in China to verify the simulation results.",
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"abstract": "We tested the use of two hydrophobic methyl-substituted silane precursors, methyltriethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane, to synthesize methyl-modified silica sols by a two-step method and a cohydrolysis method to produce durable antireflective films with high laser-induced-damage thresholds (LIDTs). Using small-angle x-ray scattering technology, we obtained details of the microstructure of clusters in sol and found various double fractal structural characteristics in the methyl-modified silica clusters; our findings were confirmed by transmission-electron micrographs. Through a ^29 Si magic-angle spin nuclear magnetic resonance study of the corresponding xerogels, we determined the double-fractal microstructure, which we then related to the LIDTs of AR films. The distribution configuration of methyls in clusters determined the double-fractal microstructure of clusters and then the LIDTs of AR films. The LIDTs of films produced by the cohydrolysis method (the highest was 38 J/cm\u00b2 for 1-ns, 1064-nm laser action) were much higher than those from the two-step method because of the loose netlike clusters in the former configuration. During the 220-day aging, the transmittance of hydrophobic AR film decreased \u223c0.2%. So it is practicable to prepare durable AR films with higher LIDTs than those of normal AR SiO2 films only by introducing hydrophobic methyls into a Si-O-Si matrix of clusters if an appropriate hydrophobic precursor is chosen.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-22-4-905",
"title": "Durable solgel antireflective films with high laser-induced damage thresholds for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Optics",
"Thin film",
"Materials science",
"Silane",
"Silanes",
"Sol-gel",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical vapor deposition",
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"first_author": "Yao Xu",
"scholarly_citations_count": 26,
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"abstract": "Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTI) in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are expected to generate magnetic fields at the gas-ice interface and at the ice-ablator interface. The focus here is on the gas-ice interface where the temperature gradient is the largest. A Hall-MHD model is used to study the magnetic field generation and growth for 2-D single-mode and multimode RTI in a stratified two-fluid plasma, the two fluids being ions and electrons. Self-generated magnetic fields are observed and these fields grow as the RTI progresses via the \u2207ne\u00d7\u2207Te term in the generalized Ohm\u2019s law. Srinivasan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165002 (2012)] present results of the magnetic field generation and growth, and some scaling studies in 2-dimensions. The results presented here study the mechanism behind the magnetic field generation and growth, which is related to fluid vorticity generation by RTI. The magnetic field wraps around the bubbles and spikes and concentrates in flux bundles at the perturbed gas-...",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPl...19h2703S/abstract",
"title": "Mechanism for magnetic field generation and growth in Rayleigh-Taylor unstable inertial confinement fusion plasmas",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Magnetic field",
"Physics",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Ohm's law",
"Vorticity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability",
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"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Bhuvana Srinivasan",
"scholarly_citations_count": 41,
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"abstract": "Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a potential risk for laser damage in the experiments carried out at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and by altering the energy deposition pattern in hohlraums, it affects the symmetry of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions. We have surveyed backward SBS on outer-cone quads across NIF integrated hohlraums of various platforms numerically, using three-dimensional (3D) simulations with the backscatter code pF3D [Berger et al. Phys. Plasmas 5, 4337 (1998)] and ray-based gain calculations. Simulated reflected powers and energies, as well as the spectrum of reflected light all compare favorably with measurements. Ray-based calculations of exponential SBS amplification (\u201cgain\u201d), which assume a strongly damped plasma wave and steady-state response, are performed using a novel method that includes the 3D speckled field of the laser that drives SBS. This approach is useful for understanding qualitative differences between hohlraum designs and identifying regions susceptible to SBS within hohlraums. Quantitatively, gains are not found to correlate with SBS reflectivities in 3D, necessitating fully wave-based calculations that naturally include diffraction and various temporal dependencies.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Modeling stimulated Brillouin backscatter from outer-cone quads across multiple inertial confinement fusion hohlraum designs",
"year_published": 2024,
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"first_author": "A. J. Kemp",
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"abstract": "Based on the scalar diffractive theory, the authors analyze the relationships between diffractive efficiency of an integrated diffractive element (IDOE) combined with BSGCSG and its structure parameters, distorted wavefront of low-frequency of main beam,respectively. Compare its diffractive efficiency, utility of energy and separating angles with those of singular integrated diffractive optic elements (DOE). The numerical calculations results show that IDOE has less affection of 0 order diffractive efficiency, higher utility of energy than DOE and same separating angle to 1\u03c9 and 2\u03c9 with DOC.So a theoretical basis is presented for applying such integrated elements to inertial confinement fusion driving system.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SCDX200401022.htm",
"title": "Study on the Character of Integrated Diffractive Optic Elements Used in Inertial Confinement Fusion(ICF) Driving System",
"year_published": 2004,
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"Optics",
"Physics",
"Basis (linear algebra)",
"Wavefront",
"Beam (structure)",
"Diffraction efficiency",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Character (mathematics)",
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"first_author": "Liu Shi-jie",
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"abstract": "The joint LANL/LLNL nuclear imaging team has acquired the first gamma-ray images of inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility. The gamma-ray image provides crucial information to help characterize the inertially confined fuel and ablator assembly at stagnation, information that would be difficult to acquire from neutron or x-ray observations. Gamma imaging visualizes both gamma radiation emitted directly in deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fusion reactions as well as gamma rays produced when DT fusion neutrons scatter inelastically on carbon nuclei in the remaining ablator of the fuel capsule. The resulting image provides valuable information on the position and density of the remaining ablator and potential contamination of the hot spot\u2014a powerful diagnostic window into the capsule assembly during burn.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0122938",
"title": "Gamma-ray imaging of inertial confinement fusion implosions reveals remaining ablator carbon distribution",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Physics",
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"Plasma diagnostics",
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"abstract": "We propose a new approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) that could potentially lead to ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The proposal is based upon a combination of two concepts, referred to as polar direct drive and liquid deuterium\u2013tritium wetted foam capsules. With this new concept, 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations indicate that ICF ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn are possible with the laser power and energy capabilities available today on the NIF.",
"URL": "https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP21/Session/NO04.11",
"title": "A polar direct drive liquid deuterium-tritium wetted foam target concept for inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"abstract": "Quasi-isentropic compression is required for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) to compress the target to a high density and high temperature status, where to match the laser pulse shape and target structure is of great significance to the implosion. However, many parameters for the laser pulse shape and the target structure should be optimized in order to realize such match. In this paper, the drive laser pulse and the target structure are designed using a random optimization method for a direct-drive ICF implosion driven by a 358.40\u2009kJ laser pulse. This method can quickly optimize the laser pulse and target structure parameters for an efficient quasi-isentropic compression of the plasmas, leading to an areal density of 9.30% higher than that given by the hydrodynamic scaling. A correlation matrix is also constructed to analyze the correlation between the parameters. This provides a reference for further optimization and improvement. The method should have potential applications in the target design for future ICF experiments.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Design of laser pulse shapes and target structures by random optimization for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Computational physics",
"Optics",
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"abstract": "The ShenGuang-III (SG-III) laser facility was developed by the laser fusion research center (LFRC) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies in China. Over 80 diagnostics have been installed at the SG-III laser facility, including optical diagnostics, x-ray imaging diagnostics, x-ray spectrum diagnostics, fusion product diagnostics and general diagnostics assistant systems, as well as central control and data acquisition systems. Various ICF experiments have also been performed at the SG-III laser facility. The first experiment explored the laser-target coupling process, including investigations of hohlraum radiation flux and laser energy coupling efficiency. The second experiment explored ablation and implosion physics, including shell asymmetry and implosion trajectory. The third experiment explored stagnation, hotspot dynamics and the nuclear phase of the implosion.",
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"title": "Experimental progress of inertial confinement fusion based at the ShenGuang-III laser facility in China",
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"Physics",
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"abstract": "The one-dimensional theory of double ablation fronts is developed for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets. The theory is based on the subsonic ablation front approximation and includes the effects of both radiation and electron heat fluxes. It is found that the structure of the ablation front is determined by two dimensionless parameters: the Boltzmann number and the effective mean free path. The Boltzmann number represents the ratio of the convective thermal and radiation energy fluxes, while the effective mean free path is the ratio between the characteristic plasma temperature gradient conduction scale length and the radiation mean free path. The development of a double ablation front is determined based on the range of the above dimensionless parameters. Temperature and density profiles in double ablation fronts are derived from a simplified analytic model and compared with the results of numerical simulations.",
"URL": "https://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/16/8/10.1063/1.3202697",
"title": "Radiation hydrodynamic theory of double ablation fronts in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2009,
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"Physics",
"Temperature gradient",
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"Thermal conduction",
"Front (oceanography)",
"Dimensionless quantity",
"Hydrodynamic theory",
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"abstract": "This paper introduces the radiation-hydrodynamic code LARED-Integration, including its physical background, model equations, numerical algorithms and numerical results. The code is developed by Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics (IAPCM) and mainly implemented to simulate the whole process of the indirect-drive laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The code can also be used to study the direct-drive laser fusion process and the radiation-drive capsule implosion process. Compared with the experimental data and the numerical results of the 1D radiation-hydrodynamic code, the reliability of the LARED-Integration code is validated. The numerical simulation of the NIF ignition target is realized by the LARED-Integration code and this code is widely used in the physical research of ICF now.",
"URL": "http://www.hplpb.com.cn/en/article/doi/10.11884/HPLPB201527.032007",
"title": "LARED-Integration code for numerical simulation of the whole process of the indirect-drive laser inertial confinement fusion",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Code (cryptography)",
"Implosion",
"Computational mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Computer simulation",
"Laser",
"Hohlraum",
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"first_author": "Song Peng",
"scholarly_citations_count": 7,
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"abstract": "In the 9th laser system of Shenguang II inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility, tunable Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter is applied to compensate the FM-AM effect. According to the technical requirements of compensation device, a precise displacement monitor system using the capacitive displacement sensor with nanometer scale precision to stabilize the spacing of the tunable F-P filter is proposed firstly, then the basic structure and operating principle of the monitor system are analyzed. The scheme design of the driving circuit of capacitive displacement sensor, the data processing as well as the system controlling program are discussed in detail, and the precision of capacitive displacement sensor is calibrated. The experimental results show that the spacing stability of the tunable F-P filter is better than 15 nm/h and the modulation depth of the FM-AM effect is better than 4% by introducing the displacement monitor system.",
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"title": "Research of spacing stability of tunable Fabry-Perot filter in inertial confinement fusion facility",
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"Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot interferometer",
"Materials science",
"Amplitude modulation",
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"first_author": "Shuheng Shi",
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"abstract": "In direct-drive inertial confinement fusion, target offset from the target chamber center (or center of beam convergence) may lead to significant implosion asymmetry and fusion yield degradation. In addition, cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) has been shown to be a significant source of laser energy scattering and leads to a reduction in implosion velocity and yield. To improve energy coupling and implosion performance, several techniques for CBET mitigation have been proposed. Recent simulations, however, have shown that CBET also substantially mitigates the effect of target offset on implosion asymmetry and yield [Anderson et al., Phys. Plasmas 27, 112713 (2020)]. Furthermore, the inclusion of CBET models in radiation-hydrodynamics codes was shown to greatly improve agreement between simulations and experiments involving substantial target offset distances. This paper explores the intensity dependence of this CBET\u2013offset effect. In addition, it is shown that enhanced sensitivity to target offset can be expected when CBET-mitigation techniques are used in direct-drive implosions. This is shown through simulations of two such CBET-mitigation techniques on the OMEGA laser: (1) decreased beam-to-target radius, and (2) beam-to-beam frequency detuning. For the typical target offset distances (<15\u2009\u03bcm) observed in experiments on OMEGA, however, overall yield is still anticipated to be substantially higher when CBET-mitigation techniques are employed.",
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"title": "Enhanced sensitivity to target offset when using cross-beam energy transfer mitigation techniques in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions",
"year_published": 2024,
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"sentence": "\u03bcm observed in experiments on OMEGA, however, overall yield is still anticipated to be substantially higher when CBET-mitigation techniques are employed.",
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{
"abstract": "At the National Ignition Facility, high-powered laser beams are focused into a hohlraum, which in turn produces x-rays that heat and compress a small spherical target to generate fusion reactions. A critical issue in achieving this is the understanding of the mix at the ablator/fuel interface. Mixing occurs at various length scales, ranging from atomic inter-species diffusion to hydrodynamic instabilities. Because the ablator/fuel interface is preheated by energy from the incoming shock, it is important to understand the dynamics of the interface before the shock arrives. The interface is in the warm dense matter phase with a deuterium-tritium fuel mixture on one side and a plastic (H, C and O) mixture on the other. We would like to understand various aspects of the evolution of this warm dense mixture, including the state of the interface when the main shock arrives, the role of electric field generation at the interface, and the character and time scales for diffusive-like mixing. We present a molecular dynamics approach to model these processes, in which the ions are treated as classical point particles. Because we must reach extremely large length (many microns) and time scales (many picoseconds), we have also developed a simplified electronic structure model, which includes time- and space-dependent ionization levels, external heating and electron-ion energy exchange. Simulation results are presented and compared with other models and experiments.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGO8007S/abstract",
"title": "Molecular Dynamics Investigations of the Ablator/Fuel Interface during Early Stages of Inertial Confinement Fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Diffusion (business)",
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Ionization",
"National Ignition Facility",
"Warm dense matter",
"Hohlraum",
"Mechanics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Shock (mechanics)"
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{
"abstract": "The effects of process parameters(such as gel particle properties,furnace temperature,pressure and composition of furnace atmosphere) on the diameter of hollow glass microspheres(HGMs) for inertial confinement fusion(ICF) targets with dried gel method were investigated by the numerical simulation and the experiments.The results show that alkali acetates,as a blowing agent in gel particles,have a higher blowing efficiency rather than urea,and that the increase of the furnace temperature and the content of helium gas in the furnace atmosphere can increase the heating-up rate of gel particles in heat-absorbing stage and then complete the encapsulation process more effectively.The large-diameter HGMs could be produced with a higher yield.Although the decrease of the furnace atmosphere pressure could increase the HGMs' diameter,the quality of the HGMs descended quickly with furnace atmosphere pressure.The large-diameter HGMs with the size of 700\u20131000 \u03bcm and the high spherical morphology could be obtained at the volume fraction of helium gas in the furnace atmosphere ranging from 50% to 80%,the furnace atmosphere pressure ranging from 0.75\u00d7105 to 1.0\u00d7105 Pa,and the furnace atmosphere temperature ranging from 1500 to 1700\u2103.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-GXYB201004031.htm",
"title": "PREPARATION OF LARGE-DIAMETER HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES WITH DRIED GEL METHOD FOR INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION TARGETS",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Blowing agent",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Composite material",
"Materials science",
"Alkali metal",
"Glass microsphere",
"Helium gas",
"Gel method",
"Large diameter",
"Volume fraction"
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"first_author": "Chu Qiao-mei",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "Inertial confinement fusion and inertial fusion energy experiments diagnose the geometry of the fusion region through imaging of the neutrons released through fusion reactions. Pinhole arrays typically used for such imaging require thick substrates to obtain high contrast along with a small pinhole diameter to obtain high resolution capability, resulting in pinholes that have large aspect ratios. This leads to expensive pinhole arrays that have small solid angles and are difficult to align. Here, we propose a coded aperture with scatter and partial attenuation (CASPA) for fusion neutron imaging that relaxes the thick substrate requirement for good image contrast. These coded apertures are expected to scale to larger solid angles and are easier to align without sacrificing imaging resolution or throughput. We use Monte Carlo simulations (Geant4) to explore a coded aperture design to measure neutron implosion asymmetries on fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and discuss the viability of this technique, matching the current nominal resolution of 10 \u00b5m. The results show that a 10\u00a0mm thick tungsten CASPA can image NIF implosions with neutron yields above 1014 with quality comparable to unprocessed data from a current NIF neutron imaging aperture. This CASPA substrate is 20 times thinner than the current aperture arrays for fusion neutron imaging and less than one mean free-path of 14.1\u00a0MeV neutrons through the substrate. Since the resolution, solid angle, and throughput are decoupled in coded aperture imaging, the resolution and solid angle achievable with future designs will be limited primarily by manufacturing capability.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "A coded aperture with sub-mean free-path thickness for neutron implosion geometry imaging on inertial confinement fusion and inertial fusion energy experiments.",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": "NaN",
"first_author": "M P Selwood",
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{
"abstract": "Laser-produced plasma in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) Hohlraums are marked with density non-uniformity whose length scale can go down to micrometers. This scale is of the order of the laser wavelength. The WKB approximation, which is classically used in radiation-hydrodynamic codes to compute the laser trajectory, cannot correctly take into account such small-scale inhomogeneity of the plasma. Going beyond this approximation, we predict a novel mechanism for the laser reflection. We show that an electromagnetic plane wave with wave number k resonates with the kB=2\u2009k\u2009Fourier component of a multimode perturbation of the background density and generates a reflected wave. It is the first time that this reflection is considered for stationary inhomogeneous ICF plasmas, and the energy absorption is taken into account. This mechanism, which is a form of Bragg reflection, can occur away from the critical surface and generate a drift of the location of the laser absorption. Furthermore, this absorption will be periodically modulated with a kB wave number. The stationary Bragg reflection can explain ongoing discrepancies between experimental and numerical data about laser trajectory and absorption in ICF Hohlraums.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Stationary Bragg reflection of laser light in inhomogeneous absorbing plasmas inside inertial confinement fusion Hohlraums",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Hohlraum",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Laser",
"Physics",
"Plasma",
"Optics",
"Reflection (computer programming)",
"WKB approximation",
"Wavelength",
"Absorption (acoustics)",
"Bragg's law",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computer science",
"Diffraction",
"Programming language"
],
"first_author": "M. Vandenboomgaerde",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "In a laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility, an x-ray diode (XRD) detector is mainly used for precise measurement of black cavity radiation flow. The rapid rising time of the XRD detector and the intricate radiation environment of the ICF facility have posed new requirements for the bandwidth and anti-interference performance of signal digitization technologies. The standards are tough for the current recording system to meet. In this paper, based on the anti-interference of digital signals in the radiation field of the ICF facility, we have designed an XRD detector specific transient front-end signal digitizer (TFSD). The digitizer may be put together for consistent shielding in the radiation field since its size matches that of the XRD detector. The test results show that the TFSD has a higher signal input bandwidth than the existing recording method, considerably reduces the effect of pulse radiation field on signal recording, and significantly boosts the accuracy of recording and diagnosis.",
"URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/rsi/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0175460/18299232/013506_1_5.0175460.pdf",
"title": "Design of transient front-end signal digitizer for x-ray detector in laser inertial confinement fusion facility.",
"year_published": 2024,
"fields_of_study": [
"Detector",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Physics",
"Laser",
"Optics",
"SIGNAL (programming language)",
"Bandwidth (computing)",
"Radiation",
"Electromagnetic shielding",
"Computer science",
"Telecommunications",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Programming language"
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"first_author": "Qi Hu",
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"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
"entity": "signal digitization technologies"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The standards are tough for the current recording system to meet.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Safety Feature and Regulatory Standard",
"entity": "standards"
},
{
"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
"entity": "recording system"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "In this paper, based on the anti-interference of digital signals in the radiation field of the ICF facility, we have designed an XRD detector specific transient front-end signal digitizer TFSD.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "ICF facility"
},
{
"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
"entity": "XRD detector"
},
{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "TFSD"
},
{
"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "radiation"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The digitizer may be put together for consistent shielding in the radiation field since its size matches that of the XRD detector.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
"entity": "XRD detector"
},
{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "digitizer"
},
{
"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "radiation"
},
{
"category": "Safety Feature and Regulatory Standard",
"entity": "shielding"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The test results show that the TFSD has a higher signal input bandwidth than the existing recording method, considerably reduces the effect of pulse radiation field on signal recording, and significantly boosts the accuracy of recording and diagnosis.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "TFSD"
},
{
"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "radiation"
},
{
"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "signal input bandwidth"
},
{
"category": "Detection and Monitoring Systems",
"entity": "recording method"
}
]
}
]
}
]
}