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"abstract": "AbstractWithin fusion research and development, there are three main categories of fusion devices: magnetic confinement fusion, inertial confinement fusion, and magneto-inertial confinement. The focus on achieving power production has historically centered around magnetic confinement fusion, employing devices such as tokamaks, stellarators, and spheromaks. The plasma confinement in these machines relies on powerful magnetic fields generated from large, complex electromagnetic systems containing superconducting coils. Superconductivity, or the flow of current without resistance at low temperatures, allows the electromagnets to fulfill the demanding requirements of fusion devices. Analyzing the history of superconducting magnets in the application of fusion energy production provides necessary insight into the current state of the technology and allows for identification of current and future trends in research and development. Throughout its history, fusion research has experienced cyclic periods of depression followed by renewed interest. Breakthroughs in superconducting technologies have played a part in stimulating these periods of renaissance, cementing its role as an enabling technology for fusion. Future trends in research aim to address several challenges in using superconducting magnets in fusion devices, including manufacturing difficulties, irradiation and long-term availability, quench detection and protection, and finally the high cost of the materials and cryogenic cooling. The resolution of these issues is crucial for advancing fusion devices toward practical energy production.",
"URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13369-024-08720-4.pdf",
"title": "Superconductivity for Nuclear Fusion: Past, Present, and Future",
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"abstract": "The potential energy in light nuclei, which can be released by nuclear fusion reactions, was recognized early in this century as a major astrophysical energy source. However, it was not until about 1950 \u2014 the era in which the first fusion weapons were constructed and tested \u2014 that any substantial schemes for harnessing a controlled release of this energy were proposed.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/20/12/004",
"title": "RESEARCH ON CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS.",
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"abstract": "In a calculation of demonstrative type collective, laser-like behavior of low energy nuclear fusion reaction of deuterons in crystalline environment is investigated. It is found that the reported extra 4 He production can be appropriately described with a model well known in quantum electronics in which the quantized boson ( 4 He) field interacts with an ensemble of two-level systems in a crystal resonator. The estimated life times of the two levels indicate that population inversion may be achieved. Thresholds of the deuteron number of the sample and of the electric current density of the pumping electrolysis are estimated in the calculation by analyzing the gain parameter and some other characteristics of the process. An explanation for the experimentally observed threshold behavior of the electric current density is given. A loss of a special type, that is the degenerate parametric amplifier mechanism, is suggested to be responsible for the difference between the expected and observed energies of the outgoing charged particles.",
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"abstract": "Using basis sets of random-tempered Slater-type geminals, we have calculated the nuclear fusion rates for the {ital J}=0,1 bound states of the mesomolecular ions {ital xy}{mu}({ital x},{ital y}={ital p},{ital d},{ital t}).",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion, a process that has the potential to revolutionize the world's energy landscape, is the subject of extensive research due to its promise of providing a clean and safe energy source. The article outlines the essential principles of nuclear fusion and the chronology of its discovery, from early predictions to its initial realization in the first half of the 20th century. It also highlights the extreme requirements and challenges associated with fusion. Furthermore, the article introduces two natural nuclear fusion reactions: thermonuclear fusion and pycnonuclear fusion. In the final section, the focus shifts to artificial nuclear fusion, discussing the progression from the uncontrollable hydrogen bomb to efforts toward controlled atomic fusion since the mid-20th century. The article emphasizes various nuclear fusion configurations (Tokamak, Stellarator, ICF, Magnetic mirrors, and z-pinch) that have been proposed globally, detailing their features, strengths, and weaknesses.",
"URL": "https://tns.ewapublishing.org/media/e8375aa46f39402796bde05f2951dbf2.marked_RU0bZVm.pdf",
"title": "Nuclear fusion introduction and artificial fusion status",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n In this study, we have developed a mathematical approach to enhance the calculation of the probability of the WKB approximation in the semiclassical approach. This enhanced method was applied to study the total cross section of fusion reaction \u03c3fus\n , the barrier distribution of fusion Dfus\n and the probability of fusion Pfus\n for the light systems 6Li+64Zn, 13C+48Ti and 16O+46Ti. A quantum coupled-channel calculation is conducted using CC code with all order coupling to compare it with the calculations of the semiclassical method before and after improvement of the WKB probability. The improved approach used with WKB enhances the semiclassical calculations and more closer our theoretical results to the measured data to be in more agreement with the treatment of quantum mechanics which agrees with the measured data for the total reaction cross section \u03c3fus\n , the distribution of fusion barrier Dfus\n and the probability of fusion Pfus\n .",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MS&E..871a2063M/abstract",
"title": "Improved WKB Approximation for Nuclear Fusion Reactions",
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"abstract": "John Adams became interested in fusion research in 1958 at the time of the first substantial publication of theoretical and experimental investigations on the possibility of reaching the required high temperatures by using magnetic fields to confine the hot ionized gas. The present author summarises the main scientific outcome of work at Culham under John Adams: (i) an impressive agreement between theory and experiments in open-ended systems in the matter of gross MHD stability; (ii) in at least one experiment-the 8 metre theta pinch-with a dense high-temperature high-beta plasma, the loss of particles across the lines of force could be classical i.e. due to collisions and radiation only, and not due to instabilities; (iii) the starting of work on closed line magnetic traps, of which perhaps the most interesting was the work on stellarators, where the basic particle confinement in the configuration was established; and (iv) the beginnings of the further development of toroidal pinch concepts mostly based on results from the Zeta apparatus; but also the above mentioned theoretical work on the stability of the Tokamaks and the experimental results reported on Tokamaks from the Soviet Union.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PPCF...28..397P/abstract",
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"abstract": "Low-energy nuclear fusion reactions have been described using a dynamical coupled-channels density matrix method, based on the theory of open quantum systems. For the first time, this has been combined with an energy projection method, permitting the calculation of energy resolved fusion probabilities. The results are benchmarked against calculations using stationary Schr\\\"odinger dynamics and show excellent agreement. Calculations of entropy, energy dissipation and coherence were conducted, demonstrating the capability of this method. It is evident that the presence of quantum decoherence does not affect fusion probability. This framework provides a basis for quantum thermodynamic studies using thermal environments.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.02232",
"title": "Coherence dynamics in low-energy nuclear fusion",
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"sentence": "It is evident that the presence of quantum decoherence does not affect fusion probability.",
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"abstract": "The possible role of fusion as a future energy source is examined. These considerations have to link physical issues and socio-economic aspects.",
"URL": "http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2135182",
"title": "The Possible Role of Nuclear Fusion in the 21st Century",
"year_published": "NaN",
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"Nuclear fusion"
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"abstract": "A new model provides a detailed visualization of the clustering of protons and neutrons within the excited nuclear compound formed just after two nuclei collide and fuse.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.10.136",
"title": "Focus: Video\u2014Nuclear Fusion in Hi-Def",
"year_published": 2017,
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"abstract": "Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopes in both liquid and solid metallic hydrogen are calculated as a function of temperature and density. For densities of 5-25 g/cu cm and temperatures below 20 eV the rate is greatly enhanced by both electron and ion screening. Deuterium burning could contribute noticeable heating to large planets/very small stars (brown dwarfs) at temperatures of only 10-15 eV. A more complicated mechanism, which somewhat enhances the deuterium fusion rate, could provide heating in Jupiter. 36 refs.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...367..288H/abstract",
"title": "Cold nuclear fusion in dense metallic hydrogen",
"year_published": 1991,
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"abstract": "During a recent upgrade to the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory operates an experimental nuclear fusion reactor known as the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) a new center stack design was selected that required an innovative joining method to fabricate the bundled copper extrusions found in the center stack. Each of the 20-ft long copper extrusions used in the center stack was made from a quarter hard copper alloy (CDA10700) joined to lead extensions made from a high-strength copper alloy (CDA 18150). A team consisting of PPPL, Major Tool, and EWI selected Friction Stir Welding (FSW) to join these two materials together as its solid-state nature would provide a higher joint efficiency while minimizing distortion and preserving properties of the heat treatable lead extension flag.",
"URL": "https://www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.1808",
"title": "Friction Stir Welding for a Nuclear Fusion Reactor",
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"Materials science",
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"National Spherical Torus Experiment",
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"abstract": "Ignition by laser driven inertial confinement fusion was one of the most effective way to achieve nuclear fusion.Design and preparation technology of the target have always been the core technology in the study of laser driven inertial confinement fusion.In this paper,the current status of the target material was reviewed.The simulation results show that using pure B4 C hollow microspheres as the target was very conducive to the ignition experiment.At last,the fabrication of B4 C microspheres was offered in order to meet the demands of target.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GNCL201418001.htm",
"title": "Research progress in the target materials of nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fabrication",
"Ignition system",
"Nanotechnology",
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"Materials science",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Jian K",
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"abstract": "In this paper a review is presented of the main theoretical attempts to describe the phenomenology of cold fusion, whose general structure begins to clearly unravel. The main conclusion is that the approaches that are likely to be of relevance must invoke processes where the elementary components (nuclei and electrons) of condensed matter act in a coherent fashion.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST91-A29645",
"title": "Some Theories of \u201cCold\u201d Nuclear Fusion: A Review",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Physics",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Phenomenology (particle physics)"
],
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"abstract": "The interaction processes between the burning plasma and the first wall in a fusion reactor are diverse: the first wall will be exposed to extreme thermal loads of up to several tens of megawatts per square meter during quasistationary operation, combined with repeated intense thermal shocks (with energy densities of up to several megajoules per square meter and pulse durations on a millisecond time scale). In addition to these thermal loads, the wall will be subjected to bombardment by plasma ions and neutral particles (D, T, and He) and by energetic neutrons with energies up to 14 MeV. Hopefully, ITER will not only demonstrate that thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium is feasible in magnetic confinement regimes; it will also act as a first test device for plasma-facing materials (PFMs) and plasma-facing components (PFCs) under realistic synergistic loading scenarios that cover all the above-mentioned load types. In the absence of an integrated test device, material tests are being performed primarily in specialized facilities that concentrate only on the most essential material properties. New multipurpose test facilities are now available that can also focus on more complex loading scenarios and thus help to minimize the risk of an unexpected material or component failure. Thermonuclear fusion\u2014both with magnetic and with inertial confinement\u2014is making great progress, and the goal of scientific break-even will be reached soon. However, to achieve that end, significant technical problems, particularly in the field of high-temperature and radiation-resistant materials, must be solved. With ITER, the first nuclear reactor that burns a deuterium\u2013tritium plasma with a fusion power gain Q \u2265 10 will start operation in the next decade. To guarantee safe operation of this rather sophisticated fusion device, new PFMs and PFCs that are qualified to withstand the harsh environments in such a tokamak reactor have been developed and are now entering the manufacturing stage.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5090100",
"title": "Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Nuclear engineering",
"Neutron",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Environmental science",
"Nuclear reactor",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"first_author": "Jochen Linke",
"scholarly_citations_count": 142,
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{
"abstract": "Concepts of dynamic oscillations of positive and negative ions to enhance fusion reactions are examined in this paper. Collective oscillations of positive and negative ions produce large oscillating electrostatic fields and could provide a significant reduction of the Coulomb potential barrier between the two interacting species (such as hydrogen anion H\u2212 and B+ in the hydrogen-boron fusion reaction). The negative hydrogen ions can be produced by populating low-temperature electrons around the neutral hydrogen atoms in a rotation chamber. The existence of H\u2212 ensures the stability of the plasma and the effectiveness of fusion interactions between H\u2212 and B+. In this paper, theoretical analyses of such oscillations systems will be presented and the conditions for fusion enhancement are discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6182/5/1/13/pdf?version=1647517073",
"title": "Enhancement of Nuclear Fusion in Plasma Oscillation Systems",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Fusion",
"Ion",
"Plasma",
"Hydrogen",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Oscillation (cell signaling)",
"Electron",
"Coulomb",
"Cold fusion",
"Rotation (mathematics)",
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Nuclear physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Geometry",
"Mathematics",
"Philosophy",
"Linguistics",
"Biochemistry"
],
"first_author": "Alfred YiuFai Wong",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"sentence": "The existence of H ensures the stability of the plasma and the effectiveness of fusion interactions between H and B. In this paper, theoretical analyses of such oscillations systems will be presented and the conditions for fusion enhancement are discussed.",
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{
"abstract": "Small particles (dust) exist in magnetic confinement fusion devices. Their origin is due to plasma\u2013surface interactions. Dust particles may contain significant amounts of hydrogen isotopes, 50% of which will be tritium in future devices. It is important to assess and understand the processes by which dust is formed and by which it interacts with the fusion device and its plasma. Dust may be a safety hazard due to its high chemical reactivity and due to the mobile tritium inventory. Dust may influence the plasma performance and the operation of fusion devices. The radioactive decay of tritium incorporated into carbonaceous dust may lead to its charging and to the formation of a nuclear induced plasma associated with levitation and transport of dust inside the vacuum vessel. Some important aspects of dust in fusion devices will be discussed, making use of information from the area of plasma\u2013surface interactions in fusion devices and from the field of dusty plasma research.",
"URL": "https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288911",
"title": "Dust: A new challenge in nuclear fusion research?",
"year_published": 2000,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Physics",
"Fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactive decay",
"Dusty plasma",
"Hydrogen",
"Tritium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "J. Winter",
"scholarly_citations_count": 168,
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"abstract": "Most rockets combine liquid hydrogen and oxygen to throw out extremely hot, expanding gas as a propellant; however, there are limits to the efficiency of this system. Dr John Slough and his colleagues at MSNW and the University of Washington have been developing new ways to propel spacecraft, with inspiration from the process that powers the Sun: nuclear fusion. Using an innovative design, his fusion-driven rocket converts the energy output of a fusion reaction directly into the propellant, opening new opportunities for space travel and exploration.",
"URL": "NaN",
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"abstract": "I would like to express gratitude to the IAEA, the journal Nuclear Fusion and its board for this acknowledgement of work carried out at the MIT Alcator C-Mod tokamak. I must begin by making it clear that this is in no way an award to an individual. The experiments, data analysis and paper were a true collaborative effort from the C-Mod team. It is a honor to work with them and to accept the award on their behalf. I would also like to thank the US Department of Energy for their support in funding this research. The paper describes the exploration of the 'improved' confinement regime dubbed 'I-mode'. The distinguishing feature of this operational mode is a robust boundary pedestal in temperature with the somewhat surprising lack of any form of density pedestal. Thus the regime exhibits an enhanced energy confinement similar to H-mode, roughly double of L-mode at fixed input power, yet has global fuel and impurity particle transport of L-mode. These features are intriguing from a scientific and practical point of view. On the science side it is extremely useful to obtain such a clear demarcation between the energy and particle transport. For example, soon after its discovery, the I-mode was used to extract the observation that the edge T pedestal is the strongest determinant for intrinsic rotation in work by John Rice, Pat Diamond and colleagues. Recent results regarding core transport by Anne White, Nate Howard and colleagues show that I-mode has intriguing properties with respect to core response of fluctuations and profile stiffness. Mike Churchill's recent Ph. D study on C-Mod shows that I-mode exhibits no strong poloidal impurity asymmetry, unlike H-mode. The I-mode posed an interesting test for the peeling-ballooning-KBM model of the pedestal, the subject of the 2014 Nuclear Fusion award of Phil Snyder, and was examined by John Walk and Jerry Hughes showing that in fact the lack of the density pedestal pushed the I-mode far away from the P-B limit, and thus the limiting transport/stability feature of the I-mode was in a sense self-enforcing for keeping the regime free of ELMs. Also intriguing is that the I-mode exhibits global energy confinement scaling with a very weak power degradation, presumably this arises from a temperature pedestal which is not regulated by stability, it seems I-mode provides fertile ground for studying basic plasma phenomena. From a pragmatic point of view I-mode has now been obtained and studied in ASDEX-Upgrade and DIII-0D, as reported by Amanda Hubbard at this conference. There are interesting similarities to the C-Mod observations, such as a Te pedestal without a density pedestal, but also differences which are being sorted through in details of the edge fluctuations and the operational window to access I-mode. The I-mode is 'found' at power levels between L- and H, and thus suppressing the H-mode transition is a key aspect to maintaining I-mode. This is done basically by operating with the ion grad-B drift pointed away from the primary X-point. This is one of the reasons why intrinsically stationary regimes like I-mode, and others like QH-mode, are an attractive option for burning plasma scenarios without the need for ELM, if accessible and maintainable this requires no additional hardware since the pedestal self-regulates. In addition I-mode is highly attractive because of the L-mode particle confinement: the turbulence-dominated particle transport greatly eases both fuelling requirements and impurity control. Indeed I-mode is highly successful on the all high-Z wall of C-Mod. And in a burning plasma the control of the operating point is primarily through density control, thus one foresees that burn control through densification is very powerful and promising. Recent work has suggested that the power requirement to access I-mode has rather weak B dependence. This may explain why the regime has a relatively wide operating window in the high-field C-Mod and I-mode may be highly applicable to high B ITER and reactors. So while it is relatively early after this paper and the I-mode discovery, we expect continued interesting work in this area. I would also like to point out another feature of the Nuclear Fusion paper from 2010. Approximately one third of the co-authors were students at the time when the paper was written. Indeed, it is unlikely that I-mode would have been discovered without students. A student, Rachael McDermott, was seeking to slow down the confinement transition time in order to capture it with her new charge-exchange spectroscopy diagnostic. The attempt was a 'crazy idea' to use the 'unfavorable' grad-B drift with a very careful set of small power steps just below the H-mode transition. It was in such steps that the I-mode was found and then later expanded to a much wider operating window once it was realized how attractive the I-mode appeared. I believe the fusion community can take two lessons from this. First, it is vital that we continue to support the education of young scientists. Our investments in new devices are for naught if we do not have an extremely talented and trained new generation coming behind us. And to do that means we need to assure student are integrated with access to leading facilities like C-Mod where one third of the session leaders are students. Secondly, and related, small, capable and versatile fusion experiments are both highly appropriate to meet the education mission and to push forward the fusion science because of their ability to take on risk and try new ideas, and to explore unique, but relevant, parts of parameter space such as high magnet field fusion. I urge that we continue to support such facilities in the international fusion portfolio. Thank you again on behalf of the co-authors and the C-Mod team.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NucFu..55a0203W/abstract",
"title": "2013 Nuclear Fusion Prize Acceptance Speech",
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"abstract": "As a first step to exploring the possibilities of D-3He plasmas, a deuterium-tritium burning plasma experiment at high field and plasma densities, which can be much closer to the required parameter...",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15361055.2021.1921461",
"title": "Development of an Advanced-Fuel Nuclear Fusion Experiment",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion offers the potential for being a near limitless energy source by fusing together deuterium and tritium nuclei to form helium inside a plasma burning at 100 million kelvin. However, scientific and engineering challenges remain. This paper describes how such a plasma can be confined on Earth and discusses the similarities and differences with fusion in stars. It focusses on the magnetic confinement technique and, in particular, the method used in a tokamak. The confinement achieved in the equilibrium state is reviewed and it is shown how the confinement can be too good, leading to explosive instabilities at the plasma edge called Edge Localised modes (ELMs). It is shown how the impact of ELMs can be minimised by the application of magnetic perturbations and discusses the physics behind the penetration of these perturbations into what is ideally a perfect conducting plasma.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.08981",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion: Bringing a star down to Earth",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Physics",
"Thermodynamic equilibrium",
"Explosive material",
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"abstract": "An experimental study of the nuclear fusion reaction in the charge-asymmetrical d \u03bc3He complex (d \u03bc3He \u2192\u03b1 (3.5\u00a0MeV) + p\n(14.64\u00a0MeV)) is presented. The 14.64\u00a0MeV protons were detected by three pairs of Si(dE-E)\ntelescopes placed around the cryogenic target filled with D2 + 3He gas at 34\u00a0K. The 6.85\u00a0keV \u03b3\u00a0rays emitted during the de-excitation of the d \u03bc3He complex were detected by a germanium detector. The measurements were performed at two D2 + 3He target densities, \u03d5= 0.0585 \nand \u03d5= 0.168 (relative to liquid hydrogen density) with an atomic concentration\nof 3He c3He =\n0.0496.\n\nThe values of the effective rate of nuclear fusion in d\n\u03bc3He were obtained for the first time: $\\tilde{\\lambda}_{f} = (4.5^{+2.6}_{-2.0}) \\times 10^5 ~\n\\mbox{s}^{-1} (\\varphi = 0.0585)$\n ; $\\tilde{\\lambda}_{f} = (6.9^{+3.6}_{-3.0}) \\times 10^5 ~ \\mbox{s}^{-1} (\\varphi = 0.168)$\n . The J=0 nuclear fusion rate in d \u03bc3He was\nderived: $\\lambda^{J=0}_{f} = (9.7^{+5.7}_{-2.6}) \\times 10^5 ~ \\mbox{s}^{-1}\\ (\\varphi = 0.0585)$\n ; $ \\lambda^{J=0}_{f}=(12.4^{+6.5}_{-5.4}) \\times 10^5 ~ \\mbox{s}^{-1}\\ (\\varphi = 0.168)$\n .",
"URL": "https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2006-00057-7.pdf",
"title": "Study of the nuclear fusion in a muonic d\u03bc3He complex",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Positronium",
"Atomic physics",
"Lambda",
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"Helium-3",
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"Proton",
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"first_author": "V. M. Bystritsky",
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"abstract": "This letter claims that process of stimulated emission of radiation can be used to induce a fusion reaction in a HD molecule to produce Helium-3. An experimental set-up for this reaction is presented. It is proposed to study the technical potential of this reaction as an energy amplifier.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999nucl.ex...4004D/abstract",
"title": "Stimulated Emission of Radiation in a Nuclear Fusion Reaction",
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"first_author": "Michael D\u00fcren",
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"abstract": "A simple model for diffusion of a particle with initial velocity coupled to a non-Ohmic environment over a barrier is proposed. An exact expression for the passing probability of the particle over a parabolic potential barrier is obtained. It is shown that in the case of subdiffusion, more than half of the particles cannot overcome the barrier, no matter what the initial velocity is. However, in the case of superdiffusion, a minimum critical velocity needed for passing over the barrier is found, which can lead to a strong friction and make the passing probability increase with kinetic energy, but still slower than in the case of normal diffusion. Effects of quantum diffusion and zero point fluctuation are also discussed. The model is applied to solve a long-standing problem in nuclear fusion reactions, though the mechanism found in this study can have a rather broad application.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevC.67.064606",
"title": "Investigation on anomalous diffusion for nuclear fusion reactions",
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"first_author": "Jing-Dong Bao",
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"abstract": "In the hot dense interiors of stars and giant planets, nuclear fusion reactions are predicted to occur at rates that are greatly enhanced compared to those at low densities. The enhancement is caused by plasma screening of the repulsive Coulomb potential between nuclei, which increases the probability of the rare close collisions that are responsible for fusion. This screening enhancement is a small effect in the Sun, but is predicted to be much larger in dense objects such as white dwarf stars and giant planet interiors where the plasma is strongly correlated (i.e. where the Debye screening length is smaller than a mean interparticle spacing). However, strongly enhanced fusion reaction rates caused by plasma screening have never been definitively observed in the laboratory. This talk discusses a method for observing the enhancement using an analogy between nuclear energy and cyclotron energy in a cold nonneutral plasma in a strong magnetic field. In such a plasma, the cyclotron frequency is higher than other dynamical frequencies, so the kinetic energy of cyclotron motion is an adiabatic invariant. This energy is not shared with other degrees of freedom except through rare close collisions that break this invariant and couple the cyclotron motion to the other degrees of freedom. Thus, the cyclotron energy of an ion, like nuclear energy, can be considered to be an internal degree of freedom that is released only via rare close collisions. Furthermore, it has recently been shown that the rate of release of cyclotron energy is enhanced through plasma screening by precisely the same factor as that for the release of nuclear energy, because both processes rely on close collisions that are enhanced by plasma screening in the same way. Simulations and experiments measuring large plasma screening enhancements for the first time will be discussed, and the possibility of exciting and studying cyclotron burn fronts will also be considered.",
"URL": "https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP07/Event/70618",
"title": "Modeling Nuclear Fusion with an Ultracold Nonneutral Plasma",
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"Debye length",
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"abstract": "It is a great honor to receive the 2014 Nuclear Fusion Prize, here at the 25th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference. On behalf of everyone involved in this work, I would like to thank the IAEA, the Nuclear Fusion journal team, the IOP, and specifically Mitsuru Kikuchi, for their support of this important award. I would also like to acknowledge the many important contributions made by the other ten papers nominated for this prize. Our paper investigates the physics of the H-mode pedestal in tokamaks, specifically the development of a predictive understanding of the pedestal structure based on electromagnetic instabilities which constrain it, and the testing of the resulting theoretical model (EPED) against detailed observations on multiple devices. In addition to making pedestal predictions for existing devices, the paper also presents predictions for ITER, including methods for optimizing its pedestal height and fusion performance. What made this work possible, and indeed a pleasure to be involved with, was an extensive set of collaborations, including theory-experiment, multi-institutional, and international collaborations. Many of these collaborations have gone on for over a decade, and have been fostered in part by the ITPA Pedestal Group. The eight authors of this paper, from five institutions, all made important contributions. Rich Groebner, Tom Osborne and Tony Leonard carried out dedicated experiments and data analysis on the DIII-D tokamak, testing the EPED model over a very wide range of parameters. Jerry Hughes led dedicated experiments on Alcator C-Mod which tested the model at high magnetic field and pedestal pressure. Marc Beurskens carried out experiments and data analysis on the JET tokamak, testing the model at large scale. Xueqiao Xu conducted two-fluid studies of diamagnetic stabilization, which enabled a more accurate treatment of this important effect. Finally, Howard Wilson and I have been working together for many years to develop analytic formalism and numerical techniques which enable efficient quantitative study of peeling-ballooning modes. More broadly, I would like to thank the full DIII-D, C-Mod and JET teams, the LLNL and General Atomics Theory groups, and the York Plasma Institute. In addition, I would like to thank the US DOE Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, EURATOM, and the UK EPSRC for supporting this research. On a more personal note, I would like to thank my mentors over the years, including Nat Fisch, Greg Hammett, Ron Waltz, Vincent Chan, and Tony Taylor, and numerous colleagues who provided insight related to this work, including Lang Lao, Alan Turnbull, Ming Chu, Bob Miller, Rip Perkins, John Greene, Keith Burrell, John Ferron, Mickey Wade, Wayne Solomon, George McKee, Zheng Yan, Andrea Garofalo, Raffi Nazikian, Jack Connor, Jim Hastie, Chris Hegna, Samuli Saarelma, Guido Huijsmans, Alberto Loarte, Yutaka Kamada, Naoyuki Oyama, Hajime Urano, Nobuyuki Aiba, Andrew Kirk, David Dickinson, Lorne Horton, Costanza Maggi, Wolfgang Suttrop, P.A. Schneider, Rajesh Maingi, Amanda Hubbard, Ahmed Diallo, John Walk, and Matthew Leyland. Recently, the model developed in this paper has been used to discover a new regime of operation, the Super H-Mode, and to shed light on mechanisms for suppressing Edge Localized Modes. I hope that the model will continue to be useful, both as a tool for predicting and optimizing pedestal and fusion performance, and as a platform on which the fusion community continues to build our understanding of the complex physics of the edge barrier region, which plays such an important role in overall confinement and stability.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NucFu..55a0204S/abstract",
"title": "2014 Nuclear Fusion Prize Acceptance Speech",
"year_published": 2015,
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"abstract": "This paper reports on detailed calculations of the thermal evolution of the carbon-burning shells in the envelopes of accreting neutron stars for mass-accretion rates of 1 hundred-billionth to 2 billionths of a solar mass per yr and neutron-star masses of 0.56 and 1.41 solar masses. The work of Hansen and Van Horn (1975) is extended to higher densities, and a more detailed treatment of nuclear processing in the hydrogen- and helium-burning regions is included. Results of steady-state calculations are presented, and results of time-dependent computations are examined for accretion rates of 3 ten-billionths and 1 billionth of solar mass per yr. It is found that two evolutionary sequences lead to carbon flashes and that the carbon abundance at the base of the helium shell is a strong function of accretion rate. Upper limits are placed on the accretion rates at which carbon flashes will be important.",
"URL": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780063466",
"title": "Nuclear fusion and carbon flashes on neutron stars.",
"year_published": 1978,
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"title": "Membrane Processes for the Nuclear Fusion Fuel Cycle",
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"Materials science",
"Liquid metal",
"Membrane",
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"Hydrogen",
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"abstract": "Liquid metals pressurized to a few megabars and consisting of light nuclear species such as D-H and Li-H can sustain considerable reaction rates due to electron screening and by the strong internuclear screening potentials when the temperature is raised above the onset of fluidity in hydrogen. The nuclear fusion rates may reach a power production level on the order of kW/cm 3 at a temperature and a mass density of 600 K (550 K) and 3.9 g/cm 3 (6.8 g/cm 3 ) for D-H (Li-H). The detection of such a nuclear reaction at a density near 2-4 g/cm 3 will make a first laboratory demonstration for the reaction processes in supernova.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001969155",
"title": "Cold Nuclear Fusion in Pressurized Liquid Metals",
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"abstract": "Despite research carried out around the world since the 1950s, no industrial application of fusion to energy production has yet succeeded, apart from nuclear weapons with the H-bomb, since this application does not aims at containing and controlling the reaction produced. There are, however, some other less mediated uses, such as neutron generators. The fusion of light nuclei releases enormous amounts of energy from the attraction between the nucleons due to the strong interaction (nuclear binding energy). Fusion it is with nuclear fission one of the two main types of nuclear reactions applied. The mass of the new atom obtained by the fusion is less than the sum of the masses of the two light atoms. In the process of fusion, part of the mass is transformed into energy in its simplest form: Heat. This loss is explained by the Einstein known formula E = mc2. Unlike nuclear fission, the fusion products themselves (mainly helium 4) are not radioactive, but when the reaction is used to emit fast neutrons, they can transform the nuclei that capture them into isotopes that some of them can be radioactive. In order to be able to start and to be maintained with the success the nuclear fusion reactions, it is first necessary to know all this reactions very well. This means that it is necessary to know both the main reactions that may take place in a nuclear reactor and their sense and effects. The main aim is to choose and coupling the most convenient reactions, forcing by technical means for their production in the reactor. Taking into account that there are a multitude of possible variants, it is necessary to consider in advance the solutions that we consider them optimal. The paper takes into account both variants of nuclear fusion and cold and hot. For each variant will be mentioned the minimum necessary specifications.",
"URL": "https://thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajeassp.2017.703.708",
"title": "Some Proposed Solutions to Achieve Nuclear Fusion",
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"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Nuclear fission",
"Nuclear power",
"Nuclear reactor",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "A new physical object called the E-cell can be used as an appropriate catalyst to facilitate nuclear fusion reactions in solids. The E-cell is a radiation defect in a crystalline lattice of A[sub x]H[sub y] hydride [ordering number Z and mass number N of element of must be equal to one of the following pairs: (2,3), (3,6), (4,7), or (5,10)] formed by the capture of a thermal neutron in a crystal. Two features of hydrogen nuclear dynamics are of interest: (1) suppression of the Coulomb barrier between hydrogen nuclei due to many-body screening effects. (2) sufficient acceleration of hydrogen nuclei up to a few hundred electron-volts. Experimental research in this area may lead to the creation of equipment for the effective enhancement of the fusion rate to values that are of practical interest. 44 refs., 14 figs., 8 tabs.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6751425-nuclear-fusion-crystal-hydrides-light-elements",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion in Crystal Hydrides of Light Elements",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Cold fusion",
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"Neutron temperature",
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"abstract": "In this paper, taking nuclear fusion reactor as a research object, one novel design method guided by parametric component design and variational assembly logic relation is presented. The parametric design relates to such components as center conductor post, PF coil, TF coil, divertor cassette, blanket, shielding and vacuum pumping. The solid modeling technology is used for all design objects, which will give the users a 3-D visualization. The design system introduced in the paper shows a new design means for agile design of nuclear fusion reactor and will promote the design to a desper stage.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HJSU200008004.htm",
"title": "A novel design method for nuclear fusion reactor",
"year_published": 2000,
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"abstract": "This paper reports on a review of the empirical evidence about lay perceptions of nuclear fusion. It does so in the light of the wider social science literature on public perception of new technologies and their risks, especially technologies which, like fusion, have large research and development programmes. Our findings point to multiple distinct modes by which lay publics, in specific circumstances, come to understand fusion. Whilst broadly in line with the well-established critique of the deficit thinking, our findings point to the need for further investigations into the capacity of technical and material aspects of fusion and other technologies to engender specific patterns of understanding. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research, and for the efficacy of future attempts by the fusion community to communicate and engage with lay publics.",
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"abstract": "The history of nuclear fusion research in Korea is rather short compared to that of advanced countries. However, since the mid-1990s, at which time the construction of KSTAR was about to commence, fusion research in Korea has been actively carried out in a wide range of areas, from basic plasma physics to fusion reactor design. The flourishing of fusion research partly owes to the fact that industrial technologies in Korea including those related to the nuclear field have been fully matured, with their quality being highly ranked in the world. Successive pivotal programs such as KSTAR and ITER have provided diverse opportunities to address new scientific and technological problems in fusion as well as to draw young researchers into related fields. The frame of the Korean nuclear fusion program is now changing from a small laboratory scale to a large national agenda. Coordinated strategies from different views and a holistic approach are necessary in order to achieve optimal efficiency and effectiveness. Upon this background, the present paper reflects upon the road taken to arrive at this point and looks ahead at the coming future in nuclear fusion research activities in Korea.",
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"abstract": "Friction coefficients for the fusion reaction 16O+16O \u2192 32S are extracted based on both the time-dependent Hartree-Fock and the time-dependent density matrix methods. The latter goes beyond the mean-field approximation by taking into account the effect of two-body correlations, but in practical simulations of fusion reactions we find that the total energy is not conserved. We analyze this problem and propose a solution that allows for a clear quantification of dissipative effects in the dynamics. Compared to mean-field simulations, friction coefficients in the density-matrix approach are enhanced by about 20 %. An energy-dependence of the dissipative mechanism is also demonstrated, indicating that two-body collisions are more efficient at generating friction at low incident energies.",
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"abstract": "Abstract A new scheme for a compact neutron source is proposed. Neutron generation effiency is achieved by using deuterated aerogels as a laser target. The deuterated aerogel irradiated by the short laser pulse at intensities \u223c 1018 W cm\u22122, may produce the high intensity monoenergenic neutron source. In the case of using aerogels as a target, the neutron yield may be higher than in a D2-cluster beam. Increasing the laser intensity from 1017 to 1018 W cm\u22122 does not increase the neutron yield at the irradiation of D2-clusters. In contrast it is anticipated that increasing the laser intensity in the same range as the irradiation of deuterated aerogels will increase neutron yield significantly. A rather interesting property of the proposed system, a very short duration neutron pulse from a small spatial region, is described.",
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"abstract": "A t its heart, the idea of sustained nuclear fusion is centred around the principles first described by Einstein in his most famous equation, E=mc 2 .According to this relationship, if the product of a nuclear reaction has a lower mass than the reactants, energy will be released in the process.Due to forces which act to drive atomic nuclei apart, these reactions require colossal amounts of energy to initiate -but in theory, once they have started, the energy released is more than enough to trigger further reactions, allowing the process to sustain itself.Deuterium-tritium fusion.",
"URL": "https://researchoutreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Ralf-W.-Engels.pdf",
"title": "Polarized fuel A new option for sustained nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "ather soon after nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 \u2013 when its peaceful application as a terrestrial energy resource became recognized \u2013 a world-wide dynamic development was set in motion after World War II for its exploitation, with the result that the principal objectives of fission technology were achieved astoundingly quickly. A characteristic feature of this process was the first Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva in 1955, where information on such fission technology became declassified and was exchanged on a world-wide scale. Another feature of this development, in 1957, was the foundation of the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA with their headquarters in Vienna, which from its very beginning also became a strong supporter of fusion R&D. Stimulated by these early successes and their spirit of optimism, first concepts for the peaceful use of fusion energy likewise emerged well over fifty years ago, though also classified in their early stages (but fully declassified in 1957 when it became clear that they had no military implications). While at that time some countries already had fusion weapons technology (the hydrogen bomb), the move towards the peaceful use of fusion energy with their huge fuel resources and promising features appeared very attractive and challenging, though extremely difficult and protracted. Two statements from that period make this particularly clear and typify the tension recognized early on between high expectations and the most intractable physical and technical difficulties. The first is from H. J. Bhabha in his opening speech to the first Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva in 1955: \u201cI venture to predict that a method will be found for liberating fusion energy in a controlled manner within the next two decades.\u201dConversely, in the first general article on the fusion issue published 1956 by a scientist from the USA, R.F. Post wrote: \u201cHowever, the technical problems to be solved seem great indeed.When made aware of these, some physicists would not hesitate to pronounce the problem impossible of solution\u201d. Despite the latter statement, but well aware of it, a worldwide R&D campaign was initiated with the aim of exploring and developing possible concepts which eventually might lead to a machine (reactor) delivering useful energy from controlled fusion processes. Results from these early years of fusion R&D were reported, among others, at the second Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva in 1958. In retrospect it is surprising \u2013 and this has to be acknowledged \u2013 that the basics of those concepts, which nowadays are considered to be the most successful and promising, had already been published at that time, albeit of course without all the plasma physics knowledge, techniques and insights needed for test and proper scale demonstration. The aim of controlled fusion is presently to build a reactor in which the fusion reaction is the least difficult one to accomplish on earth: 1D+1T\u21922He(3.6MeV )+ 0n(14MeV ) in a plasma at a temperature of ~ 150 million K. Initially, however, due to their attractive features concerning neutrons and fuel breeding, the D+D, and over some period even theD+He reactions were considered.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ENews..39b..21V/abstract",
"title": "50 years of controlled nuclear fusion in the European Union",
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"abstract": "High-power Continuous Wave Radio-Frequency (RF) systems in the megawatt range of power are commonly used in nuclear fusion experiments. Such kinds of RF systems being rather rare, master students do not know how these systems are done in practice, even students engaged in nuclear fusion courses. This is the reason why, as part of the French and European masters in fusion physics and technologies, dedicated practical work on topics related to plasma RF heating are proposed to students. During few days, these students discover how to perform RF measurements and succeed in characterizing real-scale components used in plasma RF heating experiments. This paper details four hands-on which have been conducted for eight years with few tens of students having no prior knowledge in RF engineering.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6404/ab56df/pdf",
"title": "Radio-frequency hands-on for nuclear fusion Master\u2019s students",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Electrical engineering",
"Physics",
"Radio-frequency engineering",
"Plasma heating",
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"first_author": "Julien Hillairet",
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"abstract": "Abstract Viewpoint articles seem to have no abstract.
If I should write an abstract, please let me know.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Cuprate superconductors for nuclear fusion: shining light on imperfections",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "Summary\n Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generations, but it also presents so far insurmountable engineering challenges. The fundamental challenge is to achieve a rate of heat emitted by a fusion plasma that exceeds the rate of energy injected into the plasma. The main hope is centered on tokamak reactors and stellarators which confine deuterium-tritium plasma magnetically.",
"URL": "https://www.exeley.com/international_journal_advanced_network_monitoring_controls/doi/10.21307/ijanmc-2019-064",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Power \u2013 An Overview of History, Present and Future",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Systems engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Computer science"
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"first_author": "Stewart C. Prager",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "Design criteria are given of a shaped projectile for implosion by hypervelocity impact using black body radiation. The cavity inside the projectile should be covered by a sufficiently thin film made of high atomic weight material.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003930194",
"title": "A Shaped Projectile for Hypervelocity Impact as a Driver of Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 1986,
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion energy emerges as one of the main alternatives in the medium and long term, capable of complementing the variable contribution of renewable energies. This paper will discuss its status and the main challenges it faces for its development, as well as the main elements and alternatives that will make up future fusion reactors. The international ITER project is critical to verify the integrity of all this technology. It sets out a series of milestones that will represent an intermediate step towards becoming a major contribution to the energy system, demonstrating the technological feasibility of each of its components.\nKey words: nuclear fusion, energy, reactor, ITER\n",
"URL": "https://www.revistadyna.com/Reports/ArticulosMasDescargados.aspx",
"title": "NUCLEAR FUSION. CURRENT SITUATION AND MAIN CHALLENGES IT FACES",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "AbstractNuclear fusion of integer spin nuclei confined in an isotropic ion trap is investigated. Solutions of the ground state for charged bosons trapped in the isotropic harmonic oscillator potential are calculated using the equivalent linear two-body method for many-body problems, which is based on an approximate reduction of the many-body Schrodinger equation by the use of a variational principle. Using the ground-state wave function, theoretical estimates of probabilities and rates for nuclear fusion for Bose nuclei confined in ion traps are obtained. Numerical estimates for fusion rates are presented for the case of deuteron-deuteron fusion.",
"URL": "https://ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_131",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion for Bose Nuclei Confined in Ion Traps",
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"Atomic physics",
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"first_author": "Yeong E. Kim",
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"abstract": "We consider several nuclear fusion reactions that take place at the center of the sun, which are omitted in the standard pp-chain model. More specifically the reaction rates of the nonradiative production of ^3He, ^7Be, and ^8B nuclei in triple collisions involving electrons are estimated within the framework of the adiabatic approximation. These rates are compared with those of the corresponding binary fusion reactions.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9709018v1",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion via Triple Collisions in Solar Plasma",
"year_published": 1998,
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"Adiabatic theorem",
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"abstract": "After introducing topics in each fabrication process, the state-of-the-art of mechanical properties of SiC, Si3 N4 and sialon are illustrated. Fabrication in a clean environment could make variance of such properties decreased. For first wall material, SiC and TiC are picked up. SiC has been widely studied and has a supreme irradiation resistance. TiC shows rather metallic behavior in mechanical property and thermal conductivity, which may give advantages for the first wall, although there are few irradiation data on TiC. For electric insulator, BeO, Al2O3, MgAl2O4, Si3N4, AlN and AlON can be the candidates.",
"URL": "http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.Journalarchive/jspf1958/62.175?from=CrossRef",
"title": "Development in engineering ceramics and its application to nuclear fusion.",
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"abstract": " Nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun and stars, could be a viable commercial power source within 40 years. The Joint European Torus, the world\u2019s leading fusion facility in the UK, has produced 16 MW of fusion power. Fusion produces relatively very little waste, is intrinsically safe and has essentially limitless supplies of fuel. There has been substantial progress in recent decades, although significant challenges remain. This paper summarises the basics of nuclear fusion, describes the present state of technology development and outlines the remaining steps needed to develop fusion power as a commercial reality. ",
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"abstract": "Vacuum problems in CTR involve a number of new aspects which make them different and often more difficult and complex than in any other fields of application. The first important aspect is the existence of the plasma itself which is at the same time a large source of neutral gas and a powerful internal pump. Interaction between neutral gas and plasma is very different whether the plasma is transparent or opaque to neutral atoms or molecules. The second important aspect is the influence of the walls on plasma pollution by high Z atom induced emission. These two phenomenons play an important role in the energy balance of both laboratory plasmas and future thermonuclear reactors. Concerning the vacuum system of thermonuclear reactor, the enormous size of the vessel and pumping speed requested and some safety problems inherent to tritium handling and neutron activation must be specially mentioned. Several solutions have been proposed and partially tested in present experiments:choice of the material of the wall, baking and surface processing, pumping and auxiliary equipments, magnetic divertor and protective layer of cold plasma. Examples of typical cases will be presented and discussed.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JJAPS..13..225P/abstract",
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"abstract": "In 2009, in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, National Ignition Facility (NIF) \u2013 the largest thermonuclear fusion device ever made was launched. Its main part is a multi-beam laser whose energy in nanosecond pulse exceeds 1MJ (10 J). Its task is to compress DT fuel to the density over a few thousand times higher than that of solid-state DT and heat it to 100 millions of K degrees. In this case, the process of fuel compression and heating is realized in an indirect way \u2013 laser radiation (in UV range) is converted in the so-called hohlraum (1 cm cylinder with a spherical DT pellet inside) into very intense soft X radiation symmetrically illuminating DT pellet. For the first time ever, the fusion device\u2019s energetic parameters are sufficient for the achieving the ignition and self-sustained burn of thermonuclear fuel on a scale allowing for the generation of energy far bigger than that delivered to the fuel. The main purpose of the current experimental campaign on NIF is bringing about, within the next two-three years, a controlled thermonuclear \u2018big bang\u2019 in which the fusion energy will exceed the energy delivered by the laser at least ten times. The expected \u2018big bang\u2019 would be the culmination of fifty years of international efforts aiming at demonstrating both physical and technical feasibility of generating, in a controlled way, the energy from nuclear fusion in inertial confined plasma and would pave the way for practical realization of the laser-driven thermonuclear reactor. This paper briefly reviews the basic current concepts of laser fusion and main problems and challenges facing the research community dealing with this field. In particular, the conventional, central hot spot ignition approach to laser fusion is discussed together with the more recent ones \u2013 fast ignition, shock ignition and impact ignition fusion. The research projects directed towards building an experimental laser-driven thermonuclear reactor are presented as well.",
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"title": "Laser nuclear fusion: current status, challenges and prospect",
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"abstract": "Forty scientists and technicians from around the world are moving to the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching, West Germany. Their mission is to draw up a design concept for a thermonuclear fusion reactor by December 1990. This article discusses the project and how it came about. The concept of using nuclear fusion, as distinct from fission, to generate energy began to take shape more than 30 years ago. It centers on the idea of fusing the nuclei of two light atoms, such as deuterium and tritium. The energy released would be converted to heat, which, in turn, would make steam to drive electricity generators.",
"URL": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v066n021.p018",
"title": "International effort to design nuclear fusion reactor launched",
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"abstract": "The conditions for the operation of a tokamak fusion reactor are studied considering a fiducial operating state and analyze variations about this state. We use a volume averaged 0-D two-temperature model and consider the case of a fusion thermonuclear reactor of the ITER type which will operate with a burning plasma at an energy gain factor of Q=10. The possible operation states are represented in POPCON plots of density n versus electron temperature Te by varying parameters such as the fusion power, the energy gain and the auxiliary heating power, but keeping the ratio (Te \u2013 Ti)/Te fixed, in order to determine the optimal operation point. Then, the thermonuclear instability of the burning plasma around this point is studied with a linear analysis. It is found that this instability cannot be excited, due to the fact that the plasma is far from ignition.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.511a2043M/abstract",
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"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-4527/20/2/26",
"title": "A magnetic confinement nuclear fusion mechanism for solar flares",
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"Magnetic energy",
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"abstract": "Nuclear products which were caused by the D + D nuclear fusion reaction were searched in electrolytic cells and in gas phase of Pd + D systems. Measurements of nuclear products were made for gamma-ray, neutron, tritium and helium. To detect neutron, liquid scintillation and 3 He counters were used. For gamma-ray measurement, a NaI detector was used. For tritium concentration measurement in gas phase, a gas proportional chamber was fabricated and operated in low background level. The signals of those detectors were fed to Pulse Height Analyzer and recorded as energy spectra which were carefully compared with background spectra. A different type of neutron hunting was also tried in the instants of pressurizing and depressurizing the deuterium gas in crystal. A large size crystal of tungsten bronze was prepared for the experiment.",
"URL": "https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130003920876",
"title": "Search for Nuclear Products of The D+D Nuclear Fusion",
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"abstract": "Is it really nuclear fusion, or something else? That question was on the minds of many scientists last week, following the stunning announcement by two electrochemists that they had achieved sustained nuclear fusion at ambient temperatures inside an electrolytic cell. Most scientists greeted the news with a healthy skepticism, not to mention disapproval that the findings had been released to the press well before formal publication. Nevertheless, numerous groups set out to repeat the experiment, despite the lack of crucial details as to how the experiment had been conducted. At press time, rumors of a confirmation were circulating, but these could not be verified. The frenzy began on March 23 when electrochemistry professor Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton, U.K., and B. Stanley Pons, chairman of the chemistry department at the University of Utah, described their experiment in general terms at a press conference in Salt Lake City. In essence, they had passed an ...",
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"abstract": "High power laser improvements, high quality aspheric lenses, and sharp focusing\n\t\t\t\t\ton a solid deuterium target enable us to get numerous nuclear fusion reactions\n\t\t\t\t\tinside the deuterium plasma. Since Maiman successfully built the first light\n\t\t\t\t\tamplifier in 1960 [ Nature187, 493 (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t1960)] and Terhune performed air\n\t\t\t\t\tbreakdown experiments in 1962 [ \u201c Optical Third Harmonic\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGeneration,\u201d Comptes rendus de la\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3eme Conference Internationale d\u2019Electronique\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuantique, Paris, 11\u201315 fevrier 1963,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrivetP.BloembergenN., Eds. ( Dunod,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParis, 1964), pp.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1559\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1576], the laser has been thought of as\n\t\t\t\t\ta valuable energy source for fusion devices. Now a kind of race has started\n\t\t\t\t\ttoward high temperature plasmas created by powerful lasers. However, the peak\n\t\t\t\t\tpower of solid state laser is limited by glass damage, pump efficiences, and\n\t\t\t\t\tunwanted effects such as superradiance. So it is necessary to improve all the\n\t\t\t\t\toptical properties of the laser and the focusing of the lens on the target. In\n\t\t\t\t\tthis paper, requirements for fusion implying a very high flux will be stated.\n\t\t\t\t\tSuccessive optical designs will be described together with measurement methods,\n\t\t\t\t\tand the contribution of optical improvements to the occurrence of nuclear fusion\n\t\t\t\t\treaction in deuterium targets will be evaluated.",
"URL": "https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-10-7-1609",
"title": "Optical design of a laser system for nuclear fusion research.",
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"abstract": "The paper considers the possibility of generating energy in a hybrid fission and fusion reactor in which deuterium is used as the thermonuclear fuel. It studies the energy balance of a plasma for the case of injection and non-injection of a beam of high-energy deuterons (hundreds of keV). The authors determine the conditions under which the requirements in respect of the plasma parameters are least rigorous. They show that the D-D nuclear fusion reaction can be used in a hybrid reactor with a deeply subcritical blanket.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976NucFu..16...97K/abstract",
"title": "THE D-D NUCLEAR FUSION REACTION IN A HYBRID REACTOR",
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"abstract": "The modern progresses of advanced technology incompletely be decided by advancement of technique and science, but by exterior terms, including the politics, the military and the economy with prominent function, particularly in the very beginning stage, usually political and military consideration is a dominated factor. Nuclear weapon is a typical practice, leading to establishment of China Nuclear Industry. After success of hydrogen bomb, scientists turned to face controlled nuclear fusion connected to military and be placed in the top-secret. The magnetic confinement nuclear fusion study in China was different from abroad, since 1958, under the background of atom energy peaceful application, started with Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences at the same time at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. Under the slogan \u201cAll the people do the atomic\", expands down to several provinces. Through rise and fall, among them, several withdrawn by adjustment, and the some unit join, gradually become to the present scale during 1970s. The regulation of spontaneous development of science and technology pays an important function, but the influence of exterior terms is not to be neglected. With consideration of the Chinese status of the nation and fully estimate possible variety of exterior terms in coming several 10-year from now, we have to pay the close attention on the trend of international and important technology, such as magnetic confinement nuclear fusion development, and can't compare the device scale with foreign country, and keep firmly in mind that creative is the race's soul, and obtain the international position with the Chinese special features.",
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"abstract": "Heavy-ion fusion is a major research area, and practical approaches to describe the evolution of the nucleon movement across the barrier between the two nuclei are highly relevant for elucidating the essential dynamics of the fusion process. When two nuclei approach each other to distances where the nuclear force becomes active, neutrons and protons could move from one nucleus to the other. This movement could open and facilitate the pathway to fusion. The authors employ a microscopic many-body approach based on the density-constrained time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations to study the impact of isospin (i.e., proton versus neutron) dynamics on low-energy nuclear fusion along an isotope chain and its dependence on the deformation of the colliding nuclei. In asymmetric systems, iso-vector dynamics plays a significant role. Its typical effect is a reduction in the potential barrier, which turns into enhancement for neutron-rich systems. These effects could be studied at facilities that provide beams of exotic, unstable nuclei.",
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"abstract": "Ouyed et al. (1998) proposed Deuterium (DD) fusion at the core-mantle interface of giant planets as a mechanism to explain their observed heat excess. But rather high interior temperatures (~10^5 K) and a stratified D layer are needed, making such a scenario unlikely. In this paper, we re-examine DD fusion, with the addition of screening effects pertinent to a deuterated core containing ice and some heavy elements. This alleviates the extreme temperature constraint and removes the requirement of a stratified D layer. As an application, we propose that, if their core temperatures are a few times 10^4 K and core composition is chemically inhomogeneous, the observed inflated size of some giant exoplanets (\"hot Jupiters\") may be linked to screened DD fusion occurring deep in the interior. Application of an analytic evolution model suggests that the amount of inflation from this effect can be important if there is sufficient rock-ice in the core, making DD fusion an effective extra internal energy source for radius inflation. The mechanism of screened DD fusion, operating in the above temperature range, is generally consistent with the trend in radius anomaly with planetary equilibrium temperature $T_{\\rm eq}$, and also depends on planetary mass. Although we do not consider the effect of incident stellar flux, we expect that a minimum level of irradiation is necessary to trigger core erosion and subsequent DD fusion inside the planet. Since DD fusion is quite sensitive to the screening potential inferred from laboratory experiments, observations of inflated hot Jupiters may help constrain screening effects in the cores of giant planets.",
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"abstract": " Nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun and stars, could be a viable commercial power source within 40 years. The Joint European Torus, the world's leading fusion facility in the UK, has produced 16 MW of fusion power. Fusion produces relatively very little waste, is intrinsically safe and has essentially limitless supplies of fuel. There has been substantial progress in recent decades, although significant challenges remain. This paper summarises the basics of nuclear fusion, describes the present state of technology development and outlines the remaining steps needed to develop fusion power as a commercial reality. ",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Nuclear fusion power: a bright long-term future",
"year_published": 2005,
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"abstract": "This paper discuses the electron screening effect and the excitation of deuteron harmonic oscillators in a palladium lattice, possible explanations of cold fusion phenomena and the possibility of nuclear heating. A narrow window is proposed to reach the {approximately}10 W/cm{sup 3} required nuclear heating for three-body fusion by a hypothetical excitation-screening model. A relatively wide window is feasible to reach a few fusion events per second per cubic centimetre under the non-stationary conditions of deuteron charging and discharging. Cold fusion is not feasible under stationary lattice conditions.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5002634-windows-cold-nuclear-fusion-pulsed-electrolysis-experiments",
"title": "Windows of cold nuclear fusion and pulsed electrolysis experiments",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Fusion",
"Particle detector",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Helium-3",
"Cubic centimetre",
"Direct energy conversion",
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"first_author": "Akito Takahashi",
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"abstract": "Multielectron ionization and Coulomb explosion of methane clusters (CA4)n, A = H, D, and T, in very intense (I = 1018\u22121019 W cm-2) laser fields were studied using classical dynamics simulations. The products of Coulomb explosion involve light A+ ions (p, d, and t nuclei) with energies up to 20 keV, C4+ ions at I = 1018 W cm-2, and C6+ ions (carbon nuclei) with energies up to 110 keV at I = 1019 W cm-2. Important advantages of nuclear fusion driven by Coulomb explosion of methane (C4+A4+)n and (C6+A4+)n heteronuclear clusters pertain to energetic effects, with the heavy multielectron ions driving the light H+, D+, or T+ ions (d or t nuclei) to considerably higher energies than for homonuclear deuterium clusters of the same size, and to kinematic effects, which result in a sharp high-energy maximum in the light-ion spectrum for the (C4+A4+)n and(C6 A4+)n clusters. We studied the energetics of Coulomb explosion in conjunction with isotope effects on the product A+ and Ck+ ions energies and established the cl...",
"URL": "http://www.tau.ac.il/~jortner/Publications/Pub601-/671.pdf",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Driven by Coulomb Explosion of Methane Clusters",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
"Ion",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Ionization",
"Homonuclear molecule",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coulomb explosion",
"Kinetic isotope effect",
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"first_author": "Joshua Jortner",
"scholarly_citations_count": 67,
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Fusion energy is a promising, safe, and reliable green energy solution to the increasing energy demand. However, there are several materials challenges that need to be overcome to increase the technical readiness to a level that enables a fusion pilot plant on the grid. This focus issue aims to identify and address a set of such key impediments for realizing deuterium-tritium (D\u2013T) fusion power in a tokamak reactor and highlight the most recent progress on those research frontiers. The main emphasis of this collection is on materials development challenges resulting from helium irradiation, neutron-induced degradation, thermomechanical loading, and the corrosive environment faced by the divertor and first-wall materials, commonly known as plasma-facing components, and blanket systems for tokamak fusion reactors.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Focus on plasma-facing materials in nuclear fusion reactors",
"year_published": 2024,
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"first_author": "Dwaipayan Dasgupta",
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{
"abstract": "AbstractPlasma physics research for fusion still presents open problems that need a large computing capacity to be solved. Different modelling tools can be used to carry out simulations that will lead to saving costs in the development of fusion devices. The use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to look for approximate configurations offers a great approach for optimization processes, and avoids the use of brute force algorithms. However, since these applications require a high computational cost to perform their operations, the use of the grid arises as an ideal environment to carry out these tests. The distributed paradigm of the grid, as well as the number of computational resources, represents an excellent alternative to execute these tools. In this work we join these three ideas and present promising results. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Grid\u2010based metaheuristics to improve a nuclear fusion device",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": "NaN",
"first_author": "Antonio G\u00f3mez\u2010Iglesias",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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{
"abstract": "Abstract The role of redundancy on control and data acquisition systems has gained a significant importance in the case of Nuclear Fusion, as demanding security and high-availability requirements call for redundancy to be available. IPFN's control and data acquisition system hardware is based on an Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) set of I/O (DAC/ADC endpoints) and data/timing switch modules, which handle data and timing from all I/O endpoints. Modules communicate through Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe), established over the ATCA backplane and controlled by one or more external hosts. The developed hardware modules were designed to take advantage of ATCA specification's redundancy features, namely at the hardware management level, including support of: (i) multiple host operation with N\u00a0+\u00a01 redundancy \u2013 in which a designated failover host takes over data previously assigned to a suddenly malfunctioning host and (ii) N\u00a0+\u00a01 redundancy of I/O and data/timing switch modules. This paper briefly describes IPFN's control and data acquisition system, which is being developed for ITER fast plant system controller (FPSC), and analyses the hardware implementation of its supported redundancy features.",
"URL": "https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/80033/1/1-s2.0-S0920379613000860-main.pdf",
"title": "N + 1 redundancy on ATCA instrumentation for Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Failover",
"Backplane",
"Embedded system",
"Redundancy (engineering)",
"Data acquisition",
"N+1 redundancy",
"Computer science",
"PCI Express",
"Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Miguel Correia",
"scholarly_citations_count": 6,
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{
"abstract": "In the teaching process of \" nuclear fusion plasmas physics \", the author summarizes the teaching process of the course, definitude the importance of students with the opportunity to participate in the curriculum construction, and provide guidance and reference for the creation and improvement of similar courses.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HELJ201510027.htm",
"title": "Teaching Reform and Application of the \"Nuclear Fusion Plasmas Physics\"",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Engineering",
"Active learning",
"Guided learning",
"Process (engineering)",
"Simulation",
"Curriculum",
"Engineering ethics",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "LI Zhong-y",
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{
"abstract": "Estimates of energy supply versus consumption indicate the middle of this century as the critical point when world energy supply will no longer keep pace with the demand. The demand grows inexorably because of both the world population growth as well as the growth of average per capita energy consumption. Technological and economic progress are closely correlated with per capita energy consumption. Hence the inadequacy of energy supplies will limit the progress of human civilization, stifling its soaring spirit. Conservationism, making incremental improvements in this situation, is completely inadequate. What is needed is a giant step\u2014the development of a new, limitless, clean source of energy\u2014nuclear fusion energy. Nuclear fusion technology, when perfected to fusion-burn only deuterium, will have a fuel supply lasting millions of year, even with continuing energy consumption growth as in the past. Intensive efforts in five decades of Tokamak research has advanced the fusion product up by 107 times, to the point when breakeven is only a step away. The next step necessarily involves international collaboration on an unprecedented scale in ITER\u2014the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, on which work has started in Cadarache France. ITER and later Demo are envisioned to bring online the first commercial nuclear fusion energy reactor by 2050. Using this as the starting point and the history of the uptake of nuclear fission reactors as a guide, a scenario is described here which depicts a not unreasonable rapid take up of nuclear fusion energy starting after the middle of this century. Just into the next century fusion energy should be able to take up the slack and allow Mankind to continue its progress and growth. Because the development of fusion energy is such a complex technological task it is probable that there will be several decades when the constraints of energy shortage will be severely felt as shown by the flattening of the energy consumption from around 2040 to 2100. Such a period of stagnation seems unavoidable even with the envisaged development and rapid adoption of fusion energy. On the other hand without nuclear fusion energy the scenario depicts a severe downturn unavoidably in the fortunes of Mankind with world population shrinking below 5 billion and eventually even lower.",
"URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10894-011-9390-7",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Energy\u2014Mankind\u2019s Giant Step Forward",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Per capita",
"Economics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Fusion power",
"Energy supply",
"Energy consumption",
"World energy consumption",
"Market economy",
"World population",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Sing Lee",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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"sentence": "What is needed is a giant stepthe development of a new, limitless, clean source of energynuclear fusion energy.",
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"sentence": "The next step necessarily involves international collaboration on an unprecedented scale in ITERthe International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, on which work has started in Cadarache France.",
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"sentence": "ITER and later Demo are envisioned to bring online the first commercial nuclear fusion energy reactor by 2050.",
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"sentence": "Using this as the starting point and the history of the uptake of nuclear fission reactors as a guide, a scenario is described here which depicts a not unreasonable rapid take up of nuclear fusion energy starting after the middle of this century.",
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"sentence": "Because the development of fusion energy is such a complex technological task it is probable that there will be several decades when the constraints of energy shortage will be severely felt as shown by the flattening of the energy consumption from around 2040 to 2100.",
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"sentence": "On the other hand without nuclear fusion energy the scenario depicts a severe downturn unavoidably in the fortunes of Mankind with world population shrinking below 5 billion and eventually even lower.",
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"abstract": "Abstract Laboratory experiments were carried out as part of the preparations of an oxygen glow discharge cleaning experiment in ASDEX Upgrade. They aimed at evaluating the effect of mixing the oxygen with helium, the collateral damage caused by the glow discharge, as well as the influence of impurities in the films being eroded. Oxygen concentrations below 20% in helium are sufficient to achieve high erosion rates. The discharge can lead to the formation of oxide layers on surfaces which \u2013 as demonstrated for tungsten \u2013 can be rapidly reduced by post-treatment in a hydrogen discharge. For carbon, aluminum and iron the physical sputtering yield may become similar to the erosion yield of redeposited layers, but it is by more than one order of magnitude smaller for tungsten. Using a-B:C:H films with varying boron content, it was found that impurities can cause the erosion rate to drop by orders of magnitude.",
"URL": "http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2142121",
"title": "Oxygen glow discharge cleaning in nuclear fusion devices",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Radiochemistry",
"Chemistry",
"Metallurgy",
"Sputtering",
"Glow discharge",
"Oxide",
"Boron",
"Hydrogen",
"Oxygen",
"Tungsten",
"Helium"
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"first_author": "Christian Hopf",
"scholarly_citations_count": 27,
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun and stars, could be a viable commercial power source within 40 years. The Joint European Torus, the world's leading fusion facility in the UK, has produced 16 MW of fusion power. Fusion produces relatively very little waste, is intrinsically safe and has essentially limitless supplies of fuel. There has been substantial progress in recent decades, although significant challenges remain. This paper summarises the basics of nuclear fusion, describes the present state of technology development and outlines the remaining steps needed to develop fusion power as a commercial reality.",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.2005.158.6.59",
"title": "Nuclear fusion power: a bright long-term future",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Engineering",
"Systems engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Joint European Torus",
"Research development",
"Nuclear power plant",
"Technology development",
"Royaume uni",
"Term (time)",
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"Forensic engineering"
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"abstract": "In order to detect 3He produced by the cold nuclear fusion, we measured 3He in Ti electrode in an electrolytic cell containing deuterium. All the 3He amounts in the electrode were more or less in the same order of magnitude as that of hot blanks in the measurement by mass spectrometry. There was no difference in 3He amounts between the run products using H2O+LiH and D2O+LiD as electrolyte, and no correlation with the experimental time of electrolysis. The result indicates that the fusion rate of deuterons was less than 3\u00d7101/sec, much lower than the value (4\u00d7104) obtained by Fleischmann and Pons (1989). However, in our 3He measurement it was difficult to detect the fusion rate as low as 4\u00d710-1 given by Jones et al. (1989). The obtained upper limit of the fusion rate suggests that the electrolytic refining is not the cause of high 3He/4He ratios observed in metals.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130003904451",
"title": "An attempt to detect 3He from the cold nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Analytical chemistry",
"Electrolytic cell",
"Cold fusion",
"Order of magnitude",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Electrolysis",
"Electrode",
"Chemistry",
"Deuterium",
"Electrolyte"
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"first_author": "Jun-ichi Matsuda",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "A model of deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion in metal lattices is presented based on two phenomena: (a) reactions between virtual-state pairs of deuterons \u201cbound\u201d by electrons of high effective mass...",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5072296-virtual-state-internal-nuclear-fusion-metal-lattices",
"title": "Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Neutron",
"Fusion",
"Nucleon",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Effective mass (solid-state physics)",
"Virtual state",
"Helium-3",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Robert W. Bussard",
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"abstract": "The rate of nuclear fusion from tunneling in very dense metallic hydrogen in the core of Jupiter is calculated to be 10{sup {minus}50} per hydrogen-deuterium pair per second. It is estimated that the width of the fusion barrier for deuterium in palladium or a similar metal must be reduced to, of order, 0.1 A for the fusion rate to be 10{sup {minus}25} per deuterium per second. If this scale is achieved, the ratios of various nuclear reaction rates will be very different for cold versus thermonuclear fusion.",
"URL": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9966136",
"title": "Cold nuclear fusion in metallic hydrogen and normal metals",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Cold fusion",
"Helium-4",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Helium-3",
"Deuterium",
"Metallic hydrogen",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Charles Horowitz",
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"abstract": "This paper traces the development of nuclear fusion research and describes the basic principles involved. The most advanced device used to achieve controlled thermonuclear fusion is the magnetic confinement approach, utilizing the tokamak concept. The Joint European Torus (JET) is the largest tokamak in operation. The operating conditions are described and critical issues outlined. With concerted effort and international collaboration the possibility exists to produce a demonstration reactor.",
"URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1993_207_049_02",
"title": "Present State of Nuclear Fusion Research and Prospects for the Future",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Tokamak",
"Engineering",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Systems engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Joint European Torus",
"Safeguard",
"State (computer science)",
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"first_author": "B E Keen",
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"abstract": "It was confirmed that nanometer-sized metal powder (atom clusters or simply clusters) can absorb an extremely large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms more than 300% against the number density of host metal. Within such clusters, the bonding potential widely changes from the center region to peripheral ones, so that the zig-zag atom-chains are always formed dynamically around the average position of atoms and the degree of filling up of the constituent atoms for the fcc type metal reduces to about 0.64 from 0.74 in bulk metal, i.e., vacant space increases to 0.36 from 0.26. As a result, a large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms are instantly dissolved into such host-clusters at room temperature. Furthermore, \"metallic deuterium lattice\" (or hydrogen one) including locally the \"deuterium-lump\" with the ultrahigh density is formed with body centered cuboctahedral structure which belongs to a unit cell of the host lattice, while such event cannot be realized at all within bulk metals. It seems that nuclear fusion in solid (\"solid fusion\") takes place in the highly condensed \"deuterium-lump\" inside each unit cell of the \"metallic deuterium lattice\" (or mixed hydrogen one) which is formed inside each cell of the host metal lattice. It is considered, therefore, that each unit cell of the host lattice corresponds to minimum units of \"solid fusion reactor\". In order to achieve \"solid fusion\", just the generation of the ultrahigh density \"deuterium-lump\" (simply \"pycnodeuterium-lump\") coagulated locally inside the unit cell of the host lattice and/or the highly condensed metallic deuterium lattice should be an indispensable condition.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130000907842",
"title": "Formation of condensed metallic deuterium lattice and nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Chemical physics",
"Atom",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Fusion power",
"Hydrogen",
"Metal",
"Deuterium",
"Metallic hydrogen",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Yoshiaki Arata",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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"sentence": "In order to achieve solid fusion, just the generation of the ultrahigh density deuterium-lump simply pycnodeuterium-lump coagulated locally inside the unit cell of the host lattice andor the highly condensed metallic deuterium lattice should be an indispensable condition.",
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{
"abstract": "Using high energy accelerators for energy production by nuclear fission goes back to the 1950's with plans for \u201cbreeder accelerators\u201d as well as with early ideas on subcritical reactors, which are currently pursued in China and other countries. Also, fusion came in, when the idea emerged in the mid 1970's to use accelerators and their highly time and space compressed beams in order to generate the extremely high density and temperatures required for inertial fusion energy production. Due to the higher repetition rates and efficiencies of accelerators, this was seen as a promising alternative to using high power lasers. After an introduction to nuclear fission applications of accelerators, this review summarizes some of the scientific developments directed towards this challenging application \u2013 with focus on the European HIDIF-study- and outlines parameters of future high energy density experiments after construction of the FAIR/Germany and HIAF/China heavy ion accelerator projects.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/151116414",
"title": "Review of accelerator driven heavy ion nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fusion power",
"Energy density",
"High density",
"High energy",
"Heavy ion",
"High power lasers",
"Nuclear fission",
"Environmental science",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Ingo Hofmann",
"scholarly_citations_count": 44,
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"abstract": "A theoretical study of the nuclear fusion in condensed matter is reported. We present a simple model for the fusion with two effects, impacting and screening, characterized by impacting factor Q and screening length \u03bb, respectively. Explicit expressions and results are given for the fusion rate R(E0/Q, \u03bb), where E0 is the incident energy. R is enhanced by the cooperation of the two effects. Calculated fusion yields and/or rates are, respectively, in reasonable agreement with the experimental data obtained in cluster-impact fusion and deuterium-implanted titanium fusion. Predicted cold-fusion rates are still lower than the one observed experimentally, except on extremely high density of deuteron atoms and strongly coherent collisions in solids.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993EL.....24..305M/abstract",
"title": "Nuclear-Fusion Enhancement in Condensed Matter with Impacting and Screening",
"year_published": 1993,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"High density",
"Incident energy",
"Fusion rate",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Yong-li Ma",
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"abstract": "We propose a new mechanism for the production of high-energy ( E>3 keV) deuterons, suitable to induce dd nuclear fusion, based on multielectron ionization and Coulomb explosion of heteronuclear deuterium containing molecular clusters, e.g., (D2O)n, in intense ( 10(16)-2x10(18) W/cm2) laser fields. Cluster size equations for E, in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations, reveal important advantages of Coulomb explosion of (D2O)n heteronuclear clusters, as compared with (D)n clusters. These involve the considerably increased D+ kinetic energy and a narrow, high-energy distribution of deuterons.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.033401",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion induced by Coulomb Explosion of Heteronuclear Clusters",
"year_published": 2001,
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"Kinetic energy",
"Atomic physics",
"Ionization",
"Laser",
"Deuterium",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coulomb explosion",
"Heteronuclear molecule"
],
"first_author": "Joshua Jortner",
"scholarly_citations_count": 143,
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{
"abstract": "NUCLEAR FUSIONA controversial claim that scientists had detected signs of fusion in a rapidly collapsing bubble may have further imploded this week. A new experiment that measures the energy budget of a collapsing bubble for the first time indicates that so-called bubble fusion is highly unlikely to occur.",
"URL": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/297/5581/496.2",
"title": "Nuclear fusion. Chemistry casts doubt on bubble reactions.",
"year_published": 2002,
"fields_of_study": [
"Bubble",
"Fusion",
"Bubble fusion",
"Mechanics",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Charles Seife",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "Boron carbide is an attractive ablator for next-generation inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. Here we describe several aspects of our ongoing systematic studies of the deposition and processing of B4C coatings for ICF targets. We show that residual compressive stress in films can be reduced and the deposition rate increased by N-doping. We also demonstrate successful Si substrate etching and surface polishing and discuss remaining challenges and offer potential solutions to the buildup of particulates in the deposition chamber during prolonged coating runs, control of nodular growth defects, and lateral nonuniformity of film properties for deposition conditions with relatively low target-to-substrate distances.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Ultrathick Boron Carbide Coatings for Nuclear Fusion Targets",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Boron carbide",
"Materials science",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Deposition (geology)",
"Coating",
"Polishing",
"Substrate (aquarium)",
"Residual stress",
"Silicon carbide",
"Fusion",
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"Linguistics",
"Oceanography",
"Physics",
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"Biology"
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"first_author": "Swanee J. Shin",
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{
"abstract": "Electronic screening of nuclei in a transition metal host is shown to have two major consequences. First, adiabatic screening enhances the tunneling amplitude by many orders of magnitude at small separation distance where nuclear interactions become important. Second screening in the host weakens the electronic binding of two nuclei leading to lowest-energy configurations with large separation. For light nuclei the two effects mostly compensate. On the whole, electronic structure calculations for a crystalline PdD host in quasi equilibrium, with room temperature thermal populations of low-lying configurations, let expect that no fusion reactions become ever detectable.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989EL.....10..347D/abstract",
"title": "Effect of Electronic Screening on Cold-Nuclear-Fusion Rates",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Adiabatic process",
"Quantum tunnelling",
"Physics",
"Orders of magnitude (temperature)",
"Cold fusion",
"Chemical physics",
"Amplitude",
"Atomic physics",
"Thermal",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Electronic structure"
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"first_author": "B. Delley",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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{
"abstract": "Abstract In the helium-cooled lead-lithium (HCLL) design concept for blanket structures of a future fusion power plant, the eutectic Pb-15.7Li alloy is used as a liquid tritium breeder and is in direct contact with the structural material, e.g., ferritic-martensitic steels. Compatibility tests showed that a high corrosion attack appears and that the dissolved steel elements like Fe and Cr form precipitates, with a high risk of system blockages. Therefore, coatings as corrosion barriers are required for a reliable plant operation. Because of safety reasons, a distinct permeation reduction of the tritium, produced in the Pb-Li alloy by nuclear reactions, into the environment has to be limited, too. Previous developments already showed that Al-based coatings can perform very well as anti-corrosion and tritium permeation (T-permeation) reduction barriers in a PbLi environment. However, industrially relevant coating technologies for fusion application are still missing and/or cannot fulfil low activation crite...",
"URL": "https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings-abstract/CORR10/All-CORR10/NACE-10242/126877",
"title": "Aluminum-Based Barrier Development for Nuclear Fusion Applications",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Corrosion",
"Fusion power",
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"Alloy",
"Coating",
"Breeder (animal)",
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"sentence": "Previous developments already showed that Al-based coatings can perform very well as anti-corrosion and tritium permeation T-permeation reduction barriers in a PbLi environment.",
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{
"abstract": "Plasma physics research for fusion still presents open problems that need a large computing capacity to be solved. Different modelling tools can be used to carry out simulations that will lead to saving costs in the development of fusion devices. The use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to look for approximate configurations offers a great approach for optimization processes, and avoids the use of brute force algorithms. However, since these applications require a high computational cost to perform their operations, the use of the grid arises as an ideal environment to carry out these tests. The distributed paradigm of the grid, as well as the number of computational resources, represents an excellent alternative to execute these tools. In this work we join these three ideas and present promising results. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Grid-based metaheuristics to improve a nuclear fusion device",
"year_published": 2009,
"fields_of_study": [
"Computer science",
"Grid",
"Carry (investment)",
"Grid computing",
"Distributed computing",
"Metaheuristic",
"Ideal (ethics)",
"Fusion",
"Algorithm",
"Geometry",
"Mathematics",
"Finance",
"Economics",
"Philosophy",
"Linguistics",
"Epistemology"
],
"first_author": "Antonio G\u00f3mez-Iglesias",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "Books by scientists about science usually fall into one of two distinct types: technical or popularizations. The technical category includes texts, collections, and monographs where, in physics at least, equations and data are the meat. In popular books, by contrast, it is said that each equation halves the readership: these books are written to be intelligible to the non-scientist. Nuclear Fusion: half a century of magnetic confinement fusion research falls into neither of these categories. Its authors, C M Braams and P E Stott, are physicists whose distinguished careers span most of the past half-century of fusion research. They write with both a first hand experience of the history of the field and an intimate knowledge of the science. The book might be described as a scientific history. Equations are unhesitatingly included where they are necessary to describe the physics, but the main thread of the book is the description of how fusion research evolved. Introductions to the physics of various topics are described briefly in `boxes' alongside the historical narrative. To a plasma physicist these are helpful and often insightful reminders of the fundamentals. I think that any professional physicist could benefit from these pithy technical summaries. But clearly they are not intended as more than pointers to a systematic understanding of plasma physics; and for a non-physicist they are doubtless incomprehensible. In giving a physicist's view of fusion history, the authors are careful to document their sources, with twenty seven pages of references. This scholarly approach greatly enhances the value of the work in describing the progress and achievements of fusion research. It also provides a much-needed reminder, to those who speak lightly about `innovation', of the tremendous breadth of ideas for plasma confinement that have already been studied. But it means that the book reads somewhat like a review article, and definitely not like earlier fusion popularizations. By comparison Robin Herman's Fusion: the search for endless energy (CUP 1990) stresses the human interest angle by using many quotes from interviews, and Ken Fowler's The fusion quest (Johns Hopkins 1997) is far more in the manner of personal recollections. While lacking these populist touches, Braams and Stott's book gives mature and balanced opinions about the reasons and influences, scientific and social, that have governed fusion's development. They outline the roots of nuclear energy and plasma physics leading to the classification of fusion research and its declassification in 1958 at Geneva. Continuing from the profusion of ideas disclosed at that time, they deal in succeeding chapters with open systems, pulsed toroidal configurations and other alternatives, stellarators, and tokamaks. Each configuration is traced from its earliest ideas to its modern embodiment-or its demise. In succeeding chapters are described the development of important techniques and scientific understanding, from the 1980s on, especially in application to the big tokamaks. The concluding chapter, which is remarkably up to date, discusses the steps to a fusion reactor and the history and status of ITER. As a student considering plasma fusion as a possible career, I recall reading the book by Artsimovich and it seeming the best available introduction to the scientific history of the field, although even then it was hopelessly out of date. Now, in this new work by Braams and Stott, I have a book to give to students today for a thoroughly modern introduction-not to the technical mastery of plasma physics, for which there are many introductory texts, but to the background of where fusion research has come from. This broader perspective is both fascinating and essential to our maturing discipline; so I warmly recommend this book to all readers of Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. I H Hutchinson",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/44/8/701",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion: half a century of magnetic confinement research",
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"abstract": "Feasible fusion power-the carrot before the donkey? When I was about 10, I recall hearing that nuclear fusion power would become a reality \"in about 30 years\". The estimate has increased steadily since then, and now, 40 odd years on, we hear that fusion power will come on-stream \"in about 50 years\". So, what is the real likelihood of fusion-based power stations coming to our aid in averting the imminent energy crisis? Getting two nuclei to fuse is not easy, since both carry a positive charge and hence their natural propensity is to repel one another. Therefore, a lot of energy is required to force them together so that they can fuse. To achieve this, suitable conditions of extremely high temperature, comparable to those found in stars, must be met. A specific temperature must be reached in order for particular nuclei to fuse with one another. This is termed the \"critical ignition temperature\", and is around 400 million degrees centigrade for two deuterium nuclei to fuse, while a more modest 100 million degrees is sufficient for a deuterium nucleus to fuse with a tritium nucleus. For this reason, it is deuterium-tritium fusion that is most sought after, since it should be most easily achieved and sustained. One disadvantage of tritium is that it is radioactive and decays with a half-life of about 12 years, and consequently, it exists naturally in only negligible amounts. However, tritium may be \"bred\" from lithium using neutrons produced in an initial deuterium-tritium fusion. Ideally, the process would become self-sustaining, with lithium fuel being burned via conversion to tritium, which then fuses with deuterium, releasing more neutrons. While not unlimited, there are sufficient known resources of lithium to fire a global fusion programme for about a thousand years, mindful that there are many other uses for lithium, ranging from various types of battery to medication for schizophrenics. The supply would be effectively limitless if lithium could be extracted from the oceans. In a working scenario, some of the energy produced by fusion would be required to maintain the high temperature of the fuel such that the fusion process becomes continuous. At a temperature of around 100-300 million degrees, the deuterium/tritium mixture will exist in the form of a plasma, in which are nuclei are naked (having lost their initial atomic electron clouds) and are hence exposed to fuse with one another. The main difficulty which bedevils maintaining a working fusion reactor which might be used to fire a power station is containing the plasma, a process usually referred to as \"confinement\" and the method overall as \"magnetic confinement fusion\" (MCF). Essentially, the plasma is confined in a magnetic bottle, since its component charged nuclei and electrons tend to follow the field of magnetic force, which can be so arranged that the lines of force occupy a prescribed region and are thus centralised to a particular volume. However, the plasma is a \"complex\" system that readily becomes unstable and leaks away. Unlike a star, the plasma is highly rarefied (a low pressure gas), so that the proton-proton cycle that powers the sun could not be thus achieved on earth, as it is only the intensely high density of nuclei in the sun's core that allows the process to occur sustainably, and that the plasma is contained within its own gravitational mass, and isolated within the cold vacuum of space. In June 2005, the EU, France, Japan, South Korea, China and the USA. agreed to spend $12 billion to build an experimental fusion apparatus (called ITER) (1) by 2014. It is planned that ITER will function as a research instrument for the following 20 years, and the knowledge gained will provide the basis for building a more advanced research machine. After another 30 years, if all goes well, the first commercial fusion powered electricity might come on-stream. The Joint European Torus (JET) I attended a fascinating event recently--a Care' Scientifique (2) meeting held in the town of Reading in South East England. \u2026",
"URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3184/003685012X13286907171749?icid=int.sj-related-articles.similar-articles.48",
"title": "Energy from nuclear fusion--realities, prospects and fantasies?",
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},
{
"category": "Time reference",
"entity": "June 2005"
},
{
"category": "Time reference",
"entity": "2014"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "EU"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "France"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "Japan"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "South Korea"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "China"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "USA"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "It is planned that ITER will function as a research instrument for the following 20 years, and the knowledge gained will provide the basis for building a more advanced research machine.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "ITER"
},
{
"category": "Time reference",
"entity": "20 years"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "After another 30 years, if all goes well, the first commercial fusion powered electricity might come on-stream.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Time reference",
"entity": "30 years"
},
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "commercial fusion powered electricity"
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]
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{
"sentence": "The Joint European Torus JET I attended a fascinating event recently--a Care Scientifique 2 meeting held in the town of Reading in South East England.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "JET"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "Toroidal"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "Reading"
},
{
"category": "Country and location",
"entity": "South East England"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "Background: Nuclear fusion has been shown to be a useful probe to study the different nuclear shapes. However, the possibility of testing octupole deformation of a nucleus with this tool has not been fully explored yet. The presence of a static octupole deformation in nuclei will enhance a possible permanent electric dipole moment, leading to a possible demonstration of parity violation.Purpose: To check whether static octupole deformation and octupole vibration in fusion give different results so that both situations could be experimentally disentangled.Method: Fusion cross sections are computed in the coupled-channel formalism making use of the ingoing-wave boundary conditions (IWBC) for the systems $^{16}\\mathrm{O}+^{144}\\mathrm{Ba}$ and $^{16}\\mathrm{O}+^{224}\\mathrm{Ra}$.Results: Barrier distributions of the two considered schemes show slightly different patterns. In the case of $^{144}\\mathrm{Ba}$, the difference between them is negligible. For the $^{224}\\mathrm{Ra}$ case, perceptible differences are found in correspondence with its larger octupole deformation. However, the possibility of disentangling both schemes is not guaranteed and it will depend on the available experimental accuracy and the strength of the octupole deformation.Conclusions: The measurement of barrier distributions could be a complementary probe to support the presence of octupole deformation.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.06801",
"title": "Nuclear fusion as a probe for octupole deformation in Ra 224",
"year_published": 2015,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)",
"Fusion",
"Boundary value problem",
"Atomic physics",
"Scattering",
"Vibration",
"Electric dipole moment",
"Parity (physics)",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Raj Kumar",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"sentence": "Background Nuclear fusion has been shown to be a useful probe to study the different nuclear shapes.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Concept",
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "Nuclear fusion"
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"sentence": "However, the possibility of testing octupole deformation of a nucleus with this tool has not been fully explored yet.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Octupole deformation"
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"sentence": "The presence of a static octupole deformation in nuclei will enhance a possible permanent electric dipole moment, leading to a possible demonstration of parity violation.",
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"sentence": "Purpose To check whether static octupole deformation and octupole vibration in fusion give different results so that both situations could be experimentally disentangled.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Static octupole deformation"
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"sentence": "Method Fusion cross sections are computed in the coupled-channel formalism making use of the ingoing-wave boundary conditions IWBC for the systems mathrmmathrm and mathrmmathrm.",
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
"entity": "Coupled-channel formalism"
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"sentence": "Results Barrier distributions of the two considered schemes show slightly different patterns.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Barrier distributions"
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]
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"sentence": "In the case of mathrm, the difference between them is negligible.",
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"category": "Particle",
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"sentence": "For the mathrm case, perceptible differences are found in correspondence with its larger octupole deformation.",
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"sentence": "The measurement of barrier distributions could be a complementary probe to support the presence of octupole deformation.",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract\n Materials needed to achieve designed performance will require formulations and processing methods capable of delivering a compendium of metallic, ceramic and cermet chemistries, which must be finely tuned at source, and tolerant to down-stream thermomechanical adjustment. Structural steels and cermets are continuously being developed by researchers using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments, with oxide dispersion strengthened steel (ODS)-reduced activated ferritic-martensitic steel (RAFM) steels based on 8%\u201316% wt.% Cr now being assessed. The combination of SiCf and CuCrZr as a metal matrix composite containing an active coolant would be seen as a major opportunity, furthermore, composite ceramic materials consisting of SiC fibres reinforcing a SiC matrix capable of being joined to metallic structures offer great potential in the development of advanced heat exchangers. Continuing the theme of advanced manufacturing, the use of solid-state processing technologies involving powder metallurgy\u2013hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering to produce near-net shaped products in metallics, ceramics and cermets are critical manufacturing research themes. Additive manufacturing (AM) to produce metallic and ceramic components is now becoming a feasible manufacturing route, and through the combination of AM and subtractive machining, capability exists to produce efficient fluid carrying structures that could not be manufactured by any other process. Extending this to using electron beam welding and advanced heat treatments to improve homogeneity and provide modularity, a two-pronged solution is now available to improve capability and integrity, whilst concurrently offering increased degrees of freedom for designers.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2515-7655/acf687/pdf",
"title": "Advanced manufacturing applied to nuclear fusion\u2014challenges and solutions",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Materials science",
"Ceramic",
"Hot isostatic pressing",
"Cermet",
"Ceramic matrix composite",
"Welding",
"Machining",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Structural material",
"Composite material",
"Sintering",
"Engineering"
],
"first_author": "Steve Jones",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
"NER-RE": [
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"sentence": "Abstract Materials needed to achieve designed performance will require formulations and processing methods capable of delivering a compendium of metallic, ceramic and cermet chemistries, which must be finely tuned at source, and tolerant to down-stream thermomechanical adjustment.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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"sentence": "Structural steels and cermets are continuously being developed by researchers using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments, with oxide dispersion strengthened steel ODS-reduced activated ferritic-martensitic steel RAFM steels based on 816 wt.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Oxide dispersion strengthened steel"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "ODS-reduced activated ferritic-martensitic steel"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "RAFM steels"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Cermets"
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
"entity": "Computational thermodynamics modelling"
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]
},
{
"sentence": "Cr now being assessed.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Cr"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The combination of SiCf and CuCrZr as a metal matrix composite containing an active coolant would be seen as a major opportunity, furthermore, composite ceramic materials consisting of SiC fibres reinforcing a SiC matrix capable of being joined to metallic structures offer great potential in the development of advanced heat exchangers.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "SiCf"
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "SiC"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "Heat exchangers"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "Continuing the theme of advanced manufacturing, the use of solid-state processing technologies involving powder metallurgyhot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering to produce near-net shaped products in metallics, ceramics and cermets are critical manufacturing research themes.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Metallics"
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Ceramics"
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Cermets"
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{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Powder metallurgy"
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{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Hot isostatic pressing"
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Spark plasma sintering"
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{
"sentence": "Additive manufacturing AM to produce metallic and ceramic components is now becoming a feasible manufacturing route, and through the combination of AM and subtractive machining, capability exists to produce efficient fluid carrying structures that could not be manufactured by any other process.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Metallic"
},
{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Ceramic"
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Additive manufacturing"
},
{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Subtractive machining"
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]
},
{
"sentence": "Extending this to using electron beam welding and advanced heat treatments to improve homogeneity and provide modularity, a two-pronged solution is now available to improve capability and integrity, whilst concurrently offering increased degrees of freedom for designers.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Electron beam welding"
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Heat treatments"
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},
{
"abstract": "Internal friction and Young's modulus were measured in a deuterium-absorbed titanium rod during the heating process from liquid nitrogen temperature, but no change was observed at 30 \u00b0C, the point at which neutrons were detected by a Los Alamos group. An internal friction peak was observed at -70 \u00b0C.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JJAPS..30...41T/abstract",
"title": "An Attempt to Observe Nuclear Fusion in Titanium by Internal Friction",
"year_published": 1991,
"fields_of_study": [
"Liquid nitrogen",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Neutron",
"Composite material",
"Materials science",
"Modulus",
"Internal friction",
"Titanium",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Hiroto Tateno",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
"NER-RE": [
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"sentence": "Internal friction and Youngs modulus were measured in a deuterium-absorbed titanium rod during the heating process from liquid nitrogen temperature, but no change was observed at 30 C, the point at which neutrons were detected by a Los Alamos group.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Deuterium"
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"sentence": "An internal friction peak was observed at-70 C.",
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{
"abstract": "New measurements of fusion cross sections at deep sub-barrier energies for the reactions 16O+204,208Pb show a steep but almost saturated logarithmic slope, unlike 64Ni-induced reactions. Coupled channels calculations cannot simultaneously reproduce these new data and above-barrier cross-sections with the same Woods-Saxon nuclear potential. It is argued that this highlights an inadequacy of the coherent coupled channels approach. It is proposed that a new approach explicitly including gradual decoherence is needed to allow a consistent description of nuclear fusion.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.192701",
"title": "Beyond the coherent coupled channels description of nuclear fusion.",
"year_published": 2007,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Quantum decoherence",
"Ion",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Woods\u2013Saxon potential",
"Logarithm",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Mahananda Dasgupta",
"scholarly_citations_count": 170,
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"sentence": "New measurements of fusion cross sections at deep sub-barrier energies for the reactions 16O204,208Pb show a steep but almost saturated logarithmic slope, unlike 64Ni-induced reactions.",
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"entity": "Oxygen"
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"entity": "Nickel"
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]
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{
"sentence": "Coupled channels calculations cannot simultaneously reproduce these new data and above-barrier cross-sections with the same Woods-Saxon nuclear potential.",
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]
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"sentence": "It is argued that this highlights an inadequacy of the coherent coupled channels approach.",
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"category": "Theory and Calculation",
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}
]
},
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"sentence": "It is proposed that a new approach explicitly including gradual decoherence is needed to allow a consistent description of nuclear fusion.",
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"category": "Concept",
"entity": "Gradual decoherence"
},
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"category": "Physical Process",
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}
]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "This lecture reviews the progress made towards releasing energy from the fusion of the light nuclei. To achieve this it is necessary to create an extremely hot plasma containing the light nuclei and to hold this plasma together long enough to obtain a net surplus of energy. The only promising way of confining such a hot plasma for sufficient times and isolating it from material surroundings is by means of magnetic fields. Unfortunately plasmas have shown themselves capable of escaping through magnetic fields by a number of forms of instability. The principles of magnetic confinement of plasmas are discussed and the main types of magnetic traps described. These are the open-ended magnetic bottles (Thetatrons, cusp) in which there is a sharp boundary between plasma and surrounding magnetic field, the open-ended adiabatic magnetic traps (magnetic mirrors) in which the plasma is immersed in a magnetic field, and closed adiabatic traps in which the plasma is immersed in a magnetic field whose lines of force close inside the system (torojdal pinch, Stellarators, etc.). The most important instability has been the interchange driven by charge separation of the plasma components caused by rapid motions of the plasma, as in Thetatrons, or more generally, by unfavourable magnetic field curvature, as in magnetic-mirror traps and in toroidal closed traps. In open-ended systems this instability has been overcome by designing traps with favourable magnetic field curvature (magnetic wells). In closed systems, shear in the magnetic field provides conducting paths which cancel the electric fields set up by charge separation, but this stabilizing effect is offset if the path lengths are too long or the plasma too resistive. More recently, closed systems with average favourable curvature of magnetic field lines have given stability when the connecting lengths between regions of favourable and unfavourable curvature are short enough. Smaller scale instabilities, associated with a variety of electrostatic waves which can propagate in the plasma and interact with groups of particles, are now proving troublesome. These can cause the plasma to diffuse very rapidly through the magnetic fields. Although these instabilities are fairly well understood theoretically, they are not yet controllable experimentally and new experiments using magnetic traps, designed to avoid interchange instabilities, are being used to examine them.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0370-1328/89/2/301/pdf",
"title": "1965 Guthrie Lecture: A review of nuclear fusion research",
"year_published": 1966,
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"Physics",
"Magnetosphere particle motion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Magnetic dipole",
"Atomic physics",
"Waves in plasmas",
"Two-stream instability",
"Magnetic pressure",
"Plasma stability",
"Magnetic reconnection",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "J B Adams",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"sentence": "This lecture reviews the progress made towards releasing energy from the fusion of the light nuclei.",
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]
},
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"sentence": "To achieve this it is necessary to create an extremely hot plasma containing the light nuclei and to hold this plasma together long enough to obtain a net surplus of energy.",
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"category": "Concept",
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}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The only promising way of confining such a hot plasma for sufficient times and isolating it from material surroundings is by means of magnetic fields.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
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"sentence": "Unfortunately plasmas have shown themselves capable of escaping through magnetic fields by a number of forms of instability.",
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]
},
{
"sentence": "The principles of magnetic confinement of plasmas are discussed and the main types of magnetic traps described.",
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Technique",
"entity": "magnetic confinement"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "magnetic traps"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "These are the open-ended magnetic bottles Thetatrons, cusp in which there is a sharp boundary between plasma and surrounding magnetic field, the open-ended adiabatic magnetic traps magnetic mirrors in which the plasma is immersed in a magnetic field, and closed adiabatic traps in which the plasma is immersed in a magnetic field whose lines of force close inside the system torojdal pinch, Stellarators, etc..",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "Thetatrons"
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{
"category": "Field Configuration",
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "magnetic mirrors"
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "torojdal pinch"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "Stellarators"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The most important instability has been the interchange driven by charge separation of the plasma components caused by rapid motions of the plasma, as in Thetatrons, or more generally, by unfavourable magnetic field curvature, as in magnetic-mirror traps and in toroidal closed traps.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Plasma dynamic and behavior",
"entity": "instability"
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{
"category": "Plasma dynamic and behavior",
"entity": "interchange"
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{
"category": "Plasma dynamic and behavior",
"entity": "charge separation"
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "Thetatrons"
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "magnetic-mirror traps"
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "toroidal closed traps"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "In open-ended systems this instability has been overcome by designing traps with favourable magnetic field curvature magnetic wells.",
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{
"category": "Plasma dynamic and behavior",
"entity": "instability"
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{
"category": "Field Configuration",
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"entity": "favourable magnetic field curvature"
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]
},
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"sentence": "In closed systems, shear in the magnetic field provides conducting paths which cancel the electric fields set up by charge separation, but this stabilizing effect is offset if the path lengths are too long or the plasma too resistive.",
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"category": "Field Configuration",
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"sentence": "More recently, closed systems with average favourable curvature of magnetic field lines have given stability when the connecting lengths between regions of favourable and unfavourable curvature are short enough.",
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"category": "Field Configuration",
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},
{
"sentence": "Smaller scale instabilities, associated with a variety of electrostatic waves which can propagate in the plasma and interact with groups of particles, are now proving troublesome.",
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{
"sentence": "These can cause the plasma to diffuse very rapidly through the magnetic fields.",
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"entity": "diffuse"
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{
"sentence": "Although these instabilities are fairly well understood theoretically, they are not yet controllable experimentally and new experiments using magnetic traps, designed to avoid interchange instabilities, are being used to examine them.",
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{
"category": "Plasma dynamic and behavior",
"entity": "instabilities"
},
{
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]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "A review of the different techniques for in situ coatings of magnetic fusion devices will be given focusing on the recent development of boronization. Firstly, merits of in situ coatings, selection of low Z material, and metallic getters (Ti, Cr, Be) are described. Secondly, the reduction mechanisms of oxygen impurity by boronization and Be getter will be discussed. Thirdly, practical problems of carbonization and boronization (pure B and B/C films) are presented, together with a new proposcal of B/N film coating. Finally, in situ etching techniques of carbon and boron thin films will be summarized.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:23084988",
"title": "In-situ coatings for first walls in nuclear fusion devices",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Getter",
"Carbonization",
"Thin film",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Graphite",
"Surface coating",
"Boron",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Impurity",
"Forensic engineering"
],
"first_author": "Hideo Sugai",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"sentence": "Firstly, merits of in situ coatings, selection of low Z material, and metallic getters Ti, Cr, Be are described.",
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"entity": "Cr"
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]
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"sentence": "Secondly, the reduction mechanisms of oxygen impurity by boronization and Be getter will be discussed.",
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"sentence": "Thirdly, practical problems of carbonization and boronization pure B and BC films are presented, together with a new proposcal of BN film coating.",
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"sentence": "Finally, in situ etching techniques of carbon and boron thin films will be summarized.",
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"abstract": "(1971). A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Vol. I, B. Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Vol. II and C. Nuclear Fusion\u2014Special Supplement 1970 World Survey of Major Facilities in Controlled Fusion. Nuclear Technology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 247-247.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/NT71-A31036",
"title": "A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Vol. I, B. Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Vol. II and C. Nuclear Fusion\u2014Special Supplement 1970 World Survey of Major Facilities in Controlled Fusion",
"year_published": 1971,
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"abstract": "The problem of the limiting plasma heat load on the first wall in a tokamak fusion reactor is considered. It is pointed out, based on a review of available experimental data, that the major part of the heat flux from the plasma falling on the wall is absorbed by the surface in a narrow (a few millimeters wide) radial layer in the zone where the separatrix comes in contact with the diverter plates. The revealed empirical regularity relating to existence of an upper limit for the averaged heat load on the tokamak first wall is a factor generating the need to solve the challenging matters of ensuring stability of a stationary plasma discharge in a tokamak fusion reactor. The mechanisms imposing limits on the stationary discharge duration in a tokamak have not been investigated as yet. In the literature, only a few mechanisms are reviewed, including the influence of erosion material films formed on the tokamak first wall surface.\r\nIn the article, the heat load on the critical area of the contact between the material surface and a plasma separatrix or the last closed magnetic surface is analyzed. Such analysis makes possible to elaborate additional criteria for estimating the limiting plasma heat load on the walls during steady-state operation of a tokamak fusion reactor: the main contribution in this effect is due to the heat flux limit on the diverter plates in a narrow (of a millimeter scale) zone of interaction between the separatrix and material surface. The limiting heat flux to the diverter plates depends on the conditions on the surface, including the degree of its roughness, porosity, and arcing effects. For a stationary tokamak fusion reactor, it should be expected that the plasma-wall interaction is mainly governed by the collective effects developing on space-time scales that vary by 6--12 orders of magnitude. The multiscale nature of the plasma-wall interaction in a tokamak reactor implies the need of using power laws to describe the effects.\r\nAn interrelation (in power law form) between the electron temperature and plasma density near the separatrix is proposed proceeding from the results of analyzing the limiting heat fluxes on the wall. Such dependence should be expected in the H operation modes of a stationary tokamak fusion reactor with the limit discharge parameters, in which significant changes occur in the diverter plate surface profiles and properties influencing the heat transfer through the plasma sheath layer, including arcing effects.\r\nIt is advisable to further extend the base of experimental data for carrying out a generalizing analysis of the interrelation between the electron temperature and plasma density near the separatrix. With such data at hand, it will become possible to develop approaches to control the plasma-wall interaction with a view to achieve the optimal conditions for maintaining stationary discharge in a tokamak reactor.",
"URL": "http://vestnik.mpei.ru/index.php/vestnik/article/view/493",
"title": "The Plasma Heat Load in the Diverter of a Tokamak Nuclear Fusion Reactor",
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"abstract": "Background: So far the feasibility of nuclear reactions has been studied only through the evaluation of the reaction rate, which gives us information about the kinetics, while the thermodynamic analysis has been limited to evaluations of the change in enthalpy without any consideration of the change in entropy. Methods: This work examines the thermodynamics of nuclear fusion reactions through a simplified approach. The analysis introduces the thermodynamic study of fission and fusion reactions through their comparison with a chemical process. Results: The main result is that fission reactions are always spontaneous (\u0394G < 0) since a lot of energy is released in the form of heat and the system moves spontaneously towards a more disordered state. In contrast, fusion reactions are spontaneous only when the enthalpic contribution of the change in Gibbs energy overcomes the entropic contribution. This condition is verified when the temperature of the process is below a characteristic value T*, calculated as the ratio between the energy corresponding to the mass defect and the change of entropy of the fusion reaction. Conclusions: Due to the unavailability of data related to entropy changes in fusion reactions, only a qualitative thermodynamic analysis has been carried out. Through such analysis, the influence of the operating conditions over the spontaneity of fusion processes has been discussed. The final considerations emphasize the role of the thermodynamics analysis that should be implemented in the current studies that, so far, have been mainly based on the assessment of the reaction rate and exothermicity of fusion reactions.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR355656",
"title": "Spontaneity of nuclear fusion: a qualitative analysis via classical thermodynamics",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Work (thermodynamics)",
"Gibbs free energy",
"Fusion",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Enthalpy",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"first_author": "Silvano Tosti",
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"abstract": "Fusion energy has the potential to address long-term energy requirements and climate change. However, fusion energy is characterized by a \u201cdevelopment divide\u201d between the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) consortium members and the non-ITER \u201cGlobal South\u201d states. It is beset with problems, which can be divided into geopolitical, geo-economic, geo-sociocultural, and geo-technological (GEO-PEST). Geopolitical problems include cooperation on fusion energy development between ITER members (of the Global North) and the Global South on fusion development. Geo-economic problems include the cost of funding ITER versus newly emerging private-sector fusion companies. Geo-sociocultural problems include the requirement to maintain the peacebuilding tradition of nuclear energy (embodied by the Cold War-era \u201cAtoms for Peace\u201d initiative), as well as public perceptions of radiation. Geo-technological problems include tokamak lock-in, fuel type, the viability of \u201ccompact reactors,\u201d and disruptive technology events. In this article, we outline these problems and discuss how to address them in a timely fashion via an external independent review mechanism, modeled on the International Energy Agency's \u201cGlobal Commission for Urgent Action on Energy Efficiency,\u201d established in 2019 and due to deliver recommendations in 2020.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9078039",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Diffusion: Theory, Policy, Practice, and Politics Perspectives",
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"abstract": "Trapping of hydrogen ions released during sodium metal dissolution in a dilute aqueous Epsom solution in cavitation induced nanocrystals could bring about an easy path to controlled nuclear fusion. This type of fusion envisioning has the advantage of keeping the two protons and the electrons in the same vicinity, bonded in the same unit throughout the fusion process unlike the case in Sun. The electrostatic repulsive force between protons which has been a stumbling block so far in achieving a controlled fusion is now turned in its favor by exploiting the fascinating properties of water.",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n In the nuclear fusion community, there are many specialized techniques to analyze the data coming from a variety of diagnostics. One of such techniques is the use of spectrograms to analyze the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior of fusion plasmas. Physicists look at the spectrogram to identify the oscillation modes of the plasma, and to study instabilities that may lead to plasma disruptions. One of the major causes of disruptions occurs when an oscillation mode interacts with the wall, stops rotating, and becomes a locked mode. In this work, we use deep learning to predict the occurrence of locked modes from MHD spectrograms. In particular, we use a convolutional neural network with class activation mapping to pinpoint the exact behavior that the model thinks is responsible for the locked mode. Surprisingly, we find that, in general, the model explanation agrees quite well with the physical interpretation of the behavior observed in the spectrogram.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Explainable deep learning for the analysis of MHD spectrograms in nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Spectrogram",
"Magnetohydrodynamic drive",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Oscillation (cell signaling)",
"Mode (computer interface)",
"Physics",
"Plasma",
"Convolutional neural network",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion",
"Computer science",
"Artificial intelligence",
"Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"Computational physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biochemistry",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Operating system"
],
"first_author": "Diogo R Ferreira",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"abstract": "It is known that the Classical field theory is based on 1 basic Axiom set by Maxwell (1864) (Landau & Lifshitz, 1980). This basic Axiom describes a field with movement along a closed loop and with constant speed. It is an ideal foundation for describing an Electromagnetic Field, but it is not suitable for other more complex fields with variable speed and different accelerations. The author has proposed a more general Theory of Extended Field which consists of 2 Axioms and 8 Laws. New Axiom1 describes a structure of field with movement along open loop or open vortex with variable speed. New Axiom2 describes two mutual orthogonal structures of fields which work in resonance. This new Theory leads to the following results: movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex; evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement (decelerated or accelerated ); during its movement decelerating vortex emits primary free cross vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in of this same primary free cross vortices; movement in 2D is transformed into the movement in 3D; a transverse vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa - a longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates the cross vortex in 2D (Markova, 2003; 2005; 2015). Now the author proposes to use a longitudinal accelerating vortex for cold fusion. With a force proportional to the positive acceleration, it will suck in both vortices and atoms - in this case the isotope of hydrogen (deuterium). The accelerator vortex sucks in and sticks two of all the deuterium, which will form helium in an exothermic reaction with the release of a lot of heat. A longitudinal acceleration vortex can be generated by applying Law 2. A decelerating transverse vortex in plane 2D (moving outside-inward) generates at its center a longitudinal accelerating vortex in 3D perpendicular to the 2D plane. This perpendicular accelerating vortex at the center pulls the transverse decelerating vortex up (against the Gravitational Force) or has quality of Anti-Gravity Force (Markova, 2018a; 2018b; 2020a).\u00a0",
"URL": "https://ejtas.com/index.php/journal/article/download/580/455",
"title": "Cold Nuclear Fusion, Based on the Theory of New Axioms and Laws",
"year_published": 2023,
"fields_of_study": [
"Vortex",
"Physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Vorticity",
"Mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Dr. Valentina Markova",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "Abstract. Positron lifetime measurements using a Pulsed Low Energy Positron System (PLEPS) were applied to the investigation of defects in hydrogen implanted and subsequently thermally treated copper alloys which are designated for the use in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). PLEPS results showed that the changes in the microstructure of selected copper-alloys (CuCrZr, CuAl25) depend strongly on the preparing technology of alloys and on the implantation dose. The full recovery of the structure after isochronal annealing in vacuum in a region of 100-600 \u201dC was observed in all implanted specimens at a level of about 450 \u201dC. With the PLEPS technique, for the first time, depth profiling of the near-surface region (20-500 nm) of hydrogen implanted copper alloys was performed and compared with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Introduction The precipitation hardened alloy (CuCrZr) and the dispersion strengthened alloy (CuAl25) are studied here by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). These Cu-alloys should be applied in the ITER as a cooler and should diffuse the heat [1]. Due to the particle bombardment of ITER first-wall materials (selected copper alloys) various changes in mechanical properties can be induced. Investigation of defects created in this way is an interesting issue for solid-state science as well as for applied research. For the simulation of the radiation damage due to a neutron flux, the ion implantation of protons has been applied. The protons were chosen because they have approximately the same mass as that of neutrons. Although the ballistic influence of protons on the primary-knock-on atom (PKA) production is different from that of D-T fusion reactor conditions, nevertheless it is instructive to investigate fundamental displacement damage effects using proton irradiation.",
"URL": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martin_Petriska/publication/250342170_Investigation_of_Defects_in_Copper_Alloys_Selected_for_Nuclear_Fusion_Technology/links/00b4953cd151babf32000000.pdf?disableCoverPage=true",
"title": "Investigation of Defects in Copper Alloys Selected for Nuclear Fusion Technology",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Irradiation",
"Radiation damage",
"Composite material",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Positron annihilation spectroscopy",
"Alloy",
"Ion implantation",
"Copper",
"Neutron flux"
],
"first_author": "Vladim\u00edr Sluge\u0148",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "Cluster\u2013impact nuclear fusion is analyzed via a shock\u2013wave model. We show that shock waves can be generated by clusters. Energy loss mechanisms are considered, and the conditions when they are not negligible are determined. Our theoretical model indicates that shock\u2013wave enhanced fusion temperatures are possible with molecular size clusters impacting upon hydrogen isotope targets, somewhat as envisioned by Winterberg and Harrison for macro\u2013projectiles. Our theory explains and reproduces the yields from known target and cluster compositions, as a function of cluster size and energy. Predictions are made, and new tests proposed. We show that contaminants are an unlikely artifact in the experimental data.",
"URL": "https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217984991001179",
"title": "CLUSTER\u2013IMPACT NUCLEAR FUSION: SHOCK\u2013WAVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS",
"year_published": 1991,
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"Cluster (physics)",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Computational physics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Shock wave",
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"Statistical mechanics"
],
"first_author": "Y. E. Kim",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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{
"abstract": "Understanding of the anomalous transport attributed to short-scale length microturbulence through collective scattering diagnostics is key to the development of nuclear fusion energy. Signals in the subterahertz (THz) range (0.1\u20130.8 THz) with adequate power are required to map wider wavenumber regions. The progress of a joint international effort devoted to the design and realization of novel backward-wave oscillators at 0.346 THz and above with output power in the 1 W range is reported herein. The novel sources possess desirable characteristics to replace the bulky, high maintenance, optically pumped far-infrared lasers so far utilized in this plasma collective scattering diagnostic. The formidable fabrication challenges are described. The future availability of the THz source here reported will have a significant impact in the field of THz applications both for scientific and industrial applications, to provide the output power at THz so far not available.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7450273/",
"title": "THz Backward-Wave Oscillators for Plasma Diagnostic in Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Terahertz radiation",
"Optics",
"Wavenumber",
"Physics",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Scattering",
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"abstract": "Most present-day research into Nuclear Fusion concentrates on high-temperature plasmas combined with Inertial or Magnetic Confinement. However, there exists another body of less well-known work based on Electrostatic Acceleration and Confinement. The most thoroughly researched of these devices is known as the Farnsworth Fusor. This paper reviews the technique and then argues that, with development, similar technologies would be particularly suited to space-borne applications, due to their safety, simplicity and light weight. The paper then goes on to suggest several possible directions for new research into such devices which might result in a working machine.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JBIS...63..192M/abstract",
"title": "A Reconsideration of Electrostatically Accelerated and Confined Nuclear Fusion for Space Applications",
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"abstract": "When focusing a 4-GW, fast-rise-time, nsec-range laser onto a solid deuterium target, neutron production is observed. We give evidence for nuclear fusion reactions, measure the electronic temperature, and estimate the number of neutrons for each laser shot.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PhRvA...1..821F/abstract",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Solid-Deuterium Laser-Produced Plasma",
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"title": "The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the future of nuclear fusion energy",
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"abstract": "AbstractThe Tritium Storage & Delivery System (SDS) is part of a tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactor fuel cycle. For the safety of this cycle, the hydrogen isotopes are stored in a metal hydride form in the SDS. Depleted uranium (DU) was chosen as the storage material. DU hydride can be heated to very high temperatures that are sufficient for pumping hydrogen isotopes without using gas pumps. The experimental apparatus used to test the experimental DU bed consists of a tank that stores and measures the hydrogen, and a DU bed used for the hydriding and dehydriding of hydrogen. The DU bed is a vertical double-cylinder type with sintered metal filters. The bed is composed of primary and secondary vessels. The primary vessel contains DU, and a vacuum layer is formed between the primary and secondary vessels. In this study, recent experimental results on the pretreatment (activation and powderization) of DU and the direct hydrogen recovery and delivery of a DU bed are presented. In addition, the relationship b...",
"URL": "http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_40421",
"title": "Performance of a Depleted Uranium Bed for a Nuclear Fusion Fuel Cycle",
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"abstract": "Neutron emissions from electrolysis of D 2 O with palladium and palladium-titanium electrodes as well as from pressurized D 2 gas with titanium alloys have been measured. The neutron detector system was so designed to have very low background condition. Neutron-\u03b3 separation technique using liquid scintillator was applied to obtain essentially no \u03b3 ray background condition for neutron counting. Special care was taken to stabilize the detection system using event-by-event data recording. No significant signal of neutron emission was observed. Upper limits of emission probability of neutron have been determined to be 6\u00d710 -3 s -1 , 1\u00d710 -2 s -1 , and 2.3\u00d710 -2 s -1 for Pd electrode, Pd-Ti electrode, and pressurized gas systems. These values are orders of magnitude lower than that presented by Jones paper (0.4 s -1 ).",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001969319",
"title": "Attempts in Detection of Neutrons on So-Called Cold Nuclear Fusion",
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"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "The temperature dependence of the coefficient of tunneling through the Coulomb barrier is estimated for nuclei of the hydrogen isotopes at comparatively low temperatures using a model of screened Coulomb interaction potential between the isotopes put inside an external oscillator potential well. The temperature dependences for the tunneling coefficient are calculated for pp-, pd-, pt-, dd-, and dt-processes at different screening radii. The probable role of pp-reactions is discussed.",
"URL": "https://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/index.php/ujp/article/download/2020183/1704",
"title": "On the Temperature Role in the Tunneling Process at the Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 2020,
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"abstract": "The techniques and results of a study into the radiation-induced erosion of a wide range of structural materials upon sputtering by polyenergy beams of ions (H + , He + , Ar + ) and by pulsed high-temperature hydrogen plasma streams are discussed.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Radiation-induced erosion of structural materials in nuclear fusion reactors",
"year_published": 1996,
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"abstract": "Nuclear-fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen nuclei embedded in dense screening media are calculated. We consider the cases of a uniform degenerate electron gas and the inhomogeneous electron density in solids. We derive an exact wave function for the screened nuclear interaction and an analytical expression for the barrier-penetration factor in the case of homogeneous screening. For qualitative estimates of the screening in solids, we use a Thomas-Fermi description of the electron density. A crossover of the fusion rates of the various isotopic pairs analyzed ({ital p}-{ital d}, {ital d}-{ital d}, {ital p}-{ital t}, and {ital d}-{ital t}) is predicted for increasing screening length, velocity, or effective temperature of the medium. The effects of variable screening length and local effective temperatures are considered for electron gases in the range of metallic densities and compared with previous experimental and theoretical studies.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhRvA..40.6873A/abstract",
"title": "Screening effects in nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes in dense media.",
"year_published": 1989,
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"Physics",
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"Atomic theory",
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"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Thomas\u2013Fermi model",
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"first_author": "N\u00e9stor R. Arista",
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"abstract": "In summarizing the results of this Conference, the first fact we note is that transition to toroidal machines is nearly complete now in both high- and low-\u03b2 physics, with one exception, \u2013 the mirror machines.",
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"abstract": "EU-DEMO is a European project, having the ambitious goal to be the first demonstrative power plant based on nuclear fusion. The electrical power that is expected to be produced is in the order of 700\u2013800 MW, to be delivered via a connection to the European High Voltage electrical grid. The initiation and control of fusion processes, besides the problems related to the nuclear physics, need very complex electrical systems. Moreover, also the conversion of the output power is not trivial, especially because of the inherent discontinuity in the EU-DEMO operations. The present article concerns preliminary studies for the feasibility and realization of the nuclear fusion power plant EU-DEMO, with a special focus on the power electrical systems. In particular, the first stage of the study deals with the survey and analysis of the electrical loads, starting from the steady-state loads. Their impact is so relevant that could jeopardy the efficiency and the convenience of the plant itself. Afterwards, the loads are inserted into a preliminary internal distribution grid, sizing the main electrical components to carry out the power flow analysis, which is based on simulation models implemented in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software.",
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"abstract": "The main problem, that has so far risen in the field of thermonuclear fusion, regards the plasma instability and the consequent disruptions that occur afterwards. This leads to pulse interruption and reaction extinguishment. The next generation power plants will therefore require an Electron Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive system (ECH&CD), capable of injecting high power microwave beams where properly needed, in order to destroy magnetic islands and instabilities inside the vacuum vessel. Such a system must be sealed to maintain the vacuum inside the vessel and to act as a barrier for tritium present during pulse operation. A nearly perfect transmission of the microwaves beams used by the ECH&CD system is mandatory: at MW power levels, even the smallest back reflections might severely damage the gyrotrons, which are responsible for the beam",
"URL": "https://epjwoc.epj.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2015/06/epjconf_ec2015_04007/epjconf_ec2015_04007.html",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we present a strongly coupled cold plasma model for the process of cold nuclear fusion in the condensed matter. The cold fusion rate is analytically and explicitly derived based on an electrochemical analysis taking into account the strong Coulomb screening and the micro-heat nuclear effects. The theoretical results show that the fusion rate is insensitive to the temperature and density of deuterium ions while sensitive to the screening correction factor, \u03b7, of the local deuterium ions. For \u03b72, the cold fusion may be detectable.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HJBY199203006.htm",
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"abstract": "Collective reaction paths for fusion reactions $^{16}\\mathrm{O}+\\ensuremath{\\alpha}\\ensuremath{\\rightarrow}^{20}\\mathrm{Ne}$ and $^{16}\\mathrm{O}+^{16}\\mathrm{O}\\ensuremath{\\rightarrow}^{32}\\mathrm{S}$ are microscopically determined on the basis of the adiabatic self-consistent collective coordinate (ASCC) method. The collective path is maximally decoupled from other intrinsic degrees of freedom. The reaction paths turn out to deviate from those obtained with standard mean-field calculations with constraints on quadrupole and octupole moments. The potentials and inertial masses defined in the ASCC method are calculated along the reaction paths, which leads to the collective Hamiltonian used for calculation of the subbarrier fusion cross sections. The inertial mass inside the Coulomb barrier may have a significant influence on the fusion cross section at the deep subbarrier energy.",
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"abstract": "In an inertial electrostatic confinement nuclear fusion device, IECF, thermal neutron population is created near the neutron shielding that is proportional to the fast neutrons generation rate; nevertheless, this proportionality varies with the experimental arrangement. Thus, to properly measure the fast neutron generation rate by the IECF device it is necessary to previously elaborate a detailed neutron transport model between the IECF device and the radiation shield, where the neutron detector will be located. This model is elaborated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Code and the same is used to design the required radiation shield for the safe operation of the device. ",
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"abstract": "Ultrafast cluster dynamics encompasses femtosecond nuclear dynamics, attosecond electron dynamics, and electron-nuclear dynamics in ultraintense laser fields (peak intensities 1015\u20131020 W\u00b7cm\u22122). Extreme cluster multielectron ionization produces highly charged cluster ions, e.g., (C4+(D+)4)n and (D+I22+)n at IM = 1018 W\u00b7cm\u22122, that undergo Coulomb explosion (CE) with the production of high-energy (5 keV to 1 MeV) ions, which can trigger nuclear reactions in an assembly of exploding clusters. The laser intensity and the cluster size dependence of the dynamics and energetics of CE of (D2)n, (HT)n, (CD4)n, (DI)n, (CD3I)n, and (CH3I)n clusters were explored by electrostatic models and molecular dynamics simulations, quantifying energetic driving effects, and kinematic run-over effects. The optimization of table-top dd nuclear fusion driven by CE of deuterium containing heteroclusters is realized for light-heavy heteroclusters of the largest size, which allows for the prevalence of cluster vertical ionization at the highest intensity of the laser field. We demonstrate a 7-orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the yield of dd nuclear fusion driven by CE of light-heavy heteroclusters as compared with (D2)n clusters of the same size. Prospective applications for the attainment of table-top nucleosynthesis reactions, e.g., 12C(P,\u03b3)13N driven by CE of (CH3I)n clusters, were explored.",
"URL": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30049546.pdf",
"title": "Cluster dynamics transcending chemical dynamics toward nuclear fusion.",
"year_published": 2006,
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"abstract": "Highly efficient energy conversion of laser to high-energy components of ions and resulting rapid expansion take place upon the laser irradiation of clusters. Depending on the interrelationship between cluster size a and the electron excursion length \u03bee (which is related to the laser field amplitude), the expansion characteristics is categorized into the Coulomb explosion (a\u226a\u03bee) and alternative hydrodynamic ambipolar expansion (a\u226b\u03bee), revealing different features in the ion energy distribution. In the Coulomb explosion regime, a flat and/or slightly inverted ion energy distribution effective for enhanced fusion reactivity is generated. The critical cluster size and laser field amplitude which demarcate the expansion characteristics is investigated and the optimal fusion cross section is found in the domain of Coulomb explosion. A high fusion neutron yield is expected in the Coulomb explosion regime with greater cluster size and higher packing fraction.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhPl....9..589K/abstract",
"title": "High energy ions and nuclear fusion in laser\u2013cluster interaction",
"year_published": 2002,
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"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
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"first_author": "Yasuaki Kishimoto",
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"abstract": "The essence of nuclear fusion is that energy can be released by the rearrangement of nucleons between the initial- and final-state nuclei. The recent discovery of the first doubly charmed baryon , which contains two charm quarks (c) and one up quark (u) and has a mass of about 3,621 megaelectronvolts (MeV) (the mass of the proton is 938 MeV) also revealed a large binding energy of about 130 MeV between the two charm quarks. Here we report that this strong binding enables a quark-rearrangement, exothermic reaction in which two heavy baryons (\u039bc) undergo fusion to produce the doubly charmed baryon and a neutron n (), resulting in an energy release of 12 MeV. This reaction is a quark-level analogue of the deuterium-tritium nuclear fusion reaction (DT \u2192 4He n). The much larger binding energy (approximately 280 MeV) between two bottom quarks (b) causes the analogous reaction with bottom quarks () to have a much larger energy release of about 138 MeV. We suggest some experimental setups in which the highly exothermic nature of the fusion of two heavy-quark baryons might manifest itself. At present, however, the very short lifetimes of the heavy bottom and charm quarks preclude any practical applications of such reactions.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/86419357",
"title": "Quark-level analogue of nuclear fusion with doubly heavy baryons",
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"abstract": "Nuclear energy has created controversy since its conception during the 1950s. Arguments against it have been constant through the years until the current state on which the majority of western societies are against it as seen in recent surveys. Additionally, confidence in science and scientists is also relatively low. In Spain, these two facts are related with science alphabetization; an average person with lower science alphabetization tends to be more negative about science, and specifically, about nuclear energy science. In this aspect, as science affects major decisions in society, in democracy, it is important that the public is able to interpret scientific information. It is in this context that J\u00f3venes Nucleares appeared: an organization created by the Spanish Nuclear Society and formed by young people interested in nuclear energy. One of its main goals was the spreading of nuclear science into society. This was made through lectures at high schools, content creation, and enveloping communication campaigns. A skeptical approach has always been taken trying to separate from the lobby argumentation and promoting a strong critical thought. In this paper, as an example of communication campaign, the Basic Nuclear Fusion Course is presented. This campaign involved the creation of the informative content, gathering it into a book, the development of a lecture (consisting of nine topics related to nuclear fusion) to be delivered in universities or high schools, and a strong advertisement effort through social media and presentations in congresses. This campaign has been possible thanks to voluntary work; the main cost of the campaign was the book printing. The early results predict a great support to this new format included into the J\u00f3venes Nucleares divulgation activities as perceived in the attendance and feedback provided by the audience. With these activities, J\u00f3venes Nucleares aspires to put another grain of sand toward narrowing the gap between science and society.",
"URL": "https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/nuclearengineering/article/5/2/020906/725828/Nuclear-Communication-Campaign-in-Spain-Basic",
"title": "Nuclear Communication Campaign in Spain: Basic Nuclear Fusion Course",
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"abstract": "The nonthermal effects on the nuclear fusion reaction process are investigated in Lorentzian astrophysical plasmas. The closed expression of the classical turning point in Lorentzian plasmas is obtained by the Lambert W -function. Using the WKB analysis with the effective screening length, the closed expressions of the fusion penetration factor and the cross section for the nuclear fusion reaction in Lorentzian plasmas are obtained as functions of the spectral index, relative kinetic energy, and plasma parameters. It is shown that the nonthermal character of the Lorentzian plasma enhances the fusion penetration factor. In addition, the nonthermal effect on the penetration factor is found to be more significant in plasmas with higher densities. It would be expected that the fusion reaction rates of the p\u2013p chain and the CNO cycle in nonthermal plasmas are always greater than those in thermal Maxwellian plasmas.",
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"abstract": "Recent experiments on the interaction of intense, ultrafast laser pulses with large van der Waals bonded clusters have shown that these clusters can explode with substantial kinetic energy. By driving explosions in deuterium clusters with a 35 fs laser pulse, we have accelerated ions to sufficient kinetic energy to produce DD nuclear fusion. By diagnosing the fusion yield through measurements of 2.45 MeV fusion neutrons, we have found that the fusion yield from these exploding clusters varies strongly with the cluster size, consistent with acceleration of deuterons via Coulomb explosion forces.",
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"abstract": "We propose a five-parameter dumbbell model to describe the fusion and fission processes of massive nuclei, where the collective variables are: the distance \u03c1 between the center-of-mass of two fusing nuclei, the neck parameter \u03c5, asymmetry D, two deformation variables \u03b21 and \u03b22. The present model has macroscopic qualitative expression of polarization and nuclear collision of head to head, sphere to sphere, waist to waist and so on. The conception of the \"projectile eating target\" based on open mouth and swallow is proposed to describe the nuclear fusion process, and our understanding of the probability of fusion and quasi-fission is in agreement with some previous work. The calculated fission barriers of a lot of compound nuclei are compared with the experimental data.",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n This article reviews applications of Bayesian inference and machine learning (ML) in nuclear fusion research. Current and next-generation nuclear fusion experiments require analysis and modelling efforts that integrate different models consistently and exploit information found across heterogeneous data sources in an efficient manner. Model-based Bayesian inference provides a framework well suited for the interpretation of observed data given physics and probabilistic assumptions, also for very complex systems, thanks to its rigorous and straightforward treatment of uncertainties and modelling hypothesis. On the other hand, ML, in particular neural networks and deep learning models, are based on black-box statistical models and allow the handling of large volumes of data and computation very efficiently. For this reason, approaches which make use of ML and Bayesian inference separately and also in conjunction are of particular interest for today\u2019s experiments and are the main topic of this review. This article also presents an approach where physics-based Bayesian inference and black-box ML play along, mitigating each other\u2019s drawbacks: the former is made more efficient, the latter more interpretable.",
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"abstract": "I. INTRODUCTION II. NUCLEAR ENERGY USE WAS A CONTENTIOUS PUBLIC ISSUE BEFORE CLIMATE CHANGE EMERGED AS A PROBLEM III. INCLUSION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AGREEMENTS REMAINS CONTENTIOUS IV. CLIMATE CHANGE HAS NEVERTHELESS REVIVED THE CIVILIAN NUCLEAR ENERGY OPTION V. THE FOUNDATION FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY HAS BEEN LAID: INDIA AS AN EXAMPLE VI. ENGAGING INDIA IN NUCLEAR ENERGY SHOWS LOCAL AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS A. Increasing Nuclear Energy Will Not Solve India's Short Term Emissions Problem Because of Domestic and International Regulatory and Administrative Uncertainties B. Transferring Nuclear Technology to India Sets the Stage for Future Environmental Issues VII. CONCLUSION: ACKNOWLEDGING AND ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE-NUCLEAR LINK I. INTRODUCTION Climate change is launching a nuclear energy future because nuclear power generation produces low greenhouse gas emissions. (1) Nations are therefore reviewing their nuclear energy portfolio and expanding international cooperation on civilian nuclear energy. (2) India is a notable example. Recognizing India's energy demands and the climate mitigation problems associated with fossil fuel use, the Nuclear Supplier's Group, at the behest of the United States, removed nuclear trade sanctions imposed on India. (3) India has subsequently been negotiating and signing numerous bilateral agreements aimed at expanding its domestic nuclear power generation facility. (4) The apparent advantages of nuclear energy in mitigating climate change are however significantly marred by international and domestic regulatory and governance gaps in assessing and managing the environmental impacts of nuclear energy. (5) Although partially promoted to mitigate climate change, nuclear technology is not featured as an energy alternative in international climate treaties because of persisting environmental, safety, and cost concerns. (6) The Indian government's assessment of the legal framework to manage environmental and safety impacts of nuclear expansion, including waste management, does not match its alacrity in concluding nuclear agreements. (7) In this article it is argued that India's nuclear policy represents an upcoming challenge to environmental law for two reasons. First, it shows that the international community's support for India's civilian nuclear program, despite the exclusion of nuclear energy for safety, security, and cost reasons, will not yield timely emissions reduction benefits because of sketchy international and domestic energy policy and poorly aligned emissions reduction and energy diversification goals. Second, the expansion of India's civilian nuclear program demonstrates that nations have given scant attention to developing an adequate legal framework for managing serious associated environmental problems such as waste management, siting, and liability. Without a comprehensive and cohesive international regime on nuclear energy, these issues present serious environmental concerns both locally and globally. This case study demonstrates that a meaningful strategy to mitigate climate change must, without exacerbating other environmental problems, align national and international law and policy on three indivisible aspects of the problem: emissions, energy, and economics. The current approach to climate mitigation focuses primarily on emissions reduction goals, which may actually drive nations to pursue environmentally detrimental energy alternatives such as nuclear energy. This reality cannot be wished away by excluding a particular type of energy from the climate treaties. Instead, nations may have to take a more stringent approach and establish a climate assessment system under which certain types of energy will be phased out. A mechanism to simultaneously assess the environmental impacts of energy alternatives such as nuclear power must also be considered to ensure that alternatives achieve the requisite steep emissions cuts. \u2026",
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"abstract": "Studies of material surfaces interacting with plasma have been recognized to have played a very important role in the development of nuclear fusion devices. Particularly, in the large tokamak devices which have been recently built, serious damages on the first wall surface have been observed due to plasma disruption and unipolar arcing which caused sputtering, evaporation, melting and so on. Therefore, elementary processes of plasma wall interactions taking place in the actual torus devices have to be understood urgently, and then efforts have to be taken to radiation damages from both the plasma and material points of view.This review describes the major problems and the approaching methods of such studies in plasma wall interactions, and the specific recent problems caused by non-steady state plasma in the large tokamak devices.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsssj1980/6/2/6_2_127/_pdf",
"title": "Current Topics on Studies of Plasma Wall Interactions in Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 1985,
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{
"abstract": "Review of plasma confinement in helical systems, M. Fujiwara the status and future plans of the helical system research, M. Fujiwara nuclear fusion research and the JET project status and plans, A. Gibson the first fusion experiments using deuterium-tritium plasmas in the JET tokamak, A. Gibson trajectories in magnetic configurations, L. Laurent physics of long pulse experiments and Tore Supro results, L. Laurent the origin of edge turbulence, C.S. Liu theory of plasma rotation, C.S. Liu refractometric techniques in plasma diagnostics, H. Soltwisch overview on internal magnetic field measurements in tokamaks, H. Soltwisch the physics of the H-mode, F. Wagner confinement in tokamaks and stellarators, F. Wagner.",
"URL": "https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA26130504",
"title": "Nuclear fusion and plasma physics : proceedings of the International Summer School",
"year_published": 1995,
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"Tokamak",
"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Jet (particle physics)",
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"abstract": "It is shown that vectorial phenomena couple thermodynamically with the scalar phenomena. This result is contrary to the well spread belief in the field of irreversible thermodynamics. Transport coefficients concerning the diffusion and the thermal conduction across a strong magnetic field are calculated in the presence of the deuteron-triton fusion reaction on the basis of the gas kinetic theory. When the reaction takes place, the diffusion coefficient increases and the thermal conductivity decreases. Effects of the reaction exceed those of the Coulomb collision as the temperature is high enough.",
"URL": "https://journals.jps.jp/doi/10.1143/JPSJ.43.222",
"title": "Effects of Nuclear Fusion Reaction on Diffusion and Thermal Conduction in a Magnetoplasma",
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"Thermal conduction",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
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"abstract": "The basic aim of this paper is to highlight the hidden energy source and understand the mechanism of the controversial and spectacular \u2018cold nuclear fusion\u2019 at nuclear energy scales. Following the concept of strong interaction, theoretically, fusion of proton seems to increase the binding energy of the final atom by 8.8 MeV. Due to Coulombic repulsion, asymmetry effect, pairing effect and, other nuclear effects, final atom is forced to choose a little bit of binding energy less than 8.8 MeV and thus it is able to release left over binding energy in the form of internal kinetic energy or external thermal energy. Thus, in cold fusion, heat release to occur, binding energy difference of final atom and base atom seems to be less than 8.8 MeV. ",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "On the Role of Nuclear Binding Energy in Understanding Cold Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Nuclear fusion",
"Kinetic energy",
"Pairing",
"Cold fusion",
"Atom (system on chip)",
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"Asymmetry",
"Atomic physics",
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"Computer science",
"Linguistics",
"Philosophy",
"Superconductivity",
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"first_author": "Satya Seshavatharam Utpala Venkata",
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{
"abstract": "Fusion plasma engineers have made remarkable progress in designing a tokamak type of experimental reactor, as evidenced by the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), which produces fusion energy of 1.5 GW(thermal) for 1000 s at least. However, the ITER design is more expensive and requires more advanced technology than earlier machines. With these concerns in mind, extending design options by using a high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) to improve plasma positional instability by placing HTSC ring coils inside the vacuum vessel would be desirable. Here, improving the plasma instability with HTSC coils is discussed, and a possible design ofa smaller machine using the coils based on supporting experiments with HTSC tapes is given.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_95",
"title": "Application of high-temperature superconductors to enhance nuclear fusion reactors",
"year_published": 1999,
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"High-temperature superconductivity",
"Tokamak",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Vacuum chamber",
"Superconductivity",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Tetsuya Uchimoto",
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"abstract": "Laser drivers are an enabling factor to inertial confinement fusion, because laser diodes must be used instead of flash lamps. We discuss the limitations of laser diode arrays and show what steps the industry is taking. The pump power requirements of large-scale projects such as LIFE or HiPER are within reach of semiconductor laser diode assemblies. Pulsed light output powers per laser bars have been around 300\u00a0W per bar, as in the Jenoptik 940\u00a0nm bars previously used for pumping the Yb:YAG slabs in the DiPOLE project. By redesigning the semiconductor laser structures 500\u00a0W per bar is now commercially available for 808, 880 and 940\u00a0nm pump wavelengths. The construction of one inertial fusion power plant will require an amount of semiconductor laser chips in excess of the current annual production by two orders of magnitude. This adds to the engineering task of improving the device characteristics a challenge to production capacity. While the industry benefits from the recent boost in solid-state lighting that acts as a technology driver, cooperation between manufacturers will be imperative, and to this end we propose standardization efforts.",
"URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/high-power-laser-science-and-engineering/article/laser-diode-stacks-pulsed-light-power-for-nuclear-fusion/7A54D7231C83F27625B6A50F6BF2514A",
"title": "Laser diode stacks: pulsed light power for nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"X-ray laser",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Materials science",
"Inertial fusion power plant",
"HiPER",
"Laser diode",
"Solid-state laser",
"Optoelectronics",
"Laser",
"Diode"
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"first_author": "Martin W\u00f6lz",
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{
"abstract": "A general coherent control scheme for speeding up quantum tunneling of proton transfer through Coulombic barriers is analysed. The quantum control scenario is based on repetitive electron impact ionization pulses that affect the ensuing interference phenomena responsible for quantum dynamics and force the proton to tunnel into classically forbidden regions of configuration space. The scheme is demonstrated for the simplest model of nuclear fusion, hinting at the possible enhancement of reactive scattering based on low energy collisions.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MolPh.110..995S/abstract",
"title": "Tunneling through Coulombic barriers: quantum control of nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2012,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Quantum dynamics",
"Atomic physics",
"Scattering",
"Quantum dissipation",
"Proton",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coherent control",
"Configuration space"
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"first_author": "Rajdeep Saha",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"abstract": "Fusion excitation functions for the systems $^{40}\\mathrm{Ar}$+$^{112,116,122}\\mathrm{Sn}$ and $^{40}\\mathrm{Ar}$+$^{144,148,154}\\mathrm{Sm}$ have been determined, covering cross sections ranging from several hundred millibarns down to the microbarn level. The data are interpreted with a fusion model that includes fluctuations of the barrier with an amplitude that is shown to be correlated with the collective surface properties of the nuclei. There is no need to assume an additional enhanced tunneling process.",
"URL": "https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1811",
"title": "Influence of Collective Surface Motion on the Threshold Behavior of Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 1982,
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"Physics",
"Fusion",
"Motion (geometry)",
"Amplitude",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Surface (mathematics)",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Excitation"
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"first_author": "W. Reisdorf",
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"abstract": "In this paper we analyze the nuclear fusion rates among equal nuclei for all five different nuclear burning regimes in dense matter (two thermonuclear regimes, two pycnonuclear ones, and the intermediate regime). The rate is determined by Coulomb barrier penetration in dense environments and by the astrophysical S factor at low energies. We evaluate previous studies of the Coulomb barrier problem and propose a simple phenomenological formula for the reaction rate that covers all cases. The parameters of this formula can be varied to take into account current theoretical uncertainties in the reaction rate. The results are illustrated for the example of the 12 C+ 12 C fusion reaction. This reaction is important for the understanding of nuclear burning in evolved stars, in exploding white dwarfs producing type Ia supernovas, and in accreting neutron stars. The S factor at stellar energies depends on a reliable fit and extrapolation of the experimental data. We calculate the energy dependence of the S factor by using a recently developed parameter-free model for the nuclear interaction, taking into account the effects of the Pauli nonlocality. For illustration, we analyze the efficiency of carbon burning in a wide range of densities and temperatures of stellar matter with the emphasis on carbon ignition at densities \u03c1 > \u223c 10 9 gc m \u22123 .",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvC..72b5806G/abstract",
"title": "Nuclear fusion in dense matter: Reaction rate and carbon burning",
"year_published": 2005,
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"Neon-burning process",
"Physics",
"Silicon-burning process",
"Reaction rate",
"Nuclear physics",
"White dwarf",
"S-factor",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Leandro Gasques",
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"sentence": "In this paper we analyze the nuclear fusion rates among equal nuclei for all five different nuclear burning regimes in dense matter two thermonuclear regimes, two pycnonuclear ones, and the intermediate regime.",
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"sentence": "For illustration, we analyze the efficiency of carbon burning in a wide range of densities and temperatures of stellar matter with the emphasis on carbon ignition at densities \u03c1 10 9 gc 3.",
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"abstract": "The available information on the dynamics of world population growth as well as global statistical data on today's energy production, consumption and distribution are presented. Natural restrictions on the modern world's fossil combustion energy system are discussed along with possible climatic and biospherical impacts for its part. Alternative energy sources capable of replacing the existing energy system are considered and prospects for controllable nuclear fusion are discussed.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhyU...41.1127P/abstract",
"title": "Can the future world energy system be free of nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Alternative energy",
"Consumption (economics)",
"Biochemical engineering",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Production (economics)",
"Energy system",
"Environmental science",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Population growth"
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"first_author": "Sergei V Putvinskii",
"scholarly_citations_count": 8,
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"abstract": "The rate of nuclear fusion of d-d hydrogen isotopes in condensed matter is estimated. The authors calculate the probability for tunnelling in a model in which the interaction between two deuterons is described by tailoring a screened repulsive Yukawa potential with an harmonic potential. The fusion rate is established quantitatively as a function of the screening length Rs and the deuteron separation R0. It is shown that a fusion rate larger than 10-23 (s*deuteron pair)-1 can arise in a domain given approximately by R0+14.3RsBackground: So far the feasibility of nuclear reactions has been studied only through the evaluation of the reaction rate, which gives us information about the kinetics, while the thermodynamic analysis has been limited to evaluations of the change in enthalpy without any consideration of the change in entropy. Methods: This work examines the thermodynamics of nuclear fusion reactions through a simplified approach. The analysis introduces the thermodynamic study of fission and fusion reactions through their comparison with a chemical process. Results: The main result is that fission reactions are always spontaneous (\u0394G < 0) since a lot of energy is released in the form of heat and the system moves spontaneously towards a more disordered state. In contrast, fusion reactions are spontaneous only when the enthalpic contribution of the change in Gibbs free energy overcomes the entropic contribution. This condition is verified when the temperature of the process is below a characteristic value T*, calculated as the ratio between the energy corresponding to the mass defect and the change of entropy of the fusion reaction. Conclusions: Due to the unavailability of data related to entropy changes in fusion reactions, only a qualitative thermodynamic analysis has been carried out. Through such analysis, the influence of the operating conditions over the spontaneity of fusion processes has been discussed. The final considerations emphasize the role of the thermodynamics analysis that should be implemented in the current studies that, so far, have been mainly based on the assessment of the reaction rate and exothermicity of fusion reactions.",
"URL": "https://zenodo.org/records/5520449/files/openreseurope-1-15122.pdf",
"title": "Spontaneity of nuclear fusion: a qualitative analysis via classical thermodynamics",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Fusion",
"Enthalpy",
"Materials science",
"Physics",
"Philosophy",
"Linguistics"
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"first_author": "Silvano Tosti",
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"URL": "https://zenodo.org/records/5566081/files/openreseurope-1-15307.pdf",
"title": "Spontaneity of nuclear fusion: a qualitative analysis via classical thermodynamics.",
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"first_author": "Silvano Tosti",
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"abstract": "This article presents an event and pulse node hardware module (EPN) developed for use in control and data acquisition (CODAC) in current and upcoming long discharges nuclear fusion experiments. Its purpose is to allow real time event management and trigger distribution. The use of a mixture of digital signal processing and field programmable gate arrays, with fiber optic channels for event broadcast between CODAC nodes, and short length paths between the EPN and CODAC hardware, allows an effective and low latency communication path. This hardware will be integrated in the ISTTOK CODAC to allow long AC plasma discharges.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4484231/",
"title": "Event and Pulse Node Hardware Design for Nuclear Fusion Experiments",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Data acquisition",
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"abstract": "Ion beam technique using the T (d, \u03b1) n nuclear reaction was applied to depth profiling of tritium in a deuterium implanted titanium sample simulating nuclear fusion reactor materials. The energy distribution of the \u03b1-particles from the T (d, \u03b1) n reaction was converted to the depth profile of tritium. The impurities of D, 3He, C and O were found to give no significant influence on the depth profiling. From the backscattered deuteron spectrum measured the amounts of the impurity atoms of O and C were estimated. According to the present results the applicability of the ion beam techniques to depth profiling of tritium in nuclear fusion reactor materials is discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/59/2/59_2_131/_pdf",
"title": "Ion beam analysis of tritium for nuclear fusion reactor materials.",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Radiochemistry",
"Chemistry",
"Nuclear reaction",
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"abstract": "This paper investigates the dense plasma focus (DPF) for applications to nuclear fusion processes in reactors and in astrophysical plasmas. The scaling derived from experiments suggests a DPF of 100 MJ could reach break-even in a reactor and provides parameter space information for astrophysical problems. The cost and technological problems associated with this achievement are analyzed and environmental concerns discussed. The results, as applied to several fields of science and technology and space plasma physics, are presented.",
"URL": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1265345",
"title": "Applications of the dense plasma focus to nuclear fusion and plasma astrophysics",
"year_published": 2003,
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"abstract": "Deutered polyethylene (CD2)n thin and thick targets were irradiated in high vacuum by infrared laser pulses at 1015W/cm2 intensity. The high laser energy transferred to the polymer generates plasma, expanding in vacuum at supersonic velocity, accelerating hydrogen and carbon ions. Deuterium ions at kinetic energies above 4 MeV have been measured by using ion collectors and SiC detectors in time-of-flight configuration. At these energies the deuterium\u2013deuterium collisions may induce over threshold fusion effects, in agreement with the high D-D cross-section valuesaround 3 MeV energy. At the first instants of the plasma generation, during which high temperature, density and ionacceleration occur, the D-D fusions occur as confirmed by the detection of mono-energetic protonsand neutrons with a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV and 2.5 MeV, respectively, produced by the nuclear reaction. The number of fusion events depends strongly on the experimental set-up, i.e. on the laser parameters (intensity, wavelength, focal spot dimension), target conditions (thickness, chemical composition, absorption coefficient, presence of secondary targets) and used geometry (incidence angle, laser spot, secondary target positions).A number of D-D fusion events of the order of 106\u00f77 per laser shot has been measured.",
"URL": "https://ojs.cvut.cz/ojs/index.php/ap/article/view/1775/0",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Effects Induced in Intense Laser-Generated Plasmas",
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"abstract": "The problem of controlled nuclear fusion (CNF) is a colossal scientific and technological challenge on a global scale; enormous teams of scientists in many countries are still trying to solve this problem. 50 years ago, on May 5, 1951, the USSR Council of Ministers Resolution enacted a governmental program, apparently the first in the world, ``On conducting research and experimental work to clarify the feasibility of building a magnetic thermonuclear reactor''. The three papers below briefly outline the history and sequence of events together with the evolution of ideas that led to the first governmental decisions to carry out the work that would clarify whether the creation of a controlled thermonuclear reactor was feasible, and also summarize the results of the first decades of research. DOI:10.1070/PU2001v044n08ABEH001068 The initial period in the history of nuclear fusion research at the Kurchatov Institute",
"URL": "http://fire.pppl.gov/rf_shafranov.pdf",
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"abstract": "Using intense ultrasonic cavitation effect, metals kept in heavy water were changed to nanometer-sized fine powders and simultaneously condensed a large amount of deuteriums for 1-2 days. Mass analyses of gases released from the remnant metal powders revealed existence of 3He and 4He which were produced by the deuterium nuclear fusion reacted inside the metals. On the other hand, simultaneously generated excess energy were recognized in only D2O working liquid, using the working liquids of D2O or H2O-water in which immersed metal foils kept inside a sono-vessel.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130000907843",
"title": "Nuclear fusion reacted inside metals by intense sonoimplantation effect",
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"abstract": "The current energy model, which is based largely on the use of fossil fuels and has a direct influence on global warming and climate change, presents serious problems of unsustainability in the long term [...]",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/6/1413/pdf?version=1710474869",
"title": "Editorial: Advances in Nuclear Fusion Energy and Cross-Cutting Technologies",
"year_published": 2024,
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"abstract": "Few people are preoccupied with the energy issue. Indeed, inflation-corrected energy prices (in euros) are currently lower than before the first oil crisis of 1973; the annual growth rate of primary-energy use in the industrialized world has diminished considerably compared to before 1970, and oil and gas production is characterized by increased exploration activity and a wider geographical spread. Nevertheless, there is a real energy issue. If the greenhouse effect turns out to be real, then mankind should at least slow down the consumption of fossil fuels. Given the fact that world energy consumption (especially by the developing countries) will rise in the future, and that nuclear fission power has become unpopular in the western world, the idea reigning in some circles to cope with this situation by total reliance on energy savings and renewable energy sources comes close to wishful thinking. A realistic analysis makes it clear that there will be a need for large workhorses for electricity generation to keep the overall electricity grid sufficiently robust. From a global and long-term perspective, the logical conclusion is the following: because mankind cannot count on the continued use of fossil fuels (due to the finiteness of the resources combined with the possible climate change effects), our generation has the responsibility to develop alternative energy sources for the distant future. Many parallel lines of research and development therefore need be pursued; because of the uncertainties with other alternative sources, it would be irresponsible to kill some of these development lines. This holds for renewable sources, the nuclear fission breeder, and for nuclear fusion. A major hurdle for the survival of long term energy research and development is the liberalization of the electricity market. Because of the revolutionary changes taking place, utilities concentrate on cost cutting and short-term survival. In addition, they are no longer supposed to take responsibility for the future strategic electric energy provision. Although they may be sympathetic to the further development of nuclear fusion research, they do not have any interest in financial support. According to utilities operating in a liberalized market, the research and development for energy technologies must be performed by the manufacturers; if these develop an interesting product, then utilities may buy it. Manufacturers in turn consider the payback time of fusion research and development investments too large to put much money into it. Public funding therefore remains the only option for the next few decades. But strangely enough, regardless of the requirements for a long-term energy policy, policy makers also concentrate on short-term returns. Everybody is blinded by the current cheapness of energy. Utilities will only buy fusion plants if they are competitive. The initial investment cost should therefore be reasonable, the construction time limited, and the availability for operation sufficiently high. Present-day cost estimates for fusion power plants carry little weight; they merely serve to indicate the weak spots in present-day designs. However, there is no doubt that the future fusion reactor must become much simpler and more robust than present-day experiments. Future competitiveness of fusion plants will largely depend on the price of other energy sources. Time works in the right direction for fusion: the other sources will become more expensive, and present-day sophisticated technologies characteristic for fusion (superconductivity, remote handling, etc) will by that time have become daily technologies at a reasonable cost. Fusion may succeed in developing a good electricity generating product for the second half of the 21st century. The major challenge consists of finding sufficient financial funding for the continued development of fusion research.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/41/12B/302/pdf",
"title": "The challenge to keep nuclear fusion alive as a future energy source",
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"abstract": "NUCLEAR FUSIONThis week in Science (p. [1868][1]), scientists claim to have seen evidence for nuclear fusion in a beaker of organic solvent. That stunning claim, if true, could eventually have important consequences for nuclear proliferation and energy production. But other scientists are likening the paper to cold fusion. Adding to the brouhaha is a series of exchanges between the magazine's editor-in-chief and nonauthors seeking to influence Science during its publication of the paper.\n\n [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/295/5561/1868",
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"abstract": "ENERGYWhereas fusion energy from the sun is free, generating it on Earth costs. But laser researchers think they may have a budget route to boundless electricity. ([Read more][1].)\n\n [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5754/1610",
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"abstract": "The poloidal field coil (PFC) with a cooling pipe for nuclear fusion equipment is a very large scale coil with complex geometry. Confirmation of its reliability under operating loads must be made d...",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n Deuterium-tritium fusion reactions produce energy in the form of 14.1 MeV neutrons, and hence fusion reactor components will be exposed to high energy neutron irradiation while also being subjected to thermal, mechanical and magnetic loads. Exposure to neutron irradiation has numerous consequences, including swelling and dimensional changes, comparable in magnitude to the peak transient thermal deformations occurring in plasma-facing components. Irradiation also dynamically alters the various thermo-mechanical properties, relating temperature, stress and swelling in a strongly non-linear way. Experimental data on the effect of neutron exposure spanning the design parameter space are very sparse and this highlights the relevance of computer simulations. In this study we explore the equivalence between the body force/surface traction approach and the eigenstrain formalism for treating anisotropic irradiation-induced swelling. We find that both commercial and massively parallelised open source software for finite element method (FEM) simulations are suitable for assessing the effect of neutron exposure on the mechanically loaded reactor components. We demonstrate how two primary effects of irradiation, radiation swelling and the degradation of thermal conductivity, affect the distributions of stress and temperature in the divertor of the ITER tokamak. Significant uncertainties characterising the magnitude of swelling and models for treating it suggest that on the basis of the presently available data, only an order of magnitude estimate can be given to the stress developing in reactor components most exposed to irradiation during service.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad2d81/pdf",
"title": "Finite element models for radiation effects in nuclear fusion applications",
"year_published": 2024,
"fields_of_study": [
"Fusion",
"Radiation",
"Finite element method",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Philosophy",
"Linguistics",
"Thermodynamics"
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"abstract": "There are various physics issues which the LHD can explore in the research field of transport studies in high temperature plasmas, research for MHD stability in high density and high beta plasma, that are crucial for a future device aimed at nuclear fusion. Physics of the confinement improved mode is discussed with a new paradigm of non-linearity, non-diffusivity and non-locality of the transport. Various MHD modes are observed such as the interchange mode and high energy particle driven modes. Magnetic island physics are intensively studied by applying a perturbation field or by controlling the magnetic shear with NBCD. The LHD also gives opportunities to extend research beyond plasma physics. Research concerning atomic processes such as a test of the collisional-radiative model and energy levels of highly charged heavy ions are also investigated using the plasma in LHD. c",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130000668991",
"title": "Research of Basic Plasma Physics Toward Nuclear Fusion in LHD",
"year_published": 2010,
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"Physics",
"Ion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Large Helical Device",
"High density",
"Transport studies",
"High energy particle",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"first_author": "Akio Komori",
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"sentence": "Physics of the confinement improved mode is discussed with a new paradigm of non-linearity, non-diffusivity and non-locality of the transport.",
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"sentence": "Magnetic island physics are intensively studied by applying a perturbation field or by controlling the magnetic shear with NBCD.",
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"sentence": "The LHD also gives opportunities to extend research beyond plasma physics.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
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"sentence": "Research concerning atomic processes such as a test of the collisional-radiative model and energy levels of highly charged heavy ions are also investigated using the plasma in LHD.",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract Due to the existence of a weakly bound state of the mesic molecule dt \u03bc \u2212 meson in a mixture of deuterium and tritium can catalyze \u223c 10 2 of the fusion reactions dt \u03bc \u2192 4 He + n + \u03bc \u2212 + 17.6 MeV and release \u223c 2 GeV of energy.",
"URL": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269377900673",
"title": "\u03bc\u2212 meson catalysis of nuclear fusion in a mixture of deuterium and tritium",
"year_published": 1977,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Physical chemistry",
"Catalysis",
"Atomic physics",
"Meson",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Muon-catalyzed fusion",
"Helium",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "S.S. Gerstein",
"scholarly_citations_count": 133,
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{
"abstract": "Britain will pay \u00a360 million to keep the Joint European Torus near Oxford running if negotiations to continue EU funding stall. Britain will pay \u00a360 million to keep the Joint European Torus near Oxford running if negotiations to continue EU funding stall.",
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00930-3.pdf",
"title": "UK pledges to bankroll nuclear-fusion lab threatened by Brexit.",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"International trade",
"Political science",
"Threatened species",
"Brexit",
"Joint European Torus",
"Stall (engine)"
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"first_author": "Elizabeth Gibney",
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{
"abstract": "Gamma-ray spectral lines have recently been reported coming from the celestial object SS 433, which is known to emit high-speed jets in opposite directions. The proposed identification of the lines as coming from fusion reactions on nitrogen nuclei as part of the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle operating in the jets has now received observational support. Predictions of strengths and widths of additional lines which, if seen, would provide valuable new information about conditions giving rise to the jets are presented.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750853",
"title": "Resonant Nuclear Fusion Processes and the Gamma Rays of SS 433.",
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"Astronomical spectroscopy",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Astrophysics",
"Spectral line",
"Nuclear astrophysics",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) is an approach to nuclear fusion which utilises the properties of electrostatically accelerated ion-beams instead of hot plasmas. The best known device which uses the principle is the Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor. It has been argued that such devices have some potential advantages in spaceflight and in-particular as power-supplies for trans-atmospheric propulsion. This paper builds on previous work in the field and focuses on how the fixing of the fuel for such reactors in a solid, liquid or encapsulated form may provide a high enough energy-density to make such devices practical power sources. Several methods of fixing the fuel are discussed; theoretical calculations are presented and applicable literature is reviewed. Finally, there is a discussion of practical issues and feasibility, together with suggestions for further work.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JBIS...64..139M/abstract",
"title": "Fuel Encapsulation for Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Nuclear Fusion Reactors",
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"Magnetic confinement fusion",
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"abstract": "(1987). Controlled Nuclear Fusion \u2014 Fundamentals of its Utilization for Energy Supply. Fusion Technology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 328-328.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST87-A11963791",
"title": "Controlled Nuclear Fusion \u2014 Fundamentals of its Utilization for Energy Supply",
"year_published": 1987,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Computer science",
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"abstract": "The plasma compression fusion device (PCFD) generates the energy gain by plasma compression-induced nuclear fusion. This concept has the capability of maximizing the product of plasma pressure and energy confinement time to maximize the energy gain, and thus give rise to fusion ignition conditions. The preferred embodiment of this original concept uses a hollow cross-duct configuration of circular cross section in which the concentrated magnetic energy flux from two pairs of opposing curved-headed counter-spinning conical structures (possibly made from an alloy of tungsten with high capacitance) whose outer surfaces are electrically charged compresses a gaseous mixture of fusion fuel into a plasma, heated to extreme temperatures and pressures. The generated high-intensity electromagnetic (EM) radiation heats the plasma and the produced magnetic fields confine it in between the counter-spinning conical structures, named the dynamic fusors (four of them\u2014smoothly curved apex sections opposing each other in pairs). The dynamic fusors can be assemblies of electrified grids and toroidal magnetic coils, arranged within a conical structure whose outer surface is electrically charged. The cross-duct inner surface surrounding the plasma core region is also electrically charged and vibrated in an accelerated mode to minimize the flux of plasma particles (including neutrals) from impacting the PCFD surfaces and initiating a plasma quench. The fusion fuel (preferably deuterium gas) is introduced into the plasma core through the counter-spinning conical structures, namely, injected through orifices in the dynamic fusor heads. There is envisioned another even more compact version of this concept, which uses accelerated vibration in a linear-duct configuration (using two counter-spinning dynamic fusors only) and would best be suited for fusion power generation on aircraft, or main battle tanks. The concept uses controlled motion of electrically charged matter through accelerated vibration and/or accelerated spin subjected to smooth, yet rapid acceleration transients, to generate extremely high-energy/high-intensity EM radiation (fields of high-energy photons) which not only confines the plasma but also greatly compresses it so as to produce a high power density plasma burn, leading to ignition. The PCFD concept can produce power in the gigawatt to terawatt range (and higher) with input power in the kilowatt to megawatt range and can possibly lead to ignition (self-sustained) plasma burn. Several important practical engineering and operational issues with operating a device such as the PCFD are discussed.",
"URL": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8871349/authors",
"title": "The Plasma Compression Fusion Device\u2014Enabling Nuclear Fusion Ignition",
"year_published": 2019,
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"Fusion ignition",
"Ignition system",
"Magnetic energy",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Mechanics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma",
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"first_author": "Salvatore Cezar Pais",
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"abstract": "This paper presents a new way to realize controlled nuclear fusion. The way is that a single energy neutron beam fuses with given nuclei, such as lithium nuclei or boron nuclei, so that the nuclear energy is released. The sort of fusion can be achieved at low temperatures, because a neutron has no charge and has a large reaction cross section with a nucleus. The fusion is easy to control and does not produce radioactive spent nuclear fuel. One of the five sorts of neutron sources is the electron neutron source in which a single energy electron beam collides with a single energy bare nucleus beam, such as the deuteron, to produce a single energy neutron. These neutrons irradiate target nuclei and are absorbed by the target nuclei, so that nuclear energy is released. Compared with conventional fusion, it has the disadvantage of releasing less energy and energy density. In addition, it takes a certain amount of energy to produce a beam of single-energy neutrons. However, if some of the input energy can be effectively recycled, the fusion process must produce more energy than the input energy.",
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"title": "A Possible Way to Realize Controlled Nuclear Fusion at Low Temperatures",
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"Neutron source",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Neutron radiation",
"Lithium",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "Stimulated by the recent report of Beuhler, Friedlander, and Friedman on the observation of {ital dd} fusion under the impact of heavy-water clusters on deuterated solid targets, we undertook a similar study with pure deuterium clusters (D{sub 200}{sup +}--D{sub 300}{sup +}) in the same range of incident energy per deuteron (less than 1 keV). We observed no fusion event and our upper limit for the fusion rate is more than 1 order of magnitude below the Brookhaven value. Additional measurements performed with {ital N}{sub {ital n}}{sup +} projectiles were not conclusive but showed that beam-contamination problems may be very serious.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhRvL..65..621F/abstract",
"title": "Search for nuclear fusion in deuterated targets under cluster-beam impact.",
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"abstract": "The original vision of controlled thermonuclear fusion as the ideal solution of the energy problems of the mankind collides with the reality of a dramatically expensive research with too long-term, too uncertain and too limited perspectives. After more than four decades of scientific and technical research, other five decades would be required to commercialization of fusion reactors according to the constant projections the fusion community has been reiterating since the 1980s. However, alone, the huge cost/progress ratio of the attempts of the last 20 years to develop just one \u2018next-step\u2019 experiment and the resulting 10 billion proposal with still unresolved basic engineering/technology problems and highly uncertain physics objectives; this cannot support the anticipated rate of progress. Furthermore, due to their nuclear nature, their inherent large (GWe) size and the very complex and sophisticated technologies, fusion power plants would be strongly limited in meeting ecological, economical and political/social requirements of a future energy mix and in fitting into the already growing trend towards liberalization and restructuring of the energy market. These limitations are increasingly undermining the justification of the immense resources dedicated to research and development of fusion and its attractiveness as a virtually unlimited energy source, particularly in comparison with emerging non-nuclear systems such as those based on fuel cells. Operated initially with natural gas- or coal gas-derived hydrogen and ultimately with renewable hydrogen, fuel cells (in particular the high-temperature ones) are becoming the focus of interest for applications in decentralized power and combined heat and power plants, in centralized power stations in the MW range and in the transport sector. Adequately supported, fuel cell technologies can be expected to be commercially established before a hypothetical demonstration of the scientific feasibility of fusion. After a brief review of the historical evolution of major fusion plans, in particular of the next-step projects in Europe, this paper discusses critically the above mentioned aspects of fusion, addressing primarily the most advanced concept, the \u2018tokamak\u2019. Copyright \u00a9 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-114X(19990310)23:3<259::AID-ER503>3.0.CO;2-K/pdf",
"title": "Nuclear fusion: luxurious mirage of a long-term future energy option?",
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"abstract": "This paper describes an approach for the magnetic reconstruction of large-scale tokamak devices that is suitable for real-time employment in order to provide reference for active control action during the whole plasma evolution. This problem can be seen as a free boundary problem , where the shape features of the plasma are determined by the equilibrium with the external sources, namely, the active circuit currents and the eddy currents flowing in the passive structures. In this respect, a dynamic model is needed to estimate the induced currents and provide a consistent representation of the whole system behavior during the entire plasma discharge. Such a model is then coupled with an iterative optimization procedure to provide a model of the plasma that, superimposed with the external sources, minimizes the error of the reconstructed magnetic map with reference to the available sensor measurements. The analysis and validation of this approach are presented, resulting in a procedure that appears to accurately follow the behavior of the system during both slow varying evolution and strongly dynamic events.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ITPS...46..636C/abstract",
"title": "Model-Based Approach for Magnetic Reconstruction in Axisymmetric Nuclear Fusion Machines",
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"Free boundary problem",
"Action (physics)",
"Rotational symmetry",
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"first_author": "Angelo Cenedese",
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"abstract": "A number of popular extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics predict the existence of doubly charged scalar particles $X^{\\pm\\pm}$. Such particles may be long-lived or even stable. If exist, $X^{--}$ could form atomic bound states with light nuclei and catalyze their fusion by essentially eliminating the Coulomb barrier between them. Such an $X$-catalyzed fusion ($X$CF) process does not require high temperatures or pressure and may have important applications for energy production. A similar process of muon-catalyzed fusion ($\\mu$CF) has been shown not to be a viable source of energy because of the sticking of negative muons to helium nuclei produced in the fusion of hydrogen isotopes, which stops the catalytic process. We analyze $X$CF in deuterium environments and show that the $X$-particles can only stick to $^6$Li nuclei, which are produced in the third-stage reactions downstream the catalytic cycle. The corresponding sticking probability is very low, and, before getting bound to $^6$Li, each $X$-particle can catalyze $\\sim 3.5\\cdot 10^{9}$ fusion cycles, producing $\\sim 7\\cdot 10^{4}$ TeV of energy. We also discuss the ways of reactivating the $X$-particles from the Coulomb-bound (${\\rm ^6Li}X$) states, which would allow re-using them in $X$CF reactions.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.13960",
"title": "Nuclear fusion catalyzed by doubly charged scalars: Implications for\n energy production",
"year_published": 2021,
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"abstract": "The present contribution gives an overview of our work on non-conventional magnetic coil sensors for diagnostics and plasma stability control of nuclear fusion experiments in tokamaks. Instead of wire wound around a core, these devices consist of printed conductor wire coils on ceramic substrates, and are based on LTCC (low-temperature co-fired ceramic) and thick-film technology, which allow creation of monolithic multilayer coils with excellent stability. For 3D sensing, an innovative modular design combining LTCC coils and an alumina base has been developed. Finally, the important aspects of integration, manufacturing, mounting and interconnection are discussed.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/148024036",
"title": "LTCC and thick-film ceramic magnetic sensors for tokamak nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "Higher energy (\u227320 keV) data are customarily extrapolated by using the Gamow transmission coefficient to estimate the nonresonance nuclear fusion reaction cross sections \u03c3(E) for charged particles ...",
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"title": "Improved Coulomb Barrier Transmission Coefficient for Nuclear Fusion Cross Sections",
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"abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to indicate theoretically how much the magnetic field influences the collision frequency for the nuclear fusion reaction. Since the Larmor radius, rL, of a particle in a usual magnetic field strength is large compared to the radius of the cross section, sigma , for the nuclear fusion reaction, the magnetic field does not affect the cross section. However, due to the gyration of the particle during a free path, the relative velocity is affected. First, the flow of charged particles across an area sigma per unit time is obtained, and then the collision frequency in the presence of the magnetic field is determined. It is shown that when 2 pi rL is small compared with the mean free path lambda , the velocity component contribution to the collision is the velocity component due to the motion along the field axis and not that due to the gyration.",
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"abstract": "Alumina enriched in 17O was successfully fabricated from aluminum isopropoxide and water containing the 17O isotope. This material was necessary for an experiment to study the radiation damage expected in alumina exposed to a nuclear fusion reactor environment. The enrichment levels of specimens subjected to different preparation schedules were measured using a nuclear reaction analysis technique. Replacement of the 17O isotope in the ceramic by atmospheric oxygen occurred readily. Therefore, successful fabrication of suitably enriched alumina specimens required that all processing steps be performed under vacuum or inertgas environments. The optimum fabrication procedure produced enriched alumina specimens of >99.5% of theoretical density, \u223d10-\u03bcm grain size, and a flexural strength of 280 MPa.",
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"title": "Preparation and Characterization of 17O\u2010Enriched Alumina for Nuclear Fusion Damage Experiments",
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"abstract": "AbstractPlasma Material Interactions in future fusion reactors have been identified as a knowledge gap to be dealt with before any next step device past ITER can be built. The challenges are manifold. They are related to power dissipation so that the heat fluxes to the plasma facing components can be kept at technologically feasible levels; maximization of the lifetime of divertor plasma facing components that allow for steady-state operation in a reactor to reach the neutron fluences required; the tritium inventory (storage) in the plasma facing components, which can lead to potential safety concerns and reduction in the fuel efficiency; and it is related to the technology of the plasma facing components itself, which should demonstrate structural integrity under the high temperatures and neutron fluence. This contribution will give an overview and summary of those challenges together with some discussion of potential solutions. New linear plasma devices are needed to investigate the PMI under fusion rea...",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion, quasifission, fission, and cluster formation in excited nuclei are considered as processes of the formation and evolution of a dinuclear system. In this approach, new aspects of nuclear fusion are revealed and the important role of quasifission in the fusion of superheavy elements is demonstrated. A qualitative pattern of the fission of excited nuclei, where the formation of clusters play an important role, is given.",
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"title": "Role of dinuclear systems in nuclear fusion, quasifission, fission, and cluster formation",
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"abstract": "The plasma-assisted carbon-film coating of the inner walls of nuclear fusion devices, which is a new technical trend, is reviewed in view of plasma-surface interactions. A great advantage of the easiness for both wide-area and repeated coatings is due to the so-called in situ coating of the walls compared with the precoating. The amorphous carbon films produced by this in situ plasma coating contain ordinarily a large number of H atoms (H/C=0.4\u223c0.6), which lead to recycling of a large amount of hydrogen (release and implantation of H atoms) in nuclear fusion discharges. This demerit of the plasma method can be covered by reducing the H content in the films under suitable coating conditions, and also by conditioning the film surface with a helium glow discharge. A simple model for the interaction between a-C: H film and hydrogen plasma is proposed. Further, another low-Z material coating, that is in situ boron coating, is briefly discussed.",
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"title": "Carbon Coating on the Wall of Nuclear Fusion Devices and Plasma-Surface Interactions",
"year_published": 1988,
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"Glow discharge",
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"Surface coating",
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"Boron",
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"abstract": "Researchers demonstrate that through tuning the shape of Au hohlraums, they can achieve good energy coupling and symmetry for A1 capsule implosions.",
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"title": "Achieving high energy coupling in nuclear fusion with rugby shaped hohlraums",
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"abstract": "Increasing utilization of the Internet and convenient web technologies has made the web-portal a major application interface for remote participation and control of scientific instruments. While web-portals have provided a centralized gateway for multiple computational services, the amount of visual output often is overwhelming due to the high volume of data generated by complex scientific instruments and experiments. Since each scientist may have different priorities and areas of interest in the experiment, filtering and organizing information based on the individual user's need can increase the usability and efficiency of a web-portal. DIII-D is the largest magnetic nuclear fusion device in the US. A web-portal has been designed to support the experimental activities of DIII-D researchers worldwide. It offers a customizable interface with personalized page layouts and list of services for users to select. Each individual user can create a unique working environment to fit his own needs and interests. Customizable services are: real-time experiment status monitoring, diagnostic data access, interactive data analysis and visualization. The web-portal also supports interactive collaborations by providing collaborative logbook, and online instant announcement services. The DIII-D web-portal development utilizes multi-tier software architecture, and Web 2.0 technologies and tools, such as AJAX and Django, to develop a highly-interactive and customizable user interface.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JPhCS.219b2026A/abstract",
"title": "Customizable scientific web-portal for DIII-D nuclear fusion experiment",
"year_published": 2010,
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"The Internet",
"World Wide Web",
"Usability",
"Scientific instrument",
"Interface (Java)",
"Gateway (computer program)",
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"Computer science",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion cross-sections considerably higher than corresponding theoretical predictions are observed in low-energy experiments with metal matrix targets and accelerated deuteron beams. The cross-section increment is significantly higher for liquid than for solid targets. We propose that the same two-body correlation entropy used in evaluating the metal melting entropy explains the large liquid\u2013solid difference of the effective screening potential that parameterizes the cross-section increment. This approach is applied to the specific case of the reaction, whose measured screening potential liquid\u2013solid difference is eV. Cross sections in the two metals with the highest two-body correlation entropy (In and Hg) have not yet been measured: increments of the cross sections in liquid relative to the ones in solid metals are estimated with the same procedure.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhG...41l5105C/abstract",
"title": "The role of correlation entropy in nuclear fusion in liquid lithium, indium and mercury",
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"abstract": "The cause and source of the heat released from Earth's interior have not yet been determined. Some research groups have proposed that the heat is supplied by radioactive decay or by a nuclear georeactor. Here we postulate that the generation of heat is the result of three-body nuclear fusion of deuterons confined in hexagonal FeDx core-centre crystals; the reaction rate is enhanced by the combined attraction effects of high-pressure (~364\u2009GPa) and high-temperature (~5700\u2009K) and by the physical catalysis of neutral pions: 2D\u2009+\u20092D\u2009+\u20092D\u2009\u2192\u200921H\u2009+\u20094He\u2009+\u20092\u2009\u2009+\u200920.85\u2009MeV. The possible heat generation rate can be calculated as 8.12\u2009\u00d7\u20091012\u2009J/m3, based on the assumption that Earth's primitive heat supply has already been exhausted. The H and He atoms produced and the anti-neutrino are incorporated as Fe-H based alloys in the H-rich portion of inner core, are released from Earth's interior to the universe, and pass through Earth, respectively.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5120317",
"title": "Possible generation of heat from nuclear fusion in Earth's inner core.",
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"Atomic physics",
"Radioactive decay",
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"Deuterium",
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"abstract": "The Princeton Field-Reversed Configuration (PFRC) nuclear fusion reactor concept is an innovative approach to fusion power generation prioritizing low neutron production and small size. A combination of analytical modeling and numerical simulation shows that the novel heating approach generates an FRC with closed field lines. Simulation data from a single-particle Hamiltonian code predicts ms-scale plasma heating in reactor-scale conditions while PIC codes predict formation of warm FRC plasmas from initial mirror fields. The PFRC-1 and PFRC-2 experiments have heated electrons to energies well in excess of 100 eV and plasma durations to 300 ms, more than 10 $$^4$$ times longer than the predicted tilt instability growth time. From these data, we have created a development plan and anticipated performance metrics for a fusion reactor based on the PFRC concept. The resulting 1\u201310 MW PFRC reactors would be suitable for diverse applications, from submarines to urban environments to space propulsion. PFRC is a steady-state, driven magnetic confinement device. Plasma, inside a cylindrical array of coils, is confined and heated by external RF antennae. PFRC would be ultra-low radiation due to both its fuel and small size. The choice of advanced fuels, deuterium and helium-3 (D\u20133He), may be enabled by the high- $$\\beta$$ FRC configuration. The small size of the reactor would enable rapid exhaust of the dangerous tritium ash. Low radiation would make the reactor safer to operate and, in combination with simple geometry and small size, dramatically lowers development and maintenance costs. This review paper gives an introduction to the physics of the PFRC and a summary of the PFRC-2 experiment results to date. It then discusses the future program plan and how PFRC reactors would be commercialized.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "The Princeton Field-Reversed Configuration for Compact Nuclear Fusion Power Plants",
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"abstract": "This paper presents a method for deducing fuel density profiles of nuclear fusion plasmas in realtime during an experiment. A Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is used to create a mapping between plasma radiation spectra and indirectly deduced hydrogen isotope densities. By combining different measurements a cross section of the density is obtained. For this problem, precision can be optimised by exploring the fact that both the input errors and target errors are known a priori. We show that a small adjustment of the backpropagation algorithm can take this into account during training. For subsequent predictions by the trained model, Bayesian posterior intervals will be derived, reflecting the known errors on inputs and targets both from the training set and current input pattern. The model is shown to give reliable estimates of the full fuel density profile in realtime, and could therefore be utilised for realtime feedback control of the fusion plasma.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "High precision measurement of fuel density profiles in nuclear fusion plasmas",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract By mixing elements with favourable nuclear activation properties to create high-entropy alloys, it may be possible to create a material that can withstand a nuclear fusion environment while minimising the radioactive waste produced. Such a material could be used in the extreme thermal and irradiation conditions of a fusion blanket. A suite of previously unexplored V\u2013Cr\u2013Mn and V\u2013Cr\u2013Mn\u2013Ti alloys have been fabricated then homogenised and the resultant microstructures and phases were characterised. Results demonstrate that single-phase body centred cubic solid solution microstructures can be formed in highly-concentrated alloys incorporating low-activation elements, which is promising for a fusion alloy development standpoint.",
"URL": "https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/towards-vbased-highentropy-alloys-for-nuclear-fusion-applications(7c050b4a-02d7-49ea-997c-d60c89cb12e1).html",
"title": "Towards V-based high-entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Solid solution",
"Fusion",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Blanket",
"Alloy",
"High entropy alloys",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Microstructure",
"Radioactive waste"
],
"first_author": "Paul J. Barron",
"scholarly_citations_count": 69,
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"sentence": "A suite of previously unexplored VCrMn and VCrMnTi alloys have been fabricated then homogenised and the resultant microstructures and phases were characterised.",
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{
"abstract": "Nuclear reactions between protons and boron-11 nuclei (p\u2013B fusion) that were used to yield energetic \u03b1-particles were initiated in a plasma that was generated by the interaction between a PW-class laser operating at relativistic intensities (~3 \u00d7 1019 W/cm2) and a 0.2-mm thick boron nitride (BN) target. A high p\u2013B fusion reaction rate and hence, a large \u03b1-particle flux was generated and measured, thanks to a proton stream accelerated at the target\u2019s front surface. This was the first proof of principle experiment to demonstrate the efficient generation of \u03b1-particles (~1010/sr) through p\u2013B fusion reactions using a PW-class laser in the \u201cin-target\u201d geometry.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/3/1444/pdf?version=1643428462",
"title": "In-Target Proton\u2013Boron Nuclear Fusion Using a PW-Class Laser",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Boron",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion",
"Proton",
"Isotopes of boron",
"Fusion power",
"Laser",
"Yield (engineering)",
"Boron nitride",
"Plasma",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radiochemistry",
"Chemistry",
"Atomic physics",
"Physics",
"Optics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Philosophy",
"Linguistics",
"Metallurgy"
],
"first_author": "Daniele Margarone",
"scholarly_citations_count": 32,
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{
"abstract": "The development of computationally efficient model selection strategies represents an important problem facing the analysis of nuclear fusion experimental data, in particular in the field of scaling laws for the extrapolation to future machines, and image processing. In this paper, a new model selection indicator, named Model Falsification Criterion (MFC), will be presented and applied to the problem of choosing the most generalizable scaling laws for the power threshold (PThresh) to access the H-mode of confinement in tokamaks. The proposed indicator is based on the properties of the model residuals, their entropy and an implementation of the data falsification principle. The model selection ability of the proposed criterion will be demonstrated in comparison with the most widely used frequentist (Akaike information criterion) and bayesian (Bayesian information criterion) indicators.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1311.5077L/abstract",
"title": "A new class of indicators for the model selection of scaling laws in nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Bayesian probability",
"Mathematical optimization",
"Akaike information criterion",
"Extrapolation",
"Frequentist inference",
"Bayesian information criterion",
"Computer science",
"Entropy (information theory)",
"Model selection",
"Image processing"
],
"first_author": "Ivan Lupelli",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"abstract": "Abstract Full power operation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) has been delayed and will now begin in 2035. Delays to the ITER schedule may affect the availability of tritium for subsequent fusion devices, as the global CANDU-type fission reactor fleet begins to phase out over the coming decades. This study provides an up to date account of future tritium availability by incorporating recent uncertainties over the life extension of the global CANDU fleet, as well as considering the potential impact of tritium demand by other fusion efforts. Despite the delays, our projections suggest that CANDU tritium remains sufficient to support the full operation of ITER. However, whether there is tritium available for a DEMO reactor following ITER is largely uncertain, and is subject to numerous uncontrollable externalities. Further tritium demand may come from any number of private sector \u201ccompact fusion\u201d start-ups which have emerged in recent years, all of which aim to accelerate the development of fusion energy. If the associated technical challenges can be overcome, compact fusion programmes have the opportunity to use tritium over the next two decades whilst it is readily available, and before full power DT operation on ITER starts in 2035. Assuming a similar level of performance is achievable, a compact fusion development programme, using smaller reactors operating at lower fusion power, would require smaller quantities of tritium than the ITER programme, leaving sufficient tritium available for multiple concepts to be developed concurrently. The development of concurrent fusion concepts increases the chances of success, as it spreads the risk of failure. Additionally, if full tritium breeding capability is not expected to be demonstrated in DEMO until after 2050, an opportunity exists for compact fusion programmes to incorporate tritium breeding technology in nearer-term devices. DD start-up, which avoids the need for external tritium for reactor start-up, is dependent upon full tritium breeding capability, and may be essential for large-scale commercial roll-out of fusion energy. As such, from the standpoint of availability and use of external tritium, a compact route to fusion energy may be more advantageous, as it avoids longer-term complications and uncertainties in the future supply of tritium.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092037961830379X",
"title": "Tritium supply and use: a key issue for the development of nuclear fusion energy",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Energy (signal processing)",
"Key (cryptography)",
"Fusion power",
"Computer science",
"Life extension",
"Tritium",
"Schedule",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Richard J. Pearson",
"scholarly_citations_count": 56,
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"sentence": "However, whether there is tritium available for a DEMO reactor following ITER is largely uncertain, and is subject to numerous uncontrollable externalities.",
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"sentence": "The development of concurrent fusion concepts increases the chances of success, as it spreads the risk of failure.",
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"sentence": "Additionally, if full tritium breeding capability is not expected to be demonstrated in DEMO until after 2050, an opportunity exists for compact fusion programmes to incorporate tritium breeding technology in nearer-term devices.",
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"sentence": "DD start-up, which avoids the need for external tritium for reactor start-up, is dependent upon full tritium breeding capability, and may be essential for large-scale commercial roll-out of fusion energy.",
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"sentence": "As such, from the standpoint of availability and use of external tritium, a compact route to fusion energy may be more advantageous, as it avoids longer-term complications and uncertainties in the future supply of tritium.",
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{
"abstract": "Work is described with a group of voluntary agencies providing housing and other welfare services to disadvantaged clients in an inner London area. Three different types of assistance were provided\u2014with development of a computer system, with work scheduling and with structuring a problematic situation which was a source of internal tensions. The appropriateness for community groups of problem structuring methods is compared with that of the more traditional operational research approach.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion: Some Linked Case Studies in Community Operational Research",
"year_published": 1996,
"fields_of_study": [
"Structuring",
"Disadvantaged",
"Work (physics)",
"Scheduling (production processes)",
"Information system",
"Information and Communications Technology",
"Computer science",
"Project management",
"Welfare",
"Information technology",
"Operations research",
"Operations management",
"Knowledge management",
"Process management",
"Business",
"Economic growth",
"Management",
"Engineering",
"Economics",
"Finance",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Market economy",
"Electrical engineering",
"World Wide Web",
"Operating system"
],
"first_author": "J Rosenhead",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"abstract": "Bulk metal, in general, never absorb such abundant D/H atoms as to exceed the host metal atom density, and so, these D-atoms cannot be approachable each other at all even atomic distance of their molecule within the bulk metal. As a result, they never cause nuclear fusion within the bulk metal (ever bulk Pd). On the contrary, nano-metal, such as nano-Pd (isolated < \u03a6150 A, embedded \u2264 \u03a650 A in size), instantly absorbed abundant D/H atoms up to levels as high as 300% of Pd metal density. These absorbed atoms were solidified densely inside each unit cell of the host lattice as solid-state \"Pycnodeuterium\"/\"Pycnohydrogen\". Moreover, we developed not only nano-Pd metal but also new materials which show similar behavior with nano-metal under bulk-state. In a word, peculiar bulk oxidized compound absorbed abundant D/H atoms and solid-state \"Pycnodeuterium\"/\"Pycnohydrogen\" were produced within throughout their bulk materials. Pycnodeuterium with stimulation energy easily caused intense solid-state nuclear fusion, whereas in case of Pycnohydrogen no reaction occurred. As a result, it was clarified that Pycnodeuterium is by far the best nuclear fuel compared to all other nuclear fuels just as \"gaseous deuterium\" against the \"thermonuclear fusion\".",
"URL": "https://academic.oup.com/ptps/article/doi/10.1143/PTPS.154.241/1845184",
"title": "The basics of nuclear fusion reactor using solid Pycnodeuterium as nuclear fuel",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Atom",
"Atomic physics",
"Fusion power",
"Nuclear fuel",
"Molecule",
"Metal",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "Yoshiaki Arata",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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"sentence": "A, embedded \u03a650 A in size, instantly absorbed abundant DH atoms up to levels as high as 300 of Pd metal density.",
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"sentence": "These absorbed atoms were solidified densely inside each unit cell of the host lattice as solid-state PycnodeuteriumPycnohydrogen.",
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"sentence": "As a result, it was clarified that Pycnodeuterium is by far the best nuclear fuel compared to all other nuclear fuels just as gaseous deuterium against the thermonuclear fusion.",
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{
"abstract": "Experiments performed on an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) platform offer a unique opportunity to study nuclear reactions, including reaction branches that are useful for diagnostic applications in ICF experiments as well as several that are relevant to nuclear astrophysics. In contrast to beam-accelerator experiments, experiments performed on an ICF platform occur over a short time scale and produce a plasma environment with physical parameters that are directly relevant to big bang and/or stellar nucleosynthesis. Several reactions of interest, such as D(T,\u03b3)5He, H(D,\u03b3)3He, H(T,\u03b3)4He, and T(3He,\u03b3)6Li produce high-energy gamma rays. S factors or branching ratios for these four reactions have recently been studied using various temporally-resolved Cherenkov detectors at the Omega laser facility. This work describes these detectors as well as the current standard technique for performing these measurements. Recent results for reactions D(T,\u03b3)5He, H(D,\u03b3)3He, H(T,\u03b3)4He, and T(3He,\u03b3)6Li are reviewed and compared to accelerator-based measurements. Limitations associated with implosion experiments and use of the current standard gamma detectors are discussed. A basic design for a gamma spectrometer for use at ICF facilities is briefly outlined.",
"URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.944339/pdf",
"title": "Gamma-based nuclear fusion measurements at inertial confinement fusion facilities",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Implosion",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Detector",
"Spectrometer",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Plasma",
"Optics",
"Engineering"
],
"first_author": "Z. L. Mohamed",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "ICF platform"
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"sentence": "In contrast to beam-accelerator experiments, experiments performed on an ICF platform occur over a short time scale and produce a plasma environment with physical parameters that are directly relevant to big bang andor stellar nucleosynthesis.",
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"sentence": "Several reactions of interest, such as DT,\u03b35He, HD,\u03b33He, HT,\u03b34He, and T3He,\u03b36Li produce high-energy gamma rays.",
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"entity": "3He"
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"entity": "4He"
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"entity": "6Li"
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"sentence": "S factors or branching ratios for these four reactions have recently been studied using various temporally-resolved Cherenkov detectors at the Omega laser facility.",
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"sentence": "Recent results for reactions DT,\u03b35He, HD,\u03b33He, HT,\u03b34He, and T3He,\u03b36Li are reviewed and compared to accelerator-based measurements.",
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"sentence": "Limitations associated with implosion experiments and use of the current standard gamma detectors are discussed.",
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"sentence": "A basic design for a gamma spectrometer for use at ICF facilities is briefly outlined.",
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"entity": "Gamma spectrometer"
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{
"abstract": "The accuracy of the basic fusion data for the T(d,n)/sup 4/He, /sup 3/He(d,p)/sup 4/He, T(t,2n)/sup 4/He, D(d,n)/sup 3/He, and D(d,p)T reactions was investigated in the 10- to 100-keV bombarding energy region, and the effects of inaccuracies on the design of fusion reactors were assessed. The data base for these reactions (particularly, the most critical T(d,n)/sup 4/He reaction) rests on 25-year-old experiments the accuracy (often assumed to be +- 5%) of which has rarely been questioned: yet, in all except the d + d reactions, there are significant differences among data sets. The errors in the basic data sets may be considerably larger than previously expected, and the effect on design calculations should be significant. Much of the trouble apparently lies in the accuracy of the energy measurements, which are difficult at low energies. Systematic errors of up to 50% are possible in the reactivity values of the present T(d,n)/sup 4/He data base. The errors in the reactivity will propagate proportionately into the errors in fusion probabilities in reactor calculations. /sup 3/He(d,p)/sup 4/He reaction cross sections could be in error by as much as 50% in the low-energy region. The D(d,n)/sup 3/He and D(d,p)T cross sections appear to be well knownmore\u00a0\u00bb and consistent. The T(t,2n)/sup 4/He cross section is poorly known and may be subject to large systematic errors. Improved absolute measurements for all the reactions in the low bombarding energy region (10 to 100 keV) are needed, but until they are done, the data sets should be left as they are (except for T(t,2n)/sup 4/He data, which could be lowered by about 50%). The apparent uncertainties of these data sets should be kept in mind. 14 figures.\u00ab\u00a0less",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/nse/a_21375",
"title": "Low-energy nuclear fusion data and their relation to magnetic and laser fusion",
"year_published": 1981,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Baryon",
"Helium-4",
"Nucleon",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Hadron",
"Isotopes of helium",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Helium-3",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Nelson Jarmie",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "The current magnetic confinement nuclear fusion power reactor concepts going beyond ITER are based on assumptions about the availability of materials with extreme mechanical, heat, and neutron load capacity. In Europe, the development of such structural and armour materials together with the necessary production, machining, and fabrication technologies is pursued within the EFDA long-term fusion materials programme. This paper reviews the progress of work within the programme in the area of tungsten and tungsten alloys. Results, conclusions, and future projections are summarized for each of the programme's main subtopics, which are: (1) fabrication, (2) structural W materials, (3) W armour materials, and (4) materials science and modelling. It gives a detailed overview of the latest results on materials research, fabrication processes, joining options, high heat flux testing, plasticity studies, modelling, and validation experiments. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
"URL": "http://oa.upm.es/35412/7/INVE_MEM_2013_192429.pdf",
"title": "Recent progress in research on tungsten materials for nuclear fusion applications in Europe",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fabrication",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Metallurgy",
"Fusion power",
"Divertor",
"Power station",
"Tungsten",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Armour"
],
"first_author": "Michael Rieth",
"scholarly_citations_count": 641,
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"entity": "ITER"
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"entity": "tungsten"
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"sentence": "Results, conclusions, and future projections are summarized for each of the programmes main subtopics, which are 1 fabrication, 2 structural W materials, 3 W armour materials, and 4 materials science and modelling.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "W"
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"sentence": "C 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
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"entity": "2012"
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{
"abstract": "It is known that the Classical field theory is based on 1 basic Axiom set by Maxwell (1864). This basic Axiom describes a field with movement along a closed loop and with constant speed. It is an ideal foundation for describing an Electromagnetic Field, but it is not suitable for other more complex fields with variable speed and different accelerations. The author has proposed a more general Theory of Extended Field which consists of 2 Axioms and 8 Laws. New Axiom1 describes a structure of field with movement along open loop or open vortex with variable speed. New Axiom2 describes two mutual orthogonal structures of fields which work in resonance. This new Theory leads to the following results: movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex; evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement (decelerated or accelerated) ; during its movement decelerating vortex emits primary free cross vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in of this same primary free cross vortices; movement in 2D is transformed into the movement in 3D; a transverse vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa - a longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates the cross vortex in 2D. Now the author proposes to use a longitudinal accelerating vortex for cold fusion. With a force proportional to the positive acceleration, it will suck in both vortices and atoms - in this case the isotope of hydrogen (deuterium). The accelerator vortex sucks in and sticks two of all the deuterium, which will form helium in an exothermic reaction with the release of a lot of heat. A longitudinal acceleration vortex can be generated by applying Law 2. A decelerating transverse vortex in plane 2D (moving outside-inward) generates at its center a longitudinal accelerating vortex in 3D perpendicular to the 2D plane. This perpendicular accelerating vortex at the center pulls the transverse decelerating vortex up (against the Gravitational Force) or has quality of Anti-Gravity Force.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "A Proposal for method of cold nuclear fusion, based on new Axioms and Laws",
"year_published": 2024,
"fields_of_study": "NaN",
"first_author": "Valentina Markova",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "This new Theory leads to the following results movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement decelerated or accelerated during its movement decelerating vortex emits primary free cross vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in of this same primary free cross vortices movement in 2D is transformed into the movement in 3D a transverse vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa- a longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates the cross vortex in 2D. Now the author proposes to use a longitudinal accelerating vortex for cold fusion.",
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"sentence": "A longitudinal acceleration vortex can be generated by applying Law 2.",
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{
"abstract": "For a D2 molecule with linear vibrational energy E, it is shown that \u03bb(E) in the WKB d\u2013d fusion rate expression \u039b(E)\u2242(5.7\u00d7108\u2009s\u22121)[exp\u2212\u03bb(E)] satisfies a useful scaling inequality. It follows from this inequality that \u039b(E)\u22732.8\u00d710\u221220 s\u22121 for a lattice\u2010caged D2 with vibrational energy E=9.0 eV.",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.456772",
"title": "Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: A pertinent inequality on barrier penetration",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Cold fusion",
"Excited state",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"WKB approximation",
"Scaling"
],
"first_author": "Gerald Rosen",
"scholarly_citations_count": 9,
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"abstract": "The realization of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility is one of the key milestones of the European Roadmap, aiming to explore alternative power exhaust solutions for DEMO, the first nuclear-fusion power plant that will be connected to the European grid. For the actual implementation of the DTT and DEMO plants, it is necessary to define the structure of the internal electric power distribution system, able to supply unconventional loads with a sufficient level of reliability. The present paper reports the preliminary studies for the feasibility and realization of the electrical power systems of DTT, describing the methodology adopted to obtain a first distribution configuration and providing some simulation results. In particular, the first stage of the study deals with the survey and characterization of the electrical loads, which allows defining a general layout of the facility and size the main electrical components. To verify the correctness of the assumptions, simulation models of the grid were implemented in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software in order to carry out power flow and fault analyses.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/12/5446/pdf",
"title": "Preliminary Design of the Electrical Power Systems for DTT Nuclear Fusion Plant",
"year_published": 2021,
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"Electric power system"
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"abstract": "A study on anomalous nuclear fusion reaction by using 10 kV pulsed high voltage discharge in deuterium was completed. During high voltage (HV) pulses no neutron signal was detected, but two peaks of gamma rays were detected. The energies of two gamma rays are at 425 and 870 keV, respectively. It might be explained as Pd-108* and Fe-56* excited by high energy charged particles de-exciting radiations. Neither neutron signal nor gamma signal was detected in the intervals between the pulses.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ChPhL..10..652H/abstract",
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"abstract": "The European Union-funded Joint European Torus near Oxford can operate until the end of March, but its future after Brexit is uncertain. But the future of the European Union-funded Joint European Torus after Brexit is uncertain.",
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00046-8",
"title": "Threatened UK nuclear-fusion lab secures short-term extension",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion is one of the most promising technologies to be adopted for the production of electricity [...]",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/24/12562/pdf?version=1670478232",
"title": "Special Issue on Structural and Thermo-Mechanical Analyses in Nuclear Fusion Reactors",
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"abstract": "The physical mechanism for the formation of the Gailitis resonances has been established in a recent precision calculation. According to the condition described in the low energy nuclear fusion experiments, the likelihood of Gailitis resonance induced low energy nuclear fusion exists. In this note, the properties of Gailitis resonance, the compound nuclear resonances, the conservation laws of energy, parity and the nuclear angular momentum will be used to support the possibility of Gailitis resonance induced low energy nuclear fusion.",
"URL": "http://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/download/1463/1324",
"title": "Possible Role of the Gailitis Resonance in Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Experiments",
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"abstract": "Thermonuclear plasmas are complex and highly nonlinear physical objects and, therefore, are the most advanced present-day devices for the study of magnetic confinement fusion. Thousands of signals have to be acquired for each experiment in order to progress the understanding that is indispensable for the final reactor. On the other hand, the resulting massive databases, more than 40 Tbytes in the case of the Joint European Torus (JET) Joint Undertaking, pose significant problems. In this paper, solutions to reduce the sheer amount of data by different compression techniques and adaptive sampling frequency architectures are presented. As an example of methods capable of providing significant help in data analysis and real-time control, a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) software is applied to the problem of regime identification to discriminate in an automatic way whether the plasma is in the Low (L) or High (H) confinement mode.",
"URL": "https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJNKM.2010.031149",
"title": "New information processing methods for control in magnetic confinement nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "The present series of articles provide a brief review on the present status of superconducting magnet technology for nuclear fusion experimental facilities. In this article, a brief introduction is presented on basic studies for electromagnetic properties of multifilamentary superconducting wires.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/61/4/61_4_229/_pdf",
"title": "Superconducting technology for nuclear fusion facilities. Introduction to superconducting magnet technology.",
"year_published": 1989,
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"abstract": "Abstract A pairwise nuclear fusion algorithm for arbitrarily weighted macroparticles in a particle-in-cell simulation is described. The method is benchmarked in situations with like-particles, D(d,n)3He, unlike-particles, D(t,n)4He, thermonuclear plasmas, beam-target fusion, and for large difference in macroparticle weights. Studies of the required number of macroparticles in thermonuclear plasmas show that 100\u20131000 macroparticles are required to achieve repeatability of yields around 10%, likewise 104\u2013105 for 1%, depending on the fusion interaction and ion temperature.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999119302037",
"title": "A pairwise nuclear fusion algorithm for weighted particle-in-cell plasma simulations",
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"abstract": "A theoretical study on thermonuclear fusion including deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion and D-$^{3}$He fusion in intense laser fields has been shown in this article. With the laser fields expected to be available in the near future, some quantitative results for the laser-induced modifications to the cross-sections are given. It is reported that the cross-sections are more sensitive to the external laser fields at the lower energies. An explicit generalized form of the Gamow penetrability factor is given for the predictions of the laser-induced effects for some other similar nuclear processes.",
"URL": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.06190",
"title": "Nuclear fusion and generalized Gamow penetrability factor in intense laser fields",
"year_published": 2022,
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"abstract": "Nature 551, 89\u201391 (2017); doi:10.1038/nature24289 In this Letter, there was an inadvertent typo in the fifth line of equation (2). On the right-hand side \u20183He p\u2019 should read \u20184He p\u2019 to give D\u20093He \u2192 4He p, \u0394E\u2009=\u200918.35\u2009MeV. This error has been corrected in the online versions of the paper.",
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25141",
"title": "Erratum: Quark-level analogue of nuclear fusion with doubly heavy baryons",
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"abstract": "The fusion furnace at the sun`s core burns hydrogen to make helium. Each time two hydrogen nuclei, or protons, merge to create a deuterium nucleus, the process releases energy. A chain of additional energy-producing nuclear reactions then converts deuterium into helium. Because protons, with their like electric charges, naturally repel each other, high temperatures and tremendous pressures are needed to force them together closely enough to initiate and sustain the reactions. These mergers cost energy initially, but the return on that investment proves prodigious. On Earth, such an energy payoff has been achieved only in the uncontrolled fury of a detonated hydrogen bomb. The vision of harnessing and controlling nuclear fusion as a terrestrial energy source has yet to be fulfilled. The proposed National Ignition Facility (NIF) represents an ambitious effort to use powerful lasers to deposit sufficient energy in a small capsule of nuclear fuel to trigger fusion. The main justification for the project is to ensure that a core group of physicists and engineers maintains its expertise in the physics of nuclear weapons. This article presents both the scientific and political sides of the NIF facility.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/508626",
"title": "Sparking fusion: A step toward laser-initiated nuclear fusion reactions",
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"sentence": "The main justification for the project is to ensure that a core group of physicists and engineers maintains its expertise in the physics of nuclear weapons.",
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"abstract": "Providing an efficacious plasma facing surface between the extreme plasma heat exhaust and the structural materials of nuclear fusion devices is a major challenge on the road to electricity production by fusion power plants. The performance of solid plasma facing surfaces may become critically reduced over time due to progressing damage accumulation. Liquid metals, however, are now gaining interest in solving the challenge of extreme heat flux hitting the reactor walls. A key advantage of liquid metals is the use of vapour shielding to reduce the plasma exhaust. Here we demonstrate that this phenomenon is oscillatory by nature. The dynamics of a Sn vapour cloud are investigated by exposing liquid Sn targets to H and He plasmas at heat fluxes greater than 5\u2009MW\u2009m\u22122. The observations indicate the presence of a dynamic equilibrium between the plasma and liquid target ruled by recombinatory processes in the plasma, leading to an approximately stable surface temperature. Vapour shielding is one of the interesting mechanisms for reducing the heat load to plasma facing components in fusion reactors. Here the authors report on the observation of a dynamic equilibrium between the plasma and the divertor liquid Sn surface leading to an overall stable surface temperature.",
"URL": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28775362",
"title": "Oscillatory vapour shielding of liquid metal walls in nuclear fusion devices.",
"year_published": 2017,
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"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Electromagnetic shielding",
"Fusion power",
"Divertor",
"Liquid metal",
"Electricity generation",
"Mechanics",
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"abstract": "Three-dimensional simulation on conjugate heat transfer in fluid-structure coupled field is carried out. The calculation model is built for the dual-cooled lithium-lead blanket,which is the key technology of international thermonuclear experimental reactor. The effects of thermal conductivity of FCI material SiC and the convection heat transfer coefficient on temperature field are analyzed. The results show that temperature gradients and thermal stresses decrease when the material has good thermal conductivity. High convection heat transfer coefficient results in lower temperature and decrease in thermal deformation.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZKYB201306005.htm",
"title": "Thermal deformation of FCI under magnetic confinement nuclear fusion environment",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Thermal resistance",
"Thermal conduction",
"Thermal fluids",
"Materials science",
"Heat transfer coefficient",
"Thermal diffusivity",
"Thermal contact conductance",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Heat transfer",
"Mechanics",
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"first_author": "Du Yue",
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"abstract": "We have tried to obtain evidence for electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion by detecting charged particles associated with the nuclear reaction. Charged particles were detected by a conventional silicon surface barrier detector attached close to the thin foil cathode which formed the bottom of an electrolysis cell. The efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio of this system are higher than those of neutron detection systems, which made it easy to determine whether the fusion occurred or not. The energy spectrum measured with the electrolysis of D2O suggested that the nuclear reaction took place in palladium cathode.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JaJAP..28L2021T/abstract",
"title": "Detection of charged particles emitted by electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Cold fusion",
"Electrolysis",
"Particle detector",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Charged particle",
"Cathode",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"first_author": "Ryoichi Taniguchi",
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{
"abstract": "Nuclear fusion of helium-3 (3He) can be used to generate electrical power with little or no radioactive waste and no carbon emissions. Some forty-four tons of this fuel could meet the electricity needs of the United States for a year. Although rare on Earth, an estimated one million tons of 3He has collected on the surface of the moon. While it would cost approximately US$17 billion to develop a mine producing one ton of 3He per year, such an operation is commercially viable over the medium term given the estimated value of that ton of fuel: US$3.7 billion. This article outlines the technical and economic issues related to 3He and its extraction, and it presents a novel approach to estimating the worth of the fuel. The potential of 3He as a future energy source is set in the context of global energy forecasts and international efforts to investigate lunar 3He resources\u2014including a recent Chinese mission.",
"URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1946756714536142",
"title": "Lunar Helium-3 Fuel for Nuclear Fusion: Technology, Economics, and Resources",
"year_published": 2014,
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"Electric power",
"Electricity generation",
"Operations research",
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"abstract": "Abstract As-received and annealed tungsten samples were irradiated at a temperature of 400\u00a0\u00b0C with Re and W ions to peak concentrations of 1600\u00a0appm (atomic parts per million) and damage levels of 40\u00a0dpa (displacements per atom). Mechanical properties were investigated using nanoindentation, and the orientation and depth dependence of irradiation damage was investigated using Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). Following irradiation there was a 13% increase in hardness in the as received sheet and a 23% increase in the annealed material for both tungsten and rhenium irradiation. The difference between the tungsten and rhenium irradiated samples was negligible, suggesting that for the concentrations and damage levels employed, the presence of rhenium does not have a significant effect on the hardening mechanism. Energy dependent EBSD of annealed samples provided information about the depth distribution of the radiation damage in individual tungsten grains and confirmed that the radiation damage is orientation dependant.",
"URL": "https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa39996",
"title": "Effect of rhenium irradiations on the mechanical properties of tungsten for nuclear fusion applications",
"year_published": 2016,
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"Irradiation",
"Analytical chemistry",
"Ion",
"Radiation damage",
"Hardening (metallurgy)",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Electron backscatter diffraction",
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"Rhenium",
"Tungsten"
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"first_author": "A. Khan",
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"abstract": "A way is proposed to realize controllable-nuclear fusion by \u03b3-laser or \u03b3-ray and ordinary laser with their certain frequencies and large enough intensities to irradiate a target ball. The function of ordinary laser is to heat the target nuclei and to realize the inertial confinement for the target nuclei. The target nuclei absorbing \u03b3-photons will be in a certain excited state. The scattering cross-sections will be larger and the ignition temperature will be lower to realize fusion of the nuclei in their excited states than those of the nuclei in their ground states. In contrast with the nuclei applied in conventional fusion, e.g., deutons and tritons, according to the way, the nuclei applied to fusion should have the following characters: the nuclei have their excited states, one of the excited states has higher energy and longer lifetime, and the masses of the nuclei are lesser. Thus, the Lawson conditions can more easily be realized so that the controllable nuclear fusion is possibly realized by the way.",
"URL": "https://m.scirp.org/papers/87971",
"title": "A Way to Realize Controlled Nuclear Fusion by \u03b3-Laser or \u03b3-Ray",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Physics",
"Fusion",
"Excited state",
"Atomic physics",
"Scattering",
"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Shihao Chen",
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{
"sentence": "Thus, the Lawson conditions can more easily be realized so that the controllable nuclear fusion is possibly realized by the way.",
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"abstract": "A gigantic neutron burst of (1-2)\u00d7106 n/s has been detected from deuterated Pd plates with heterostructures set in a vacuum chamber. An explosive release of D2 gas, biaxial bending of all the samples, and excess heat evolution were also observed at the same time. It has been concluded that these phenomena are caused by the cooperative production of D accumulation layers at Pd surfaces due to controlled out-diffusion of D-atoms.",
"URL": "http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003923378",
"title": "Cold Nuclear Fusion Induced by Controlled Out-Diffusion of Deuterons in Palladium",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Analytical chemistry",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Neutron",
"Neutron emission",
"Explosive material",
"Chemistry",
"Vacuum chamber",
"Palladium",
"Deuterium",
"Diffusion"
],
"first_author": "Eiichi Yamaguchi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 25,
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"abstract": "Abstract Materials are the most urgent issue in nuclear fusion research. Besides tungsten, steels are considered for unifying functional and structural materials due to their cost and mechanical advantages over tungsten. However, the fusion neutrons impose a strong constraint on the ingredients of the steel in order to avoid long lasting activation, while the material has to pertain sputtering resistance, low hydrogen retention, and long-term mechanical stability. In this proof-of-principle, we demonstrate the interesting properties of the new material HiperFer (High performance Ferrite) as a material suitable for fusion applications. The investigation covers neutron activation modelled by FISPACT-II, plasma sputtering and deuterium retention experiments in PSI-2, thermo-mechanical properties and component modelling. The material was found to feature a low nuclear inventory. Its sputtering yield reduces due to preferential sputtering by a factor 4 over the PSI-2 D2 plasma exposure with possible reductions of up to 70 indicated by SD.Trim.SP5 modelling. The exposure temperature shows a strong influence on this reduction due to metal diffusion, affecting layers of 1\u202f\u00b5m in PSI-2 at 1150\u202fK exposure for 4\u202fh. Deuterium retention in the ppm range was found under all conditions, together with \u223c10\u202fppm C and N solubility of the ferritic material. The creep and cyclic fatigue resistance exceed the values of Eu-97 steel. As an all HiperFer component, heat loads in the order of 1.5\u00a0MW/m\u00b2 could be tolerated using water-cooled monoblocks. In conclusion, the material solves several contradictions present with alternative reduced-activation steels, but its applications temperatures >820\u202fK also introduce new engineering challenges.",
"URL": "https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/848166",
"title": "HiperFer, a reduced activation ferritic steel tested for nuclear fusion applications",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Ferrite (iron)",
"Creep",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Structural material",
"Sputtering",
"Hydrogen",
"Tungsten",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Neutron activation"
],
"first_author": "S\u00f6ren M\u00f6ller",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"sentence": "The creep and cyclic fatigue resistance exceed the values of Eu-97 steel.",
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"sentence": "As an all HiperFer component, heat loads in the order of 1.5 MWm\u00b2 could be tolerated using water-cooled monoblocks.",
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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"sentence": "In conclusion, the material solves several contradictions present with alternative reduced-activation steels, but its applications temperatures 820 K also introduce new engineering challenges.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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"abstract": "The author derives the shape of the distribution function for the products of a thermonuclear reaction (\u03b1 particles) that is brought about through Coulomb scattering of \u03b1 particles by plasma electrons and ions. It is assumed that the thermonuclear reaction is stationary and that the energy of the reaction products is transmitted to the plasma. Consideration of the problem is based on a kinetic equation for the \u03b1-particle distribution function, in which the Coulomb collisions are taken into account by means of the Landau collision term.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/15/1/005/pdf",
"title": "Distribution function for nuclear fusion reaction products in a stationary thermonuclear reactor",
"year_published": 1975,
"fields_of_study": [
"Physics",
"Electron",
"Atomic physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Distribution function",
"Alpha particle",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Landau damping",
"Plasma",
"Coulomb"
],
"first_author": "Ya. I. Kolesnichenko",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "Smart tungsten-based alloys are under development as plasma-facing components for a future fusion power plant. Smart alloys are planned to adjust their properties depending on environmental conditions: acting as a sputter-resistant plasma-facing material during plasma operation and suppressing the sublimation of radioactive tungsten oxide in case of an accident on the power plant. New smart alloys containing yttrium are presently in the focus of research. Thin film smart alloys are featuring an remarkable 105-fold suppression of mass increase due to an oxidation as compared to that of pure tungsten at 1000 \u00b0C. Newly developed bulk smart tungsten alloys feature even better oxidation resistance compared to that of thin films. First plasma test of smart alloys under DEMO-relevant conditions revealed the same mass removal as for pure tungsten due to sputtering by plasma ions. Exposed smart alloy samples demonstrate the superior oxidation performance as compared to tungsten\u2013chromium\u2013titanium systems developed earlier.",
"URL": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/aa81f5/pdf",
"title": "New oxidation-resistant tungsten alloys for use in the nuclear fusion reactors",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Thin film",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Sputtering",
"Fusion power",
"Sublimation (phase transition)",
"Shape-memory alloy",
"Yttrium",
"Tungsten",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Andrey Litnovsky",
"scholarly_citations_count": 28,
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"sentence": "New smart alloys containing yttrium are presently in the focus of research.",
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"sentence": "Exposed smart alloy samples demonstrate the superior oxidation performance as compared to tungstenchromiumtitanium systems developed earlier.",
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{
"abstract": "In this paper the negative influence of dissolved oxygen in cold nuclear fusion tests is discussed with regard to the formation of a LiD membrane on the surface of palladium cathodes.",
"URL": "https://ans.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST90-A29262",
"title": "The Possible Negative Influence of Dissolved O2 in Cold Nuclear Fusion Experiments",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Cold fusion",
"Kinetics",
"Inorganic chemistry",
"Chemistry",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Membrane",
"Palladium",
"Electrochemistry",
"Direct energy conversion",
"Oxygen"
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"first_author": "Pier Giorgio Sona",
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{
"abstract": "The development of a large-area radio frequency (rf) source for the negative-ion beam production has been continued using a prototype source of 37 1 with a rf power up to 160 kW at 0.93 MHz. The design is based on a small rf driven cylindrical driver source on a large magnetically confined expansion volume (60\u00d731\u00d720\u2009cm3) and is in principle scalable to any size. Although the H\u2212 yields reported earlier have not been exceeded, progress has been made in several areas. To protect the ceramic insulator of the driver from thermal stress an internal copper Faraday screen has been added. This has resulted in reliable long pulse operation with a duration up to 15 s. Various different grid materials have been investigated as potential options for cesium-free operation. No clear-cut conclusion can yet be drawn from those experiments due to unexpected copper sputtering from the Faraday shield onto the plasma grid. The dependence of the H\u2212 yield on gas pressure and filter strength have been studied. The effect of nobl...",
"URL": "http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2138016",
"title": "Development of large radio frequency negative-ion sources for nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2002,
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"Faraday cage",
"Ceramic",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"RF power amplifier",
"Insulator (electricity)",
"Sputtering",
"Optoelectronics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Radio frequency",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "W. Kraus",
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{
"abstract": "A thermal\u2013hydraulic model has been developed for the novel cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) recently proposed by Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), which foresees the use of second-generation REBCO-based coated conductor tapes stacked into twisted grooves slotted into an Al core. A central hole in the Al core provides a low hydraulic impedance channel for the coolant, whereas direct cooling of the tape stacks is achieved through small channels at the bottom of the grooves and other small passages around the stack. The coolant could be either supercritical helium (SHe), for high-field/high-current applications, as in fusion magnets, or liquid nitrogen (LN2), for self-field/lower current requirements. The issues of the thermal\u2013hydraulic performance and optimization of such a CICC are addressed for the first time in this paper. The 4C code is used to develop an adequate model for this complex 3D problem, taking advantage of the 1D nature of the coolant flow. The model, first calibrated and then validated using the results of thermal\u2013hydraulic tests performed in cryogenic conditions at the Center for Research in Plasma Physics (CRPP), is used to evaluate the flow repartition among the different cooling paths in the CICC for SHe at 4.5 K and for LN2 at 77 K. The model is finally used to perform parametric analyses, varying, e.g., the central hole diameter, as well as the size of the grooves at the bottom of the tapes, within the limits imposed by structural constraints, and to assess the cooling capability of the cable.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ITAS...2628541S/abstract",
"title": "Thermal\u2013Hydraulic Modeling of a Novel HTS CICC for Nuclear Fusion Applications",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Magnet",
"Superconducting magnet",
"Thermal hydraulics",
"Electrical impedance",
"Materials science",
"Electrical conductor",
"Conductor",
"Coolant",
"Stack (abstract data type)"
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"first_author": "Laura Savoldi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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},
{
"sentence": "The issues of the thermalhydraulic performance and optimization of such a CICC are addressed for the first time in this paper.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "CICC"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "The 4C code is used to develop an adequate model for this complex 3D problem, taking advantage of the 1D nature of the coolant flow.",
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"category": "Software and simulation",
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{
"sentence": "The model, first calibrated and then validated using the results of thermalhydraulic tests performed in cryogenic conditions at the Center for Research in Plasma Physics CRPP, is used to evaluate the flow repartition among the different cooling paths in the CICC for SHe at 4.5 K and for LN2 at 77 K.",
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"category": "Facility or Institution",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "SHe"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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},
{
"sentence": "The model is finally used to perform parametric analyses, varying, .., the central hole diameter, as well as the size of the grooves at the bottom of the tapes, within the limits imposed by structural constraints, and to assess the cooling capability of the cable.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "Central hole"
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
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"entity": "Cable"
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},
{
"abstract": "The paper describes the software architecture of the Real Time control system of the RFX-mod Nuclear Fusion experiment. Several units form a control network, in which data are exchanged during control. The system employs general-purpose processor boards, and uses isolated Ethernet for real time communication. The software is organized as a two-level framework. At the first level, the framework provides data flow management, and is configurable via an include file. At the second level, the framework provides the rest of the required functionality, and is configured by the unit-specific control algorithms. This organization proved successful since it minimized the development and debugging times when new control units are integrated in the system.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ITNS...53.1002C/abstract",
"title": "General-purpose framework for real time control in nuclear fusion experiments",
"year_published": 2006,
"fields_of_study": [
"Real-time Control System",
"Control engineering",
"Embedded system",
"Debugging",
"Ethernet",
"Software",
"Real-time communication",
"Software architecture",
"Computer science",
"Data flow diagram",
"Real-time Control System Software"
],
"first_author": "M. Cavinato",
"scholarly_citations_count": 16,
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"abstract": "Abstract\n An overview of the energy problem in the world is presented. The colossal task of \u2018decarbonizing\u2019 the current energy system, with ~85% of the primary energy produced from fossil sources is discussed. There are at the moment only two options that can contribute to a solution: renewable energy (sun, wind, hydro, etc.) or nuclear fission. Their contributions, ~2% for sun and wind, ~6% for hydro and ~5% for fission, will need to be enormously increased in a relatively short time, to meet the targets set by policy makers. The possible role and large potential for fusion to contribute to a solution in the future as a safe, nearly inexhaustible and environmentally compatible energy source is discussed. The principles of magnetic and inertial confinement are outlined, and the two main options for magnetic confinement, tokamak and stellarator, are explained. The status of magnetic fusion is summarized and the next steps in fusion research, ITER and DEMO, briefly presented.",
"URL": "https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/nuka-2016-0070",
"title": "Nuclear fusion and its large potential for the future world energy supply",
"year_published": 2016,
"fields_of_study": [
"Tokamak",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Energy supply",
"Stellarator",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "J. Ongena",
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"sentence": "The principles of magnetic and inertial confinement are outlined, and the two main options for magnetic confinement, tokamak and stellarator, are explained.",
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"sentence": "The status of magnetic fusion is summarized and the next steps in fusion research, ITER and DEMO, briefly presented.",
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{
"abstract": "Abstract Tritium, like all hydrogen isotopes, is difficult to confine and easily diffuses through most materials. As currently planned, fusion power plants will process and handle large quantities of deuterium and tritium as fuel, and therefore, will become sources of tritium input into the environment. Tritium releases from a worldwide distribution of tritium sources (fusion or fission) will lead to higher tritium levels overall and have global impact. This report investigates the hydrologic partitioning of yearly tritium releases assuming 1 g/yr loss per 500 MW of nuclear power generation for varying scales of power generation. On large scales, it is found that the worldwide average levels of tritium could exceed some public health goals and regulatory guidelines. Tritium concentrations at such levels may also have other impacts on the environment through increased ion-pair generation.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920379620302386",
"title": "An Evaluation of the Global Effects of Tritium Emissions from Nuclear Fusion Power",
"year_published": 2020,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Fission",
"Isotope",
"Fusion power",
"Environmental science",
"Electricity generation",
"Hydrogen",
"Nuclear power",
"Deuterium",
"Tritium"
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"first_author": "George K. Larsen",
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"sentence": "Tritium concentrations at such levels may also have other impacts on the environment through increased ion-pair generation.",
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{
"abstract": "In tokamak nuclear fusion reactors, one of the main issues is to know the total emission of radiation, which is mandatory to understand the plasma physics and is very useful to monitor and control the plasma evolution. This radiation can be measured by means of a bolometer system that consists in a certain number of elements sensitive to the integral of the radiation along straight lines crossing the plasma. By placing the sensors in such a way to have families of crossing lines, sophisticated tomographic inversion algorithms allow to reconstruct the radiation tomography in the 2D poloidal cross-section of the plasma. In tokamaks, the number of projection cameras is often quite limited resulting in an inversion mathematic problem very ill conditioned so that, usually, it is solved by means of a grid-based, iterative constrained optimization procedure, whose convergence time is not suitable for the real time requirements. In this paper, to illustrate the method, an assumption not valid in general is made on the correlation among the grid elements, based on the statistical distribution of the radiation emissivity over a set of tomographic reconstructions, performed off-line. Then, a regularization procedure is carried out, which merge highly correlated grid elements providing a squared coefficients matrix with an enough low condition number. This matrix, which is inverted offline once for all, can be multiplied by the actual bolometer measures returning the tomographic reconstruction, with calculations suitable for real time application. The proposed algorithm is applied, in this paper, to a synthetic case study.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/9/11/1186/pdf",
"title": "A Real Time Bolometer Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithm in Nuclear Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Algorithm",
"Tokamak",
"Emissivity",
"Tomography",
"Projection (set theory)",
"Bolometer",
"Computer science",
"Constrained optimization",
"Condition number",
"Tomographic reconstruction"
],
"first_author": "Augusto Montisci",
"scholarly_citations_count": 3,
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"sentence": "By placing the sensors in such a way to have families of crossing lines, sophisticated tomographic inversion algorithms allow to reconstruct the radiation tomography in the 2D poloidal cross-section of the plasma.",
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{
"abstract": "Objective: Investigating some biological side effects of radiations resulted from fusion reaction experiments in DAMAVAD Tokamak. Materials and Methods: The absorbed dose of the personnel in DAMAVAND Tokamak was measured using LIF dosimeters and analyzed. Results: In DAMAVAND in areas near the forbidden zone around this device the level of the received dose is very high (more than 6 mSv for each 100 shots) and in regions around the control panel\u00a0 and shielding room that personnel usually attend the level of the effective absorbed dose is about 1.16 mSv for each 100 shots.\u00a0 In each working period in DAMAVAND Tokamak about 100 shots are being done weekly. Hence, each of the personnel will absorb about 5\u00d71.16= 5.8 mSv that is very high for a short period (5 days). Conclusion: managers of the fusion laboratories must govern personnel's duties properly and arrange female working conditions in critical situations of their lives. Therefore, it is recommended that the contribution of the pregnant women must not be more than 60 shots per month and it is better to be decreased to 55, because they absorb some extra doses from the experiments with other device while attending to the building of laboratory.",
"URL": "https://www.sid.ir/En/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=186593",
"title": "Hazards for pregnant women and nursing mothers working in nuclear fusion laboratories",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Absorbed dose",
"Medical physics",
"Nuclear medicine",
"Medicine"
],
"first_author": "Goudarzi Shervin",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "Materials and Methods The absorbed dose of the personnel in DAMAVAND Tokamak was measured using LIF dosimeters and analyzed.",
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{
"abstract": "Deep learning has become one of the most promising approaches in recent years. One of the main applications of deep learning is the automatic feature extraction with auto-encoders (AEs). Feature extraction, one of the most important stages in machine learning, that can reduce drastically the dimensionality of the problem, making easier any subsequent process such as classification. The main contribution of this research is to evaluate the use of AEs for automatic feature extraction in massive thermonuclear fusion databases. In order to show the performance of AEs in a practical way, the problem of image classification of the TJ-II Thomson Scattering diagnostic has been selected. The classification has been performed by the algorithm of support vector machines and conformal predictors. The results show that the use of AEs produces the predictions faster, with more reliable models, and with higher success rates in comparison to the performance without using the deep learning approach.",
"URL": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8537905/",
"title": "Applying Deep Learning for Improving Image Classification in Nuclear Fusion Devices",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Deep learning",
"Curse of dimensionality",
"Machine learning",
"Support vector machine",
"Artificial intelligence",
"Computer science",
"Feature extraction",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Contextual image classification",
"Process (computing)"
],
"first_author": "Gonzalo Farias",
"scholarly_citations_count": 5,
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{
"abstract": "In Europe EUROFER 97 has been recognised as reference steel for the nuclear costructions under high radiation density for first wall of a fast breeder reactors as well as in other high stressed primary structures such as the divertors, blanklet and vessels. Following to this a EUROFER 97 detailed knowledge of the microstructure evolution after thermo-mechanical processing is required, because the material mechanical properties are interesting also for innovative solar plants, i.e. NEXTOWER project. A detailed knowledge of process optimisation is mandatory because EUROFER 97 steel mechanical properties and microstruture are heavily influenced and improved (and easily affeted) by thermomechanical treatments. In this paper the effect of thermo-mechanical parameters on the grain refinement of EUROFER 97 has been investigated by cold rolling and heat treatment on pilot scale.",
"URL": "https://www.scientific.net/MSF.1016.1392",
"title": "Microstructure Refinement Effect on EUROFER 97 Steel for Nuclear Fusion Application",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Microstructure"
],
"first_author": "Giulia Stornelli",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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"abstract": "A loss mechanism, which is analogous to the parametric amplifier mechanism, is suggested to explain the energy loss and the lack of fast charged fusion products that are created in a laser-like mechanism of low energy nuclear fusion reaction of deuterons in crystalline environment. The bosonic nature of deuterons is utilised to derive favourable initial deuteron concentrations for the d + d \u2192 4 He fusion reaction in crystalline Pd. The initial deuteron motion in the direction perpendicular to the crystal planes is selected by the Bragg\u2019s law and this mode is field quantised. Fusion reaction favours those deuteron concentrations at which the energy of the quantised mode equals the energy of the optical phonon. The favourable deuteron concentrations are calculated.",
"URL": "https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJNEST.2011.043396",
"title": "Loss-mechanism and favourable deuteron concentrations of boson induced nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2011,
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"Atomic physics",
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"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "We investigate the effect of a generalized particle momentum distribution derived by Galitskii and Yakimets (GY) on nuclear reaction rates in plasma. We derive an approximate semi-analytical formula for nuclear fusion reaction rate between nuclei in a plasma (quantum plasma nuclear fusion; or QPNF). The QPNF formula is applied to calculate deuteron\u2013deuteron fusion rate in a plasma, and the results are compared with the results calculated with the conventional Maxwell\u2013Bolzmann velocity distribution. As an application, we investigate the deuteron\u2013deuteron fusion rate for mobile deuterons in a deuterated metal/alloy. The calculated deuteron\u2013deuteron fusion rates at low energies are enormously enhanced due to the modified tail of the GY's generalized momentum distribution. Our preliminary estimates indicate also that the deuteron\u2013lithium (D+Li) fusion rate and the proton\u2013lithium (p+Li) fusion rate in a metal/alloy at ambient temperatures are also substantially enhanced.",
"URL": "https://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.l552",
"title": "Effect of a Generalized Particle Momentum Distribution on Plasma Nuclear Fusion Rates",
"year_published": 2006,
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"Particle",
"Fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Metal",
"Momentum",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
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"first_author": "Yeong E. Kim",
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"abstract": "Abstract Fusion energy is often regarded as a long-term solution to the world's energy needs. However, even after solving the critical research challenges, engineering and materials science will still impose significant constraints on the characteristics of a fusion power plant. Meanwhile, the global energy grid must transition to low-carbon sources by 2050 to prevent the worst effects of climate change. We review three factors affecting fusion's future trajectory: (1) the significant drop in the price of renewable energy, (2) the intermittency of renewable sources and implications for future energy grids, and (3) the recent proposition of intermediate-level nuclear waste as a product of fusion. Within the scenario assumed by our premises, we find that while there remains a clear motivation to develop fusion power plants, this motivation is likely weakened by the time they become available. We also conclude that most current fusion reactor designs do not take these factors into account and, to increase market penetration, fusion research should consider relaxed nuclear waste design criteria, raw material availability constraints and load-following designs with pulsed operation.",
"URL": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520307540",
"title": "Re-examining the role of nuclear fusion in a renewables-based energy mix",
"year_published": 2021,
"fields_of_study": [
"Effects of global warming",
"Environmental economics",
"Grid",
"Renewable energy",
"Fusion power",
"Market penetration",
"Energy mix",
"Load following power plant",
"Nuclear fusion"
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"first_author": "T.E.G. Nicholas",
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"abstract": "W is a promising material to use as protection for thermal shields in future nuclear fusion reactors, however the joining to other metals is really challenging. For realizing such joints plasma spraying (PS) has been used for its simplicity, the possibility to cover complex and extended surfaces and the relatively low cost. An appropriate interlayer must be optimized to increase the adhesion of W on the substrates and to provide a soft interface for better thermo-mechanical compatibility.The present work demonstrates that high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) permits to quickly assess the reliability and quality of the coating-interlayer-substrate system by measuring the strain of coating. This is very useful to orientate the work for optimizing the structure and composition of the interlayer and the parameters of deposition process.",
"URL": "https://art.torvergata.it/handle/2108/106517",
"title": "HT-XRD analysis of W thick coatings for nuclear fusion technology",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Shields",
"Composite material",
"Materials science",
"Thermal",
"Diffraction",
"Coating",
"Reliability (semiconductor)",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma",
"Adhesion"
],
"first_author": "Girolamo Costanza",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "Abstract\n The paper is devoted to calculations of anisotropic spectra of nuclear fusion products in a compact tokamak. The knowledge of these spectra is essential for estimations of the first wall load by neutron radiation and other fast particle fluxes from the plasma, computations of the plasma heating profiles, and correct analysis of experimental data, obtained on the present-day and prospective tokamaks and other controlled fusion devices. Anisotropic analytical S- and L-formulae found earlier for nuclear fusion product distributions are computationally demanding. In this paper improved anisotropic S- and L-algorithms are introduced. The new simplified formulae retain the generality and reduce the calculation time without changing the results. Their application for the calculation of energetic and angular distributions of products of both neutron and proton branches of the deuterium\u2013deuterium nuclear fusion reaction in the neutral beam heated plasma of the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak is described. Notwithstanding the low neutral beam energy, the obtained fusion product spectra are strongly anisotropic and may be observed experimentally.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PPCF...62l5016G/abstract",
"title": "Anisotropic distributions of deuterium-deuterium nuclear fusion products in a compact tokamak",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Anisotropy"
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"first_author": "Pavel R Goncharov",
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"abstract": "The lack of reproducibility of the cold fusion experiments, aggravated by the great diversity and inconsistency of the positive results, implies that these nuclear phenomena are hypersensitive, i.e., correlated to a [open quotes]chaotic[close quotes] factor. All the factors considered so far, such as structure, transformations, or defects of the crystal lattice; bubbles of deuterium; dendrites, etc., are insufficiently chaotic to explain the known facts. Experimental data suggest that nuclear reactions take place in active sites on the surface of the lattice, that they are stimulated by dynamics factors, and that they represent an extreme form of heterogeneous catalysis. Consequently, according to modern ideas concerning catalysis, the desired chaotic factor is the surface dynamics of some metallic deuterides (hydrides). This hypothesis, called the surfdyn concept, is compatible with all published data, explains the peculiarities of cold fusion, and must be supported by an adequate theory describing the nature and mechanisms of the different nuclear processes. 44 refs.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:26035858",
"title": "The surfdyn concept: An attempt to solve (or rename) the puzzles of cold nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 1993,
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"Statistical physics",
"Lattice (order)",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Chaotic",
"Rename",
"Surface dynamics"
],
"first_author": "Peter Gl\u00fcck",
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"sentence": "44 refs.",
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"abstract": "Differential cross section for the D-D fusion reaction represents an important parameter in calculating the neutron or proton yield and this calculation need to study the changes of the differential cross section with both deuteron energy and reaction angle .We see that the differential cross section are strongly effected with a range of reaction angle between (0-100) degree , and it seems that it has a maximum value when the reaction angle equal to zero because the present of the parameter cos \u03b8 in there calculated equation .From the figures we notice a good agreement between our calculated results and the experimentally results. This lead to the ability for using this model in the future for different calculations and the ability for modifying it's to construction a like formulas for another fusion reactions by depending on their physical characteristics.",
"URL": "http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=85009",
"title": "An Investigation about The Deuterium-Deuterium Nuclear Fusion differential cross section.",
"year_published": 2013,
"fields_of_study": [
"Neutron",
"Degree (angle)",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Range (particle radiation)",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Proton",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear cross section"
],
"first_author": "Raad Hameed",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "This lead to the ability for using this model in the future for different calculations and the ability for modifying its to construction a like formulas for another fusion reactions by depending on their physical characteristics.",
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{
"abstract": "Studies have been made of the problems encountered in the development of a large-sized catalytic pump for the pumping of hydrogen in nuclear fusion apparatus. An experimental pump having a speed of about 5000 liter/sec is assumed to use at partial pressures between 10-7 and 10-5 Torr. The influence of water vapor on the atomization of hydrogen at the rhenium filament is one of the problems, and is discussed from the structural point of view. The lifetime of the cuprous oxide layer is another important problem. A convenient method of oxidation of copper plates by atomic oxygen produced at an incandescent rhenium filament is proposed for the generation and regeneration of the oxide. The optimum temperatures of the cuprous oxide layer are also determined for the rapid desorption of water vapor from the oxide and for the effective reaction with hydrogen atoms.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JJAPS..13...89M/abstract",
"title": "Some Considerations on Large-Sized Catalytic Pumps for Nuclear Fusion Apparatus",
"year_published": 1974,
"fields_of_study": [
"Water vapor",
"Catalysis",
"Inorganic chemistry",
"Chemistry",
"Oxide",
"Torr",
"Rhenium",
"Hydrogen",
"Partial pressure",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Yoshio Murakami",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"sentence": "The optimum temperatures of the cuprous oxide layer are also determined for the rapid desorption of water vapor from the oxide and for the effective reaction with hydrogen atoms.",
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"abstract": "The successful use of a tokamak for generating fusion power requires an active control of magnetic instabilities, such as neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs). Commonly, the NTM location is determined using electron cyclotron emission (ECE) and this is used to apply electron cyclotron heating (ECH) on the NTM location. In this paper, an inline ECE set-up at ASDEX Upgrade is presented in which ECE is measured and ECH is applied via the same path. First results are presented and a means to interpret the measurement data is given. Amplitude and phase with respect to a reference magnetic signal are calculated. Based on the amplitude and phase, the time of mode crossing is determined and shown to compare well with real-time estimates of the mode crossing time. The ECH launcher and flux surface geometries at ASDEX Upgrade, which are optimized for current drive by a beam path that is tangential to the flux surface near deposition, make it difficult to identify the mode crossing without inline ECE launcher movement. Therefore, NTM control based on inline ECE requires launcher movement to determine and maintain a reliable estimate of the NTM location.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/aaeea9",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion - Inline ECE measurements for NTM control on ASDEX Upgrade",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Tokamak",
"Phase (waves)",
"Physics",
"Beam (structure)",
"Electron cyclotron resonance",
"Amplitude",
"Fusion power",
"ASDEX Upgrade",
"Computational physics",
"Cyclotron"
],
"first_author": "H. van den Brand",
"scholarly_citations_count": 4,
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{
"abstract": "ABSTRACTOne of the key aspects regarding the technological development of nuclear fusion reactors is the understanding of the interaction between high-energy ions coming from the confined plasma and the materials that the plasma-facing components are made of. Among the multiple issues important to plasma\u2013wall interactions in fusion devices, physical erosion and composition changes induced by energetic particle bombardment are considered critical due to possible material flaking, changes to surface roughness, impurity transport and the alteration of physicochemical properties of the near surface region due to phenomena such as redeposition or implantation. A Monte Carlo code named MATILDA (Modeling of Atomic Transport in Layered Dynamic Arrays) has been developed over the years to study phenomena related to ion beam bombardment such as erosion rate, composition changes, interphase mixing and material redeposition, which are relevant issues to plasma-aided manufacturing of microelectronics, components on ob...",
"URL": "https://iom3.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10420150.2017.1328419",
"title": "Monte Carlo simulation of ion\u2013material interactions in nuclear fusion devices",
"year_published": 2017,
"fields_of_study": [
"Particle",
"Surface roughness",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Microelectronics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Sputtering",
"Ion beam",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "M. Nieto Perez",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"sentence": "A Monte Carlo code named MATILDA Modeling of Atomic Transport in Layered Dynamic Arrays has been developed over the years to study phenomena related to ion beam bombardment such as erosion rate, composition changes, interphase mixing and material redeposition, which are relevant issues to plasma-aided manufacturing of microelectronics, components on ob...",
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{
"abstract": "The expected approval for the construction of ITER will have great impact on the way magnetic confinement research will be pursued. Many national laboratories will have to, at least partially, refocus their programmes, as they have to procure various subsystems for ITER. This means a gradual move from physics to more technological R and D and construction of hardware. This will be reflected in the publication output of the fusion community. Nuclear Fusion will anticipate this change by publishing special issues related to the more technological IAEA Technical Meetings and to other workshops on plasma engineering issues such as heating systems, diagnostic systems, feedback control aspects and subsequent test results. The greater emphasis on technology will also be reflected in the increase of Nuclear Fusion articles related to the technology contributions to the IAEA Fusion Energy Conferences. However, our Board of Editors advises that the chosen technology subjects should be related to the more traditional, physics, subjects of Nuclear Fusion. This new line is reflected in the choice of special issues for the end of 2003/beginning of 2004: This issue: Aspects of steady state operation (3rd IAEA TM Arles/Greifswald, May 2002); Electron Cyclotron Waves in Fusion Plasmas (EC-12 and SMP-2002 together); Overview Papers from the FEC-2002. Later next year another three special issues of Nuclear Fusion are planned: The ITER Physics Data Base Revised (this is an initiative of the IPTA-group); IFSA-2003: results of ICF research presented in Monterey on 7-12 September 2003; Workshop on Stochasticity in Fusion Edge Plasmas (SEP), 6-8 October 2003, J?lich. This current issue of Nuclear Fusion contains a number of regular articles as well as a group of 11 articles related to Steady State Operation of Magnetic Fusion Devices from the 3rd IAEA Technical Meeting (Arles/Greifswald, 2-7 May 2002) These 11 articles are related only to a subset of all the presentations given. Most of the presentations were too specialized or otherwise not suitable to be reworked into an article of interest for the general readership of Nuclear Fusion. The selection of articles addresses the following issues: experimental results of the long pulse operation of Tore Supra and DIII-D; simulations of long pulse scenarios for Tore Supra operation; state-of-the-art feedback control of JET plasmas; technology aspects of long pulse NB-heating and cryogenics (W7-X); plans for steady state devices in South Korea (KSTAR) and China (HT-7U).",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NucFu..43.....S/abstract",
"title": "Special issues of Nuclear Fusion: a gradual change towards more technology",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Systems engineering",
"Fusion power",
"KSTAR",
"Tore Supra",
"Magnetic fusion",
"Feedback control",
"Long pulse",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "F. C. Sch\u00fcller",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "Later next year another three special issues of Nuclear Fusion are planned The ITER Physics Data Base Revised this is an initiative of the IPTA-group IFSA-2003 results of ICF research presented in Monterey on 7-12 September 2003 Workshop on Stochasticity in Fusion Edge Plasmas SEP, 6-8 October 2003, Jlich.",
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{
"abstract": "The expansion of laser-irradiated clusters or nanodroplets depends strongly on the amount of energy delivered to the electrons and can be controlled by using appropriately shaped laser pulses. In this paper, a self-consistent kinetic model is used to analyze the transition from quasi-neutral, hydrodynamic-like expansion regimes to the Coulomb explosion (CE) regime when increasing the ratio between the thermal energy of the electrons and the electrostatic energy stored in the cluster. It is shown that a suitable double-pump irradiation scheme can produce hybrid expansion regimes, wherein a slow hydrodynamic expansion is followed by a fast CE, leading to ion overtaking and producing multiple ion flows expanding with different velocities. This can be exploited to obtain intracluster fusion reactions in both homonuclear deuterium clusters and heteronuclear deuterium\u2013tritium clusters, as also proved by three-dimensional molecular-dynamics simulations.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPCF...50l4049P/abstract",
"title": "Expansion of nanoplasmas and laser-driven nuclear fusion in single exploding clusters",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
"Thermal energy",
"Cluster (physics)",
"Ion",
"Electron",
"Materials science",
"Homonuclear molecule",
"Molecular physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coulomb explosion",
"Electric potential energy",
"Atomic physics"
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"first_author": "F. Peano",
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"abstract": "This paper analyzes some common compressing algorithms in application; a kind of compressing algorithm, LZO, which fits the nuclear fusion experiment data acquisition and data issuance, is accepted. The performance evaluation of LZO application with HT7 case is given in the paper.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JSJC200302004.htm",
"title": "Study of Compressing Algorithm in Nuclear Fusion Experiment Data Acquisition System",
"year_published": 2003,
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"first_author": "Zhu Lin",
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"abstract": "Theoretical-computational studies of table-top laser-driven nuclear fusion of high energy (up to 15 MeV) deuterons with 7Li, 6Li, T, and D demonstrate the attainment of high fusion yields. The reaction design constitutes a source of Coulomb exploding deuterium nanodroplets driven by an ultraintense, near-infrared, femtosecond Gaussian laser pulse (peak intensity 2\u2009\u00d7\u20091018\u20135\u2009\u00d7\u20091019\u2009W cm\u22122) and a solid, hollow cylindrical target containing the second reagent. The exploding nanodroplets source is characterized by the deuteron kinetic energies, their number, and the laser energy absorbed by a nanodroplet. These were computed by scaled electron and ion dynamics simulations, which account for intra-nanodroplet laser intensity attenuation and relativistic effects. The fusion yields Y are determined by the number of the source deuterons and by the reaction probability. When laser intensity attenuation is weak within a single nanodroplet and throughout the nanodroplets assembly, Y exhibits a power law increase with...",
"URL": "https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4766755",
"title": "Nuclear fusion of deuterons with light nuclei driven by Coulomb explosion of nanodroplets",
"year_published": 2012,
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"abstract": "A CuCrFeTiV high entropy alloy was prepared and irradiated with swift heavy ions in order to check its adequacy for use as a thermal barrier in future nuclear fusion reactors. The alloy was prepared from the elemental powders by ball milling, followed by consolidation by spark plasma sintering at 1178 K and 65 MPa. The samples were then irradiated at room temperature with 300 keV Ar+ ions with fluences in the 3 \u00d7 1015 to 3 \u00d7 1018 Ar+/cm2 range to mimic neutron-induced damage accumulation during a duty cycle of a fusion reactor. Structural changes were investigated by X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, both coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. Surface irradiation damage was detected for high fluences (3 \u00d7 1018 Ar+/cm2) with formation of blisters of up to 1 \u03bcm in diameter. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of intergranular cavities only in the sample irradiated with 3 \u00d7 1018 Ar+/cm2, while all irradiation experiments produced intragranular nanometric-sized bubbles with increased density for higher Ar+ fluence. The Williamson-Hall method revealed a decrease in the average crystallite size and an increase in residual strain with increasing fluence, consistent with the formation of Ar+ bubbles at the irradiated surface.",
"URL": "http://repositorio.lneg.pt/bitstream/10400.9/3921/1/NuclearInst.%26MethodsPhysicsResearchB_vol.529_49-55.pdf",
"title": "Damage threshold of CuCrFeTiV high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion reactors",
"year_published": 2022,
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"Materials science",
"Scanning electron microscope",
"Irradiation",
"Fluence",
"Transmission electron microscopy",
"High entropy alloys",
"Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"Crystallite",
"Alloy",
"Composite material",
"Metallurgy",
"Nanotechnology",
"Chemistry",
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"Nuclear physics"
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"abstract": "Abstract The ESS-Bilbao neutron source, currently under construction, is conceived as a multipurpose facility. It will offer a fast neutron beam line for materials irradiation. In this paper we discuss the viability of ESS-Bilbao for experimental studies of fusion materials. Making use of the already designed target station we have calculated the neutron spectrum expected in the fast neutron line. Then, we have studied the neutron irradiation effects in two model materials: iron and silica. We have calculated the expected PKA (primary knock-on atom) spectra and light species production as well as the damage production in these materials. Regarding structural materials, we conclude that the ESS-Bilbao neutron irradiation facility will play a minor role due to the resulting low neutron fluxes (about two orders of magnitude lower than in fusion reactors). On the other hand, ESS-Bilbao turns out to be relevant for studies of final lenses in laser fusion power plants. A comparison with the conditions expected for HiPER final lenses shows that the fluxes will be only a factor 5 smaller in ESS-Bilbao and the PKA spectra will be very similar. Taking into account, in addition, that relevant effects on lenses occur from the onset of irradiation, we conclude that an appropriate irradiation cell with in situ characterisation techniques will make ESS-Bilbao very attractive for applied neutron damage studies of laser fusion final lenses. Finally, we compare ESS-Bilbao with other facilities.",
"URL": "http://oa.upm.es/46106/",
"title": "Viability of the ESS-Bilbao neutron source for irradiation of nuclear fusion materials",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Irradiation",
"Neutron",
"Neutron source",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"HiPER",
"Neutron radiation",
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"first_author": "A.R. P\u00e1ramo",
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"abstract": "In this study, quantum mechanical calculations and a semi-classical approach were used to determine fusion the probability (Pfus), fusion barrier distribution (Dfus), and fusion cross section (\u03c3fus) for the systems 28Si + 90Zr, 28Si + 92Zr, 28Si + 94Zr, 41K + 28Si, and 45K + 28Si. The semiclassical approach involved the use of the WKB approximation to describe the relative motion between the projectile and target nuclei, and the Continuum Discretized Coupled Channel (CDCC) method of Alder-Winther (AW) to describe the intrinsic motion of the nuclei. The importance of the neutron and the proton transfer and exchange on the calculations of Pfus, Dfus, and \u03c3fus for the studied systems. The results showed that the consideration of the coupling-channel calculations for quantum mechanics and a semi-classical approach, are very important to be considered specifically around and below the Coulomb barrier. The results were compared with the measured data and found in reasonable agreement.",
"URL": "https://periodicals.karazin.ua/eejp/article/download/21685/20465",
"title": "The Effect of the Proton and Neutron as Probe for the Nuclear Fusion Reactions at Near-Barrier Energies",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "The mechanism of ductile machining for brittle material is described. The problems of batch manufacturing optical components in laser nuclear fusion are solved by applying the technology of the ultra precision machining. The technology of the ultra precision machining for the optical flats, KDP crystals and square lens is studied. The technology process, the rules for designing the machine and the optimized technology parameters are proposed.\ue004",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXJS200306003.htm",
"title": "Study on the technology of the ultra precision machining for the optical components in laser nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "The information coming from the diagnostic system is of vital importance for the correct functioning of many electromagnetic devices. In particular, for nuclear fusion devices, the magnetic measurements are used for a number of fundamental identification tasks such as equilibrium analysis and plasma boundary reconstruction. The quality and the reliability of the measurements strongly impact the final results; therefore, proper techniques able to detect faulty probes and to assess their effectiveness are very beneficial. When calibration and other self-consistency tools fail to detect loss of reliability, numerical approaches can help in detecting and eventually correcting information from the malfunctioning channels. This paper proposes a general approach for the fast identification of broken probes based on suitable reconstruction procedures. The approach is tested in Tokamak reactors, but it is quite general and it can be easily extended to other application fields.",
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"abstract": "In this work, the feasibility of nuclear processes is studied via classical thermodynamics by assessing the change in entropy, a parameter that has so far been neglected in the analysis of these reactions. The contribution of the entropy to the reaction spontaneity plays a different role in the fission and fusion reactions. In particular, in fusion reactions the temperature acts as a very powerful amplifier of the entropic term (\u2212T \u0394S) that, at the temperature of tokamaks (millions Kelvin), may significantly reduce the thermodynamic spontaneity of these processes. A new approach is followed for assessing the feasibility of the D-based reactions of interest for the magnetically confined nuclear fusion through the investigation of the effect of the temperature on both kinetics and thermodynamics. The results confirm that the deuterium\u2013tritium reaction is the most promising fusion reaction to be realized in tokamak devices. At the temperature of 1.5 \u00d7 108 K (\u224813 keV), the DT reaction exhibits a large thermodynamic spontaneity (\u0394G = 16.0 MeV) and its reactivity is of the order of 10\u221222 m3/s, a value capable of guaranteeing the tritium burning rate needed to operate the nuclear plants under tritium self-sufficiency conditions and with a net energy production. The other results show that at the tokamaks\u2019 temperature the two branches of the DD reaction exhibit a modest spontaneity (\u0394G around \u22122 MeV) coupled to very low reactivity values (10\u221224 m3/s). The temperature rise that could be aimed to increase the reactivity is however ineffective to improve the reaction feasibility since it would augment the entropic term as well, thus shifting the \u0394G towards positive values. The D3He reaction is soundly spontaneous at the tokamaks\u2019 temperature (\u0394G values of \u221217.2 MeV) while its kinetics is close to that of the DD reactions, which are at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of the DT reaction.",
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"title": "Classical Thermodynamic Analysis of D-Based Nuclear Fusion Reactions: The Role of Entropy",
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"abstract": "A conceptual vehicle design enabling fast, piloted outer solar system travel was created predicated on a small aspect ratio spherical torus nuclear fusion reactor. The initial requirements were satisfied by the vehicle concept, which could deliver a 172 mt crew payload from Earth to Jupiter rendezvous in 118 days, with an initial mass in low Earth orbit of 1,690 mt. Engineering conceptual design, analysis, and assessment was performed on all major systems including artificial gravity payload, central truss, nuclear fusion reactor, power conversion, magnetic nozzle, fast wave plasma heating, tankage, fuel pellet injector, startup/re-start fission reactor and battery bank, refrigeration, reaction control, communications, mission design, and space operations. Detailed fusion reactor design included analysis of plasma characteristics, power balance/utilization, first wall, toroidal field coils, heat transfer, and neutron/x-ray radiation. Technical comparisons are made between the vehicle concept and the interplanetary spacecraft depicted in the motion picture 2001: A Space Odyssey.",
"URL": "https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/2.3894",
"title": "Realizing \"2001: A Space Odyssey\": Piloted Spherical Torus Nuclear Fusion Propulsion",
"year_published": 2002,
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"abstract": "With the rapid growing of experiment data, using of distributed database or file system is the trend in fusion storage. For such storage systems, a cluster is required, but its setting up and services deploying are challenging. Installing and configuring the operating system and software runtime environment and managing all the dependencies are a complicated task. Apart from that, due to the variety of server hardware and difference between test and production environment, particular setup procedures are required. J-TEXT cloud database (JCDB) is a nuclear fusion experimental data storage and management system, aiming to satisfy the requirements of future long-pulse experiment, powered by MongoDB, Cassandra cluster, and Web applications. It is not an easy job to setup JCDB on these servers from scratch or to scale out the system. The system uses Docker, a lightweight software containerization platform, to build cloud database and Web applications, guaranteeing consistency of the all servers and automating the deployment and scale-out tasks, reducing plenty of time. JCDB pushed two images to Docker repository and scaled out by pulled specified images. Even without any physical servers on hand, you can also deploy it on cloud services such as Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ITPS...46.1281L/abstract",
"title": "Docker-Based Automatic Deployment for Nuclear Fusion Experimental Data Archive Cluster",
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"abstract": "In nuclear fusion experiments, the plasma discharge requires a preparation sequence followed by a data acquisition phase. During these phases, the control and data acquisition system is required to carry out a sequence of operations for set up of the various devices, data readout, and on-line computation. An action dispatcher tool must comply with several requirements such as the support for a distributed and heterogeneous environment, a comprehensive user interface for the supervision of the whole sequence, and the need for web-based support. The paper describes the architecture of a general-purpose Java-based tool for action dispatching. The use of the platform-independent Java framework, combined with the generic approach in the architecture definition, satisfies the above requirements. The Java framework has been chosen for the implementation because of its platform-independence, network, and multithreading support. The architecture of the tool has been kept quite generic, thus making the tool adaptable to a variety of operating environments with minimal changes in the application code.",
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"sentence": "An action dispatcher tool must comply with several requirements such as the support for a distributed and heterogeneous environment, a comprehensive user interface for the supervision of the whole sequence, and the need for web-based support.",
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"sentence": "The paper describes the architecture of a general-purpose Java-based tool for action dispatching.",
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"sentence": "The use of the platform-independent Java framework, combined with the generic approach in the architecture definition, satisfies the above requirements.",
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{
"abstract": "The recently reported detection of helium (albeit minuscule) with equivalent heat production using an electrochemical process at the University of Texas and at the Naval Weapons Center at China Lake were both attributed to intracrystalline nuclear fusion, which again brings to the fore this most controversial of subjects. However unlikely this fusion process, it is contended that an electrochemical process is particularly unsuited to the task of substantiating intracrystalline nuclear fusion because simultaneous thermochemical processes are occurring that can overshadow possible modest nuclear processes. Moreover, the presence in the electrolyte of extraneous reagents such as dissolved oxygen and salts further complicates interpretation of results. In this paper in light of these observations, an investigative method utilizing deuteron implantation with concurrent spectrometric analysis of reaction products is proposed.",
"URL": "https://ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_30066",
"title": "Ion Implantation as a Definitive Means of Investigating Any Possibility of Intracrystalline Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 1992,
"fields_of_study": [
"Fusion",
"Chemical physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Scientific method",
"Helium ions",
"Ion implantation",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Moishe Garfinkle",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "In this paper in light of these observations, an investigative method utilizing deuteron implantation with concurrent spectrometric analysis of reaction products is proposed.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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{
"abstract": "A rigorous 2-step (R2S) method has been developed to calculate the shutdown dose rates in full three-dimensional geometry. Based on the Monte Carlos code MCNP and automated interfaces, this method has been successfully validated by the ITER shutdown dose rate experiment T-426 and compared with the direct 1-step (D1S) method. Both methods show good agreement with the experiment and R2S gives more reliable estimation compared to D1S. The results imply that R2S method can be applied in shutdown dose rates calculation of large and complex nuclear fusion devices.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HJSU200310008.htm",
"title": "The rigorous-2-step calculation of shutdown dose rates for nuclear fusion devices",
"year_published": 2003,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Nuclear physics",
"Monte Carlo method",
"Shutdown",
"Dose rate",
"Computer science",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "WU Yican",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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{
"abstract": "Helium refrigerators will provide the needed cooling power to the superconducting magnets of future magnetic fusion reactors, e.g. ITER, JT-60SA, EU DEMO. Reliable simulation tools are required to model the magnets-refrigerator coupling, in order to cope with feedbacks affecting the overall system dynamics. Here we couple the 4C code for the analysis of thermal-hydraulic transients in superconducting magnets with a refrigerator model developed in Modelica. The results of the new tool are compared with experimental data from the first phase of an ITER CSMC cool-down, from 300 K to 80 K.",
"URL": "https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2785234",
"title": "Coupling superconducting magnet and refrigerator thermal-hydraulic models for nuclear fusion applications",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Coupling",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Refrigerator car",
"Superconducting magnet",
"Thermal hydraulics",
"Materials science",
"Modelica",
"Helium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"System dynamics"
],
"first_author": "Roberto Bonifetto",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
"abstract": "The paper presents a real time distributed application which is used for feedback control in a nuclear fusion experiment. The system employs a number of Texas TMS320C40 digital signal processors mounted on VME crates which communicate by means of dedicated communication ports and reflective memories. Owing to the distributed architecture of the system, a formal analysis was necessary to fully understand its behaviour and derive performance measures. The system has been modelled using interval time Petri nets, an extension of Petri nets which associates time intervals with transitions. Based on this model, an automated analysis tool has been developed and has been used to derive performance parameters, such as system throughput and delays.",
"URL": "https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/iee/iee-s146.html#Manduchi99",
"title": "Modelling a distributed real-time system for feedback control in a nuclear fusion experiment",
"year_published": 1999,
"fields_of_study": [
"VMEbus",
"Throughput (business)",
"Digital signal processor",
"Interval (mathematics)",
"Extension (predicate logic)",
"Real-time operating system",
"Petri net",
"Computer science",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Real-time computing"
],
"first_author": "Gabriele Manduchi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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{
"abstract": "Energy release by nuclear fusion reactions was first proposed in the context of theories explaining the energy source of stellar objects. Subsequently, laboratory experiments in the 1930's demonstrated the validity of such reactions. From the 1940's onward, efforts began to pursue the controlled & uncontrolled release of nuclear fusion energy for both civilian & military applications. While the military aspect of this technology was proved in the early 1950's, the civilian part, which focused on inventing different techniques to fuse light elements nuclei to produce power, found little success. The main reason for this was undertaking expensive & complicated fusion experiments without fully resolving all the scientific issues regarding each concept. However, the decades \u2013 long delays in realizing fusion for power production caused some of these efforts to shift recently & noticeably to the\ncommercial arena where a literal accountability of the progress of these projects is conducted. This status review paper gives a quick historical background on nuclear fusion science & technologies, explains briefly a few innovative nuclear fusion energy production methods with a focus on the rapidly growing commercial trend of nuclear fusion research and developments efforts.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Status of nuclear fusion energy science & technology for power production: progress & prospects",
"year_published": 2022,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Context (archaeology)",
"Fusion power",
"Production (economics)",
"Nuclear power",
"Nuclear physics",
"Physics",
"Economics",
"Plasma",
"History",
"Macroeconomics",
"Archaeology"
],
"first_author": "Ahmed Hala",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
"NER-RE": [
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"sentence": "The main reason for this was undertaking expensive amp complicated fusion experiments without fully resolving all the scientific issues regarding each concept.",
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},
{
"sentence": "However, the decades long delays in realizing fusion for power production caused some of these efforts to shift recently amp noticeably to the commercial arena where a literal accountability of the progress of these projects is conducted.",
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"category": "Concept",
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"sentence": "This status review paper gives a quick historical background on nuclear fusion science amp technologies, explains briefly a few innovative nuclear fusion energy production methods with a focus on the rapidly growing commercial trend of nuclear fusion research and developments efforts.",
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"category": "Concept",
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},
{
"abstract": "Abstract In ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), the insulation materials containing polymeric matrix are the most radiation-sensitive among the materials constituting the superconducting magnet in the nuclear fusion reactor. Insulation materials are fabricated by impregnating the polymeric material into the stacks of alternating layers of polyimide films and glass cloth. There are a lot of studies about irradiation property of each constituent material, whereas few studies are reported about the irradiation effect on the resin -glass cloth and the resin \u2013polyimide film boundary. In this study, we focused on the degradation of the resin-glass cloth boundary. The influence of the surface treatment and the weaving density of the glass cloth on the boundary degradation was evaluated by the mechanical properties before and after irradiation. The composite material specimens were prepared using the glass cloth with different surface treatment, and with different weaving density. The inter laminar shear strength (ILSS) test was conducted to examine the influence of the boundary on the radiation effect. In addition, the fracture mechanism were evaluated by optical micro-scope. Based on the results, it was indicated that the weaving density of the glass cloth is small influence on the irradiation effect and the radiation resistance was improved by the surface treatment.",
"URL": "https://core.ac.uk/display/82455492",
"title": "Irradiation Effect on the Interface of the Composites Used as the Insulation Materials in the Nuclear Fusion Reactor",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Irradiation",
"Composite material",
"Radiation resistance",
"Shear strength",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Polyimide",
"Radiation effect",
"Thermonuclear fusion",
"Fibre-reinforced plastic"
],
"first_author": "M. Hayashi",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"sentence": "There are a lot of studies about irradiation property of each constituent material, whereas few studies are reported about the irradiation effect on the resin-glass cloth and the resin polyimide film boundary.",
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"entity": "glass"
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]
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"sentence": "In this study, we focused on the degradation of the resin-glass cloth boundary.",
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]
},
{
"sentence": "The influence of the surface treatment and the weaving density of the glass cloth on the boundary degradation was evaluated by the mechanical properties before and after irradiation.",
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"sentence": "The composite material specimens were prepared using the glass cloth with different surface treatment, and with different weaving density.",
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"sentence": "The inter laminar shear strength ILSS test was conducted to examine the influence of the boundary on the radiation effect.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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},
{
"sentence": "In addition, the fracture mechanism were evaluated by optical micro-scope.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "fracture"
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{
"sentence": "Based on the results, it was indicated that the weaving density of the glass cloth is small influence on the irradiation effect and the radiation resistance was improved by the surface treatment.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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},
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"category": "Physical Process",
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"category": "Physical Process",
"entity": "radiation"
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
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},
{
"abstract": "The main purpose of this second topical meeting, which was organized by the American Nuclear Society and its Richland Section and co-sponsored by the US Energy Research and Development Administration and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), was to review and assess controlled nuclear fusion technological developments in the past two and a half years since the first topical meeting in San Diego in 1974. A total of 360 persons attended the second topical meeting of the ANS Controlled Nuclear Fusion Division, whose primary interest lies in the technology and engineering associated with fusion applications, mostly for power production. As regards attendance, the breakdown by organizational affiliation was as follows: US National laboratories 43%; industrial companies 33%; universities 10%; organisations outside the USA 6%; US government 4%; students 2% and utility companies 2%. At the first topical meeting in San Diego, where total attendance was somewhat higher, 27% of those attending were from industry and 20% from universities. The increase in interest by the private industrial sector in this second meeting is surely a healthy sign and presumably is a result of the increased design work that has taken place in the past couple of years.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/17/1/017/pdf",
"title": "Technology of Controlled Nuclear Fusion (Report on the 2nd Topical Meeting, Richland, 1976)",
"year_published": 1977,
"fields_of_study": [
"Government",
"Secondary sector of the economy",
"Work (electrical)",
"Political science",
"Administration (government)",
"Attendance",
"Organizational Affiliation",
"Public relations"
],
"first_author": "G.R. Hopkins",
"scholarly_citations_count": 1,
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"abstract": "Power electronics converters employed in nuclear fusion applications have been recently assuming a crucial role for coils power supplies as they are particularly challenging not only due to the very high current amplitude, but also to guarantee a proper plasma confinement and control for tens of years. To face such demanding requirements, with focus on the Central Solenoid power supplies of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility, this paper analyzes a parallel-connected H-bridges (HBs) DC-DC converter characterized by relatively low voltages and very high current ratings (tens of kiloamperes), quite unusual in industry applications. A specific mathematical model, including the high frequency disturbances identification, has been pointed out for the first time in literature. A control strategy, which also aims to maximize the current sharing among all HBs legs, is proposed and tuned through a model-based design. The Hardware-in-the-loop test facility has confirmed the validity of the presented control by keeping the load current error below DTT requirements and by correctly balancing each HB leg current. These results have been furtherly experimentally validated through a Prototype test bench.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Current Sharing Control Modelling and Design for Power Supplies in Nuclear Fusion Applications",
"year_published": 2023,
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"abstract": "The rate of production of dd..mu.. molecules at deuterium pressures of 51.6, 70.4, 79.6, 91.6, and 93.0 atm has been measured at a temperature of 293 K. The ratio of the yields of the dd fusion reactions and the effective muon attachment coefficient are determined.",
"URL": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5921301-muon-catalysis-dd-nuclear-fusion-pressure-range-atm",
"title": "Muon catalysis of dd nuclear fusion in the pressure range 51.6-93.0 atm",
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"Isotope",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "A laser-induced cold fusion reaction has been obtained in Ti-H2-D2-T2 systems. Correlations are found among gamma-ray pulses, neutron emission pulses, and phase transitions in the Ti-D2 system. No thermal effect is observed. Gamma-ray fluxes of \u223c5 \u00d7 103 gamma/s and neutron emission of \u223c2 \u00d7 102 n/s in pulses of <0.5 s have been obtained. The possibility of laser generation of gamma rays in the cold fusion reaction is discussed, as are aspects of laser-induced phase transitions in metal-gas systems.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.13182/FST91-A29694",
"title": "Laser-Induced Cold Nuclear Fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 Compositions",
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"Phase transition",
"Neutron emission",
"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "The toroidal confinement and the ohmic heating of a thermonuclear plasma as used in tokamak experiments can be achieved by strong magnetic fields and by a heavy direct current flowing parallel to the axis of the plasma torus. This current can be induced with the aid of a transformer for which the plasma torus acts as the secondary winding. The high loop voltage required for start-up is obtained by commutation of the primary current to a resistor. This commutation can be achieved by a mechanical switch or by electronic circuits. New electronic commutation circuits are described which enable very heavy direct currents to be switched without contacts. The operation of the new circuits was checked by computer calculations. Experiments have not yet been performed.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ITPS...12..191M/abstract",
"title": "Electronic Circuits for the Generation and Transfer of High-Power Pulses in Nuclear Fusion Installations",
"year_published": 1984,
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"Resistor",
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"abstract": "An analogy between the nuclear reaction rate in a dense neutral plasma and the energy equipartition rate in a strongly magnetized non-neutral plasma is discussed. This analogy allows the first detailed measurements of plasma screening enhancements in the strong screening and pycnonuclear regimes. In strong magnetic fields and at low temperatures, cyclotron energy, like nuclear energy, is released only through rare close collisions between charges. The probability of such collisions is enhanced by plasma screening, just as for nuclear reactions. Rate enhancements of up to 1010 are measured in simulations of equipartition, and are compared to theories of screened nuclear reactions.",
"URL": "http://sdpha2.ucsd.edu/pdf_files/POP_15_055705.pdf",
"title": "Modeling nuclear fusion in dense plasmas using a cryogenic non-neutral plasmaa)",
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"Atomic physics",
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"abstract": "Quantum effects play an enhancement role in p-p chain reactions occurring within stars. Such an enhancement is quantified by a wave penetration factor that is proportional to the density of the participating fuel particles. This leads to an innovative theory for dense plasma, and its result shows good agreement with independent data derived from the solar energy output. An analysis of the first Z-pinch machine in mankind's history exhibiting neutron emission leads to a derived deuterium plasma beam density greater than that of water, with plasma velocities exceeding 10000 km/s. Fusion power could be achieved by the intersection of four such pinched plasma beams with powerful head-on collisions in their common focal region due to the beam and target enhanced reaction.",
"URL": "https://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:47115230",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Within Extremely Dense Plasma Enhanced by Quantum Particle Waves",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Chain reaction",
"Atomic physics",
"Fusion power",
"Nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "A proton beam with a velocity of the order of 10^9 cm/s is generated to interact with a charge neutral hydrogen-boron medium such as H3B. The created charged particles are confined by magnetic fields. This concept was the basis for a novel non-thermal fusion reactor, published recently in Laser and Particle Beams [1]. The fusion is initiated by protons followed by a process of chain reactions in a neutral medium density of the order of 10^19 cm-3, heated by the pB11 fusion created alphas up to a temperature of about one electron volt. In this system, the radiation losses by bremsstrahlung are negligible and the plasma thermal pressure is low. The ionization of the gaseous medium is caused by the alpha elastic nuclear collisions with the hydrogen atoms and their thermal heating and it is less than 10^-4. An external electric field is applied to avoid the energy losses of the protons particles by friction, due to their interaction with the electrons of the medium, to keep the proton-boron fusion at the maximum cross section of about 600 keV at the center of mass frame of reference. The alphas created in the pB11 fusion undergo nuclear elastic collisions with the hydrogen protons of the medium and causing a pB11 chain reaction. In this paper the equation of motion of these proton and alphas are solved numerically for the one-dimensional (1D) case, and their possible solutions are analyzed and discussed. Specifically, it is shown how the electric field can mitigate the stopping power for the proton11-proton nuclear fusion. Our results show that starting from a bunch of 1013 protons in our volume, an alpha number of particles of 6\u00d710^16 was accepted after a 5ms cycle of applying our specially designed electric field. Consequently, the medium temperature was raised to 1.3 eV. Although the aim of this paper is to present a new concept by addressing only the main physical processes and not to present a complete engineering design for a power plant, our numerical solution is novel and promises a viable proton-boron11 fusion reactor for clean energy creation.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020FrP.....8..401E/abstract",
"title": "Mitigation of the Stopping Power Effect on Proton-Boron11 Nuclear Fusion Chain Reactions",
"year_published": 2020,
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"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
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"sentence": "In this paper the equation of motion of these proton and alphas are solved numerically for the one-dimensional 1D case, and their possible solutions are analyzed and discussed.",
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"sentence": "Specifically, it is shown how the electric field can mitigate the stopping power for the proton11-proton nuclear fusion.",
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"sentence": "Our results show that starting from a bunch of 1013 protons in our volume, an alpha number of particles of 61016 was accepted after a 5ms cycle of applying our specially designed electric field.",
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"abstract": "In this paper cold fusion of deuterium by electrolysis of heavy water onto a palladium (or titanium) cathode is reported. Contrary to the assumption of Fleishmann and Pons that electrochemically compressed D{sup +} exists inside the palladium cathode, the observations of Jones et al. can be partially explained by the simultaneous presence of deuteride D{sup {minus}} and the highly mobile positive deuterium ion D{sup +}. The opposite charges reduce the intranuclear distance and enhance the tunneling fusion rate. Furthermore, alloying of lithium with palladium can stabilize a negatively charged deuteride ion due to the salinelike character of lithium deuteride. The enormous pressure (or fugacity), achieved by the applied electrochemical potential (10{sup 30} atm), is a virtual pressure that would have existed in equilibrium with palladium deuteride (PdD{sub x}). It is speculated that nuclear fusion occurs at the surface, and the PdD{sub x} serves as a reservoir for the supply of deuteride ions.",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_29289",
"title": "Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium: The Existence of Negatively Charged Deuteride Ions",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Cold fusion",
"Ion",
"Physical chemistry",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Heavy water",
"Charged particle",
"Palladium",
"Lithium",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Jacob Jorne",
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"abstract": "In this paper, the possibilities to perform aneutronic fusion in Plasma Focus (PF) devices have been presented. For this purpose, an idea of doping plasma by means of laser ablation of a solid boron target during discharge in PF-24 was presented. Some estimates have been made, based on the processes occurring during the discharge in the PF system with gas injection using a fast gas valve, indicating that this method allows the generation of hydrogen\u2013boron plasma. The yield of the 11B(p,\u03b1)\u03b1\u03b1 reaction was calculated. The results presented in this paper show that this yield is high enough to register and measure the alpha particles emitted from the plasma column consisting boron and hydrogen. The estimates were made for the parameters characteristic for PF-24.",
"URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10894-019-00225-5",
"title": "On the Possibility of Initiating the Proton\u2013Boron Nuclear Fusion Reaction in the Plasma-Focus Device",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Aneutronic fusion",
"Laser ablation",
"Boron",
"Hydrogen",
"Yield (chemistry)",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Dense plasma focus",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Marek Scholz",
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"abstract": "Gerald Rosen (Ref. 1) estimates the fusion rate for deuterium molecules trapped in a metallic lattice by applying WKB barrier penetration formula. This comment proves that Rosen\u2019s formula is incorrect. (AIP)",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JChPh..93.6118M/abstract",
"title": "Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: A pertinent inequality on barrier penetration",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Lattice (order)",
"Cold fusion",
"Excited state",
"Atomic physics",
"Chemistry",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"WKB approximation"
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"abstract": "(1996). A \u201cfusion\u201d of interests: Big science, government, and rhetorical practice in nuclear fusion research. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 26, The Rhetoric of Science, pp. 65-81.",
"URL": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02773949609391079",
"title": "A \u201cfusion\u201d of interests: Big science, government, and rhetorical practice in nuclear fusion research",
"year_published": 1996,
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"Political science",
"Rhetorical question",
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"first_author": "William J. Kinsella",
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion energy is a solution to the substitution of fossil fuels and the global energy deficit. However, among the several problems encountered for realizing a nuclear fusion reactor, the divertor presents difficulties due to the tremendous heat flux (~10 MW/m2) from high-temperature plasma. Also, neutrons produce additional heat (~17.5 MW/m3) from collisions with the materials\u2019 atoms. This may lead to unexpected effects such as thermal failure. Thus, a comprehensive investigation on the divertor module is needed to determine the heat-absorbing capacity of the divertor module so to maintain the effect of incident heat flux. In this study, using an analytical approach and a simulation, the quantitative effect of heat generation on the thermophysical behavior, such as temperature and thermal stress, was analyzed while maintaining the incident heat flux. Then, a correlated equation was derived from the thermal design criteria, namely, the maximum thimble temperature and the safety factor at the vulnerable point. Finally, on the basis of the thermal design criteria, the heat-absorbing capacity of a nuclear fusion reactor in operating conditions was determined. This study contributes to the understanding of the divertor\u2019s effects in nuclear fusion reactors for high-heat-flux and high-temperature applications.",
"URL": "https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i19p3771-d273264.html",
"title": "Heat-Absorbing Capacity of High-Heat-Flux Components in Nuclear Fusion Reactors",
"year_published": 2019,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Neutron",
"Heat flux",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Divertor",
"Safety factor",
"Heat generation",
"Heat transfer",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Namkyu Lee",
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"abstract": "New approach of laser fusion in magnetic field with an intense laser of Exa watt level is discussed. Such strong field of EW laser will induces enhanced nuclear tunnelling through the propagation in plasma. This causes an enhanced nuclear reaction. We discuss the possibility to apply this to nuclear fusion energy and to obtain break even in 100kJ EW laser.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPhCS.112d2071I/abstract",
"title": "A new approach of laser induced nuclear fusion in plasma by intense laser propagation",
"year_published": 2008,
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"Magnetic field",
"Quantum tunnelling",
"Physics",
"Atomic physics",
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"Laser",
"Nuclear fusion",
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{
"abstract": "Experiments on cold nuclear fusion are performed on titanium deuteride (TiD{sub 2}) crystal warmed from liquid nitrogen temperature to room temperature. Fusion with an estimated thermal energy output much smaller than the expected level (10{sup 12} to 10{sup 13} fusion/s {circle dot} g{sup {minus}1}) is confirmed by neutron burst emission, but without excess heat production. In this paper by analyzing the temperature dependence of the neutron emission in the titanium-deuterium system, it is concluded that so-called cold nuclear fusion may actually be hot-spot fusion caused by a localized high voltage generated, along with fracture formation, in the TiD{sub 2} by lattice strain.",
"URL": "http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_29257",
"title": "A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system",
"year_published": 1990,
"fields_of_study": [
"Liquid nitrogen",
"Cold fusion",
"Neutron",
"Neutron emission",
"Fusion",
"Atomic physics",
"Materials science",
"Nuclear reaction",
"Direct energy conversion",
"Deuterium"
],
"first_author": "Tatsuo Izumida",
"scholarly_citations_count": 10,
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{
"abstract": "Brajinskii's equations are the fundamental relations governing the behavior of the plasma produced during a fusion reaction, especially ICF plasma. These equations contains six partial differentials coupled together. In this paper we have tried to give analytical solutions to these equations using a one-dimensional method. Laplace transform technique is the main tool to do that with an arbitrary boundary and initial conditions for some special cases.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IJMPE..17.1131H/abstract",
"title": "Analytical solutions to Brajinskii's equations for nuclear fusion plasma by using ICF method",
"year_published": 2008,
"fields_of_study": [
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"Laplace principle",
"Physics",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Laplace transform applied to differential equations",
"Inverse Laplace transform",
"Boundary (topology)",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Laplace's equation",
"Classical mechanics",
"Laplace transform"
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"first_author": "S. N. Hosseinimotlagh",
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"abstract": "Probabilities for K-shell ionization prior to fusion (half-trajectory collisions) are determined for 51V, 59Co, 62Ni target atoms and 4.5 MeV/u 40Ar projectiles. Also measured are energy shifts of the K\u03b1 and K\u03b2 X-ray lines of residue atoms resulting from multiple inner shell ionization.",
"URL": "https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/60461637/Direct_inner_shell_ionization_accompanying_nuclear_fusion_reactions_with_heavy_ions.pdf",
"title": "Direct inner shell ionization accompanying nuclear fusion reactions with heavy ions",
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"abstract": "Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 37740; published online 23 November 2016; updated on 02 May 2017 The original version of this Article contained errors resulting from the incorrect calculation of formation energy in Equation 6. In the Abstract, \u201c2D\u2009+\u20092D\u2009+\u20092D\u2009\u2192\u200921H\u2009+\u20094He\u2009+\u20092 +\u200920. 85 MeV. The possible heat generation rate can generation rate can be calculated as 8.",
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"title": "Corrigendum: Possible generation of heat from nuclear fusion in Earth's inner core.",
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"abstract": "The Internet is increasingly considered as a legitimate source of in- formation on scientific and technological topics. Lay individuals are increasingly using Internet sources to find information about new technological developments, but scientific communities might have a limited understanding of the nature of this content. In this paper we examine the nature of the content of information about fusion energy on the Internet. By means of a content and thematic analysis of a sample of English-, Spanish and Portuguese-language web documents, we analyze the structural characteristics of the webs, characterize the presentation of nuclear fusion, and study the associations to nuclear fission and the main benefits and risks associated to fusion technologies in the Web. Our findings indicate that the infor- mation about fusion on the Internet is produced by a variety of actors (including private users via blogs), that almost half of the sample provided relevant technical information about nuclear fusion, that the majority of the web documents provided a positive portrayal of fusion energy (as a clean, safe and powerful energy tech- nology), and that nuclear fusion was generally presented as a potential solution to world energy problems, as a key scientific challenge and as a superior alternative to nuclear fission. We discuss the results in terms of the role of Internet in science communication.",
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"abstract": "Partial wave analysis and the decoupling of the wave equations based on potential barriers modifi ed by coupling effects are applied in the study of the fusion process in medium heavy nuclei. Several relevant physical quantities are calculated in order to provide evidence of underline reaction mechanisms that determine characteristics of fusion excitation functions and barrier distributions. The influence of Q- values is especially considered. The method is applied for the neutron transfer reaction in the 17O +144Sm system.",
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"title": "Analysis of the nuclear fusion process based on potential barriers modified by coupling effects",
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"abstract": "The neutron yield produced by D(d,n)3He fusion reactions in plasma skin layer has been derived from interaction of a high-intensity picosecond laser with thin TiD2 films. Multiple ionization of Ti atoms is considered at the leading edge of the laser pulse. Heating of free electrons is produced by inverse induced bremsstrahlung at the elastic scattering of electrons on multicharged Ti atomic ions. The electron temperature is derived. It is of the order of 10\u00a0keV at the peak laser intensity of 5\u00d71018\u00a0W\u00a0cm\u22122. The neutron yield is equal to ~104 per laser pulse. This is in qualitative agreement with the known experimental data.",
"URL": "http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/45/3/101/pdf",
"title": "Nuclear fusion in plasma produced at the irradiation of TiD2films by a super-intense laser pulse",
"year_published": 2003,
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"abstract": "We have shown that the large enhancement of sub-barrier fusion cross sections for heavy-ion collision processes can be partially accounted for by using the variation of the effective mass due to nonlocal effects in WKB theory. Although reasonable agreement of our predicted results for the fusion cross sections and average angular momenta with the observed experimental data for several systems have been observed, it is evident that the nonlocal effects alone cannot explain the entire enhancement as claimed by Galetti et al. [Phys. Rev. C 50, 2136 (1994)]. It is then suggested that nonlocality needs to be supplemented by nuclear deformation and other degrees of freedom. \\textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.",
"URL": "https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.54.319",
"title": "Nonlocal effects in a semiclassical WKB approach to sub-barrier nuclear fusion processes.",
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"abstract": "The study is dedicated to modern topic: the analysis of conditions that lead to distortion of the time and space coordinates which results from the general theory of relativity. The main goal of this research is to prove the hypothesis regarding distortion of time and space using nuclear fusion model. For this purpose the simulation instrument is used to imitate a moving proton that hits an electron of a hydrogen atom. The methodology of simulation is based upon calculation of the probabilities of elastic scattering and charge exchange of a proton with a target electron. The distortion is modeled by the functions that relate time and space logarithmically for distorted time and exponentially for distorted space. Such geometry construction is described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation using the electron wave function. Then the probability of charge exchange is calculated as the squared coefficient of this wave function in the negative side of the geometry that is divided by the sum of the squared coefficients of all the terms of the equation. Thus, the calculation result shows that the calculated probability of the charge exchange is high when the time and space are not distorted. However, when time and space are distorted it decreases, and the probability of elastic scattering is growing. The achieved result also indicates that the discrete energy levels of electrons in hydrogen atoms shift when the distortion of time and space occurs in the nuclear fusion.",
"URL": "http://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/download/259048/255749",
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"abstract": "The prerequisites and mechanism for the implementation of efficient pulsed (flashing) nuclear fusion in a low-temperature hydrogen plasma with a temperature of 10 to 20 eV in a constant magnetic field are considered. It is shown for the first time that the natural very frequent alternation of the processes of ionization of atoms and recombination of ions leads to the synchronous formation of coherent correlated states of hydrogen nuclei and its isotopes. The formation of such states leads to the generation of very large fluctuations of kinetic energy (up to 10 to 100 keV) at the initial stage of each ionization event, which exists for most of the lifetime of the ionized state before ion recombination. It is shown that the relatively long duration of the existence of these fluctuations and their very large amplitude are sufficient for efficient nuclear fusion in such a magnetized low-temperature plasma.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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"entity": "Hydrogen nuclei"
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{
"category": "Particle",
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{
"category": "Particle",
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{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Hydrogen"
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Hydrogen isotopes"
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{
"sentence": "The formation of such states leads to the generation of very large fluctuations of kinetic energy up to 10 to 100 keV at the initial stage of each ionization event, which exists for most of the lifetime of the ionized state before ion recombination.",
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"category": "Physical Process",
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{
"sentence": "It is shown that the relatively long duration of the existence of these fluctuations and their very large amplitude are sufficient for efficient nuclear fusion in such a magnetized low-temperature plasma.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Magnetic field"
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{
"category": "Plasma property",
"entity": "Low-temperature plasma"
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"entity": "Fluctuations"
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Amplitude"
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"category": "Physical Process",
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},
{
"abstract": "Considering the Coulomb explosion induced by the interaction of a deuterium cluster target with ultra-intensity femtosecond laser, the causation which generate energetic deuterium nuclei for the fusion has been analyzed. The mechanism for the dual explosion of deuterium cluster is proposed, and hence the velocity of deuterium nuclei and the expansion time of deuterium ion clusters have been estimated.",
"URL": "https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HWDT200402029.htm",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Induced by Dual Explosion of Deuterium Cluster in Strong Laser Field",
"year_published": 2004,
"fields_of_study": [
"Cluster (physics)",
"Fusion",
"Femtosecond",
"Atomic physics",
"Field (physics)",
"Materials science",
"Laser",
"Deuterium",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coulomb explosion"
],
"first_author": "AN Wei-Ke",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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{
"abstract": "An Intelligent Platform Management Controller (IPMC) is being developed by IPFN/IST. This controller will be integrated in the Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) and Advanced Mezzanine Cards (AMC) modules that are under development for application in nuclear fusion experiments such as the ITER Fast Plant System Controller (FPSC) prototype. This controller in addition with the Shelf Manager module is responsible for the management of hardware failure, redundancy procedures, and hot swapping of the modules in the ATCA crate. The verification of compatibility between modules that share ATCA resources, the power management of each module, temperature monitoring, and fan control are, as well, tasks that the IPMC has the responsibility to manage. Other important functions of the controller are the programming of ATCA and AMC modules firmware, application specific program selection, and firmware version control. In this paper, the hardware architecture of the IPMC implementation at IPFN ATCA modules will be described.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ITNS...58.1733R/abstract",
"title": "Intelligent Platform Management Controller for nuclear fusion fast plant system controllers",
"year_published": 2011,
"fields_of_study": [
"Computer engineering",
"Hot swapping",
"Engineering",
"Embedded system",
"Redundancy (engineering)",
"Advanced Mezzanine Card",
"Power management",
"Hardware architecture",
"Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture",
"Firmware",
"Intelligent control"
],
"first_author": "Ant\u00f3nio P. Rodrigues",
"scholarly_citations_count": 11,
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"sentence": "This controller will be integrated in the Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture ATCA and Advanced Mezzanine Cards AMC modules that are under development for application in nuclear fusion experiments such as the ITER Fast Plant System Controller FPSC prototype.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "ITER"
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"entity": "Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA)"
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"entity": "Advanced Mezzanine Cards (AMC)"
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"category": "Control Systems",
"entity": "ITER Fast Plant System Controller (FPSC) prototype"
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"sentence": "This controller in addition with the Shelf Manager module is responsible for the management of hardware failure, redundancy procedures, and hot swapping of the modules in the ATCA crate.",
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{
"abstract": "Nuclear fusion is a sought-out technology in which two light elements are fused together to create a heavier element and releases energy. Two primary nuclear fusion technologies are being researched today: magnetic and inertial confinement. However, a new type of nuclear fusion technology is currently being research: multi-pinch plasma beams. At the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, there is research on multi-pinch plasma beam technology as an alternative to nuclear fusion. The objective is to intersect two plasma arcs at the center of the chamber. This is a precursor of nuclear fusion using multi-pinch. The innovation portion of the students\u2019 work is the miniaturization of this concept using high energy electrical DC pulses. The experiment achieved the temperature of 2300 K at the intersection. In comparison to the simulation data, the temperature from the simulation is 7000 K at the intersection. Additionally, energy harvesting devices, both photovoltaics and a thermoelectric generator, were placed in the chamber to observe the viable energy extraction.",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040988",
"title": "X-Pinch Plasma Generation Testing for Neutron Source Development and Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 2018,
"fields_of_study": [
"Energy harvesting",
"Inertial confinement fusion",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Thermoelectric generator",
"Physics",
"Pinch",
"Neutron source",
"Fusion power",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "Hossam A. Gabbar",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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"category": "Physical Process",
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"sentence": "Two primary nuclear fusion technologies are being researched today magnetic and inertial confinement.",
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"sentence": "However, a new type of nuclear fusion technology is currently being research multi-pinch plasma beams.",
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"sentence": "The objective is to intersect two plasma arcs at the center of the chamber.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
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"sentence": "This is a precursor of nuclear fusion using multi-pinch.",
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"sentence": "The innovation portion of the students work is the miniaturization of this concept using high energy electrical DC pulses.",
"entities": [
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"entity": "High energy electrical DC pulses"
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"sentence": "The experiment achieved the temperature of 2300 K at the intersection.",
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"category": "Physics Entity",
"entity": "Temperature"
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"sentence": "In comparison to the simulation data, the temperature from the simulation is 7000 K at the intersection.",
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"entity": "Temperature"
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"category": "Software and simulation",
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"sentence": "Additionally, energy harvesting devices, both photovoltaics and a thermoelectric generator, were placed in the chamber to observe the viable energy extraction.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Energy harvesting devices"
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Photovoltaics"
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Thermoelectric generator"
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
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{
"abstract": "Following the recent worldwide progress in plasma physics for fusion technology, it is desired 1.high field, 2.high current density, 3.high rigidity, 4.long pulsed (or continuous) operation, and so on-for the forecoming nuclear fusion experimental facilities. It is, therefore, worldwide trend that these facilities are designed to be superconductive.In this article, after the review on recent progress in superconducting materials development including newly discovered high Tc oxide superconductors, several hurdles which must be cleared for the development of wires and/or conductors for high field large scale superconducting magnets will be discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/61/5/61_5_307/_pdf",
"title": "Superconducting technology for nuclear fusion facilities. 2. Superconducting materials and conductor developments.",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
"Rigidity (electromagnetism)",
"Nanotechnology",
"Superconducting magnet",
"Materials science",
"Electrical conductor",
"Current density",
"Fusion power",
"Conductor",
"Superconductivity",
"Engineering physics",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "Koshichi Noto",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
"NER-RE": [
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"entity": "Nuclear fusion experimental facilities"
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]
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{
"sentence": "It is, therefore, worldwide trend that these facilities are designed to be superconductive.",
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"entity": "Superconductive facilities"
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"sentence": "In this article, after the review on recent progress in superconducting materials development including newly discovered high Tc oxide superconductors, several hurdles which must be cleared for the development of wires andor conductors for high field large scale superconducting magnets will be discussed.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "Wires"
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]
}
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},
{
"abstract": "Sinterable powders of lithium orthosilicate and lithium metazirconate were fabricated by a wet\u2013chemical process. Sperical granules of lithium containing powders were prepared by a special powder metallurgical process and sintering in a fluidized\u2013bed. The characteristics of the obtained pebbles meet the given specification for a breeder material of the Karlsruhe pebble\u2013bed canister design for the blanket of a forthcoming fusion reactor.",
"URL": "https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJMPT.1993.036563",
"title": "Fabrication of powders and sintered spheres of lithium ceramics as breeder materials in nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2014,
"fields_of_study": [
"Ceramic",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Fusion power",
"Sintering",
"Blanket",
"Orthosilicate",
"Lithium",
"Breeder (animal)",
"Powder metallurgy"
],
"first_author": "H. Wedemeyer",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "Sinterable powders of lithium orthosilicate and lithium metazirconate were fabricated by a wetchemical process.",
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"sentence": "Sperical granules of lithium containing powders were prepared by a special powder metallurgical process and sintering in a fluidizedbed.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "Lithium"
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{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Fluidized bed"
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{
"sentence": "The characteristics of the obtained pebbles meet the given specification for a breeder material of the Karlsruhe pebblebed canister design for the blanket of a forthcoming fusion reactor.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "Blanket"
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{
"category": "Facility or Institution",
"entity": "Karlsruhe"
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Pebble bed"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "Since the distinguishing feature in practical helical fusion reactors is characteristic of \u201cstationary machines\u201d, it is an essential condition that a demonstracting experimental plant can be operated stationary. In the respect of stationaryoperations of the new devices to Helical-E, the superconductive devices can be positioned in the new helical system.An outline of results for realization of the superconductive helical devices is provided, herein, which were researched together with the members of universities and industries. In this research, investigation on superconductive helical coils (m =10) has been mainly carried out.",
"URL": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspf1958/62/2/62_2_95/_pdf",
"title": "Superconducting technology for nuclear fusion facilities. 5. Superconductive magnets for helical devices.",
"year_published": 1989,
"fields_of_study": [
"Engineering",
"Magnet",
"Fusion power",
"Superconductivity",
"Realization (systems)",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Feature (computer vision)",
"Mechanical engineering"
],
"first_author": "Masakatsu Takeo",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
"NER-RE": [
{
"sentence": "Since the distinguishing feature in practical helical fusion reactors is characteristic of stationary machines, it is an essential condition that a demonstracting experimental plant can be operated stationary.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "helical fusion reactors"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Experimental Facility",
"entity": "experimental plant"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "In the respect of stationaryoperations of the new devices to Helical-E, the superconductive devices can be positioned in the new helical system.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
"entity": "Helical-E"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "superconductive devices"
},
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Configuration",
"entity": "new helical system"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "An outline of results for realization of the superconductive helical devices is provided, herein, which were researched together with the members of universities and industries.",
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{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "superconductive helical devices"
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"entity": "universities"
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{
"category": "Facility or Institution",
"entity": "industries"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "In this research, investigation on superconductive helical coils 10 has been mainly carried out.",
"entities": [
{
"category": "Nuclear Fusion System Component",
"entity": "superconductive helical coils"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "Superconducting technology has made progress with nuclear fusion development for about 30 years as an indispensable element of nuclear fusion technology. Some technologies that come from nuclear fusion development are applied to industrial applications. For example cable-in-conduit technology is applied to SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) project. On the other hand, superconducting magnets for MRI system and silicon single crystal growth become practical industries and another technologies that come from these industrial applications are applied to nuclear fusion development. In this report, superconducting products and superconducting technologies are presented at the point of synergy effects of nuclear fusion development and industrial applications.",
"URL": "http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JPFR...81..378H/abstract",
"title": "Synergy Effects of Superconducting Technology Progress in Industrial Applications and Nuclear Fusion Development",
"year_published": 2005,
"fields_of_study": [
"Superconducting magnet",
"Materials science",
"Development (topology)",
"Single crystal growth",
"Superconductivity",
"Silicon",
"Superconducting magnetic energy storage",
"Engineering physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance"
],
"first_author": "Satoshi Hanai",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
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"sentence": "Superconducting technology has made progress with nuclear fusion development for about 30 years as an indispensable element of nuclear fusion technology.",
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"category": "Research field",
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]
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"sentence": "For example cable-in-conduit technology is applied to SMES Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage project.",
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"entity": "Cable-in-conduit technology"
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"sentence": "On the other hand, superconducting magnets for MRI system and silicon single crystal growth become practical industries and another technologies that come from these industrial applications are applied to nuclear fusion development.",
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Superconducting magnets"
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"category": "Research field",
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"entity": "Silicon single crystal growth"
}
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"sentence": "In this report, superconducting products and superconducting technologies are presented at the point of synergy effects of nuclear fusion development and industrial applications.",
"entities": [
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"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Superconducting products"
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{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "Superconducting technologies"
}
]
}
]
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{
"abstract": "The pumping action of titanium is considerably enhanced if the active layer is made on a cold surface. High pumping speed of 10\u2002liters/sec\u22c5cm2 for usual gases, capacity at saturation of about 1016\u2009molecules/cm2, limit pressure down to 10\u221210\u2009Torr, and good cleanliness make it very attractive for a number of applications. Titanium monoxide TiO has very similar properties at low temperature and, in addition, can pump argon. Titanium pumping is particularly suited to big-size installations with very specific problems like the nuclear fusion research apparatus and the space simulation chambers. Examples of these two cases are described.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972JVST....9...49P/abstract",
"title": "The Titanium Evaporation Pump, Its Application to Nuclear Fusion Experiments and Space Simulation",
"year_published": 1972,
"fields_of_study": [
"Nuclear engineering",
"Space simulator",
"Saturation (chemistry)",
"Materials science",
"Active layer",
"Monoxide",
"Titanium",
"Argon",
"Evaporation",
"Nuclear fusion"
],
"first_author": "F. Prevot",
"scholarly_citations_count": 12,
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"sentence": "High pumping speed of 10 litersseccm2 for usual gases, capacity at saturation of about 1016 moleculescm2, limit pressure down to 1010 Torr, and good cleanliness make it very attractive for a number of applications.",
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"entity": "titanium monoxide"
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{
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"sentence": "Titanium pumping is particularly suited to big-size installations with very specific problems like the nuclear fusion research apparatus and the space simulation chambers.",
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"category": "Chemical Element or Compound",
"entity": "titanium"
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{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "nuclear fusion research apparatus"
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{
"category": "Experimental Apparatus",
"entity": "space simulation chambers"
}
]
},
{
"sentence": "Examples of these two cases are described.",
"entities": []
}
]
},
{
"abstract": "In this paper,the structure and the control mode of the plasma horizontal position equilibrium control system in the HT-6M Tokamak have been analyzed systematically. The relevant math model and control mode were provided,and the experiment was done successfully in the HT-6M Tokamak. The special engineering method provides the theory foundation and practice experience for the HT-7U superconduction Tokamak.",
"URL": "http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KZLY199804010.htm",
"title": "The Equilibrium Control System of the Plasma Horizontal Position in the Tokamak Controlled Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 1998,
"fields_of_study": [
"Tokamak",
"Nuclear engineering",
"Control engineering",
"Magnetic confinement fusion",
"Equilibrium control",
"Control mode",
"Horizontal position representation",
"Plasma stability",
"Control theory",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
],
"first_author": "SU Jianlon",
"scholarly_citations_count": "NaN",
"NER-RE": [
{
"sentence": "In this paper,the structure and the control mode of the plasma horizontal position equilibrium control system in the HT-6M Tokamak have been analyzed systematically.",
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"entity": "Tokamak"
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"entity": "plasma horizontal position equilibrium control system"
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]
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{
"sentence": "The relevant math model and control mode were provided,and the experiment was done successfully in the HT-6M Tokamak.",
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"category": "Nuclear Fusion Device Type",
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"abstract": "The Holtsmark theory is generalized to finite ion clusters. It is shown that large (in comparison to infinite plasmas of the same density) fluctuations of electric microfield in ion clusters appear. The new field distribution shows a longer tail than the Holtsmark one. The previously developed semiclassical version of the theory of fusion rates in the presence of plasma electric microfields is applied to the case of nuclear fusion in charged deuterium clusters created by superstrong laser pulses. It is demonstrated that the effect of high free neutron output observed in several experiments with dense deuterium plasma pulses is supported by the action of the electric microfields.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Fluctuations of electric microfields in laser-produced ion clusters: Enhancement of nuclear fusion",
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"abstract": "Abstract Ordinary electromagnetic (EM) fields possess relatively simple U1gauge symmetry, and their angular momentum is analogous to that of spin1 particles whose likecharges attract and unlike charges repel. This manifests in coulomb repulsion between free electrons or ions and coulomb attraction between free electrons and ions. By contrast, angular momentum of SU(2) fields that describe the shortrange Weak Nuclear Force in atomic nuclei is analogous to that of spin2 particles whose likecharges attract. So, free ions that enter such small SU(2) field regions attract each other until their separation becomes so small that their fusion occurs. In this respect, Barrett has derived EM fields with the same SU(2) gauge symmetry and spin2 angular momentum as SU(2) matter fields in atomic nuclei. It is conceivable, therefore, that SU(2) EM fields might cause fuel ions inside nuclear fusion reactors to attract (rather than repel) each other. This paper, therefore, explores the possibility of SU(2) EM fields reducing the electrical compression energies these SU(2) EM fields must exert on fuel ions before fusion of the ions by the SU(2) matter fields of the weak nuclear force then occurs. A specific conditioning of U(1) EM field energy into SU(2) EM field energy was selected; a given type of fusion was assumed; and preliminary, parametric estimates of input electrical energy reductions were made.",
"URL": "https://fire.pppl.gov/fesac_wp_iecfusion_miley.pdf",
"title": "Specially Conditioned EM Fields to Reduce Nuclear Fusion Input Energy Needs",
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"Angular momentum",
"Atomic physics",
"Field (physics)",
"Aneutronic fusion",
"Symmetry (physics)",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Coulomb",
"Electric potential energy"
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"abstract": "Nonstandard Lagrangian dynamics have gained great interest recently, in particular within the theory of nonlinear differential equations and dissipative dynamical systems. In this paper, we address...",
"URL": "https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/full/10.1139/cjp-2014-0233",
"title": "Modified plasma-fluid equations from nonstandard Lagrangians with applications to nuclear fusion",
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"Fluid equation",
"Dissipative dynamical systems",
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"Nuclear fusion",
"Classical mechanics",
"Plasma"
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"abstract": "Nuclear fusion is a potential pathway to finding a sustainable, carbon-free energy source. Some critical components of the fusion reactors are planned to be coated by tungsten. For the task, thermal spraying in vacuum or protective atmosphere can be employed, offering several advantages such as easy preparation of advanced feedstock for deposition of functionally graded composites. Such coatings could be a viable approach to avoid the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the W coating and the steel components. In this study, radio-frequency inductively-coupled plasma spray method was used to deposit W-steel composite coatings of three different W ratios, as well as a functionally graded coating consisting of the three composites and a pure W top coat. The coatings exhibited a high-quality microstructure, without intermetallic or oxide phases formation. Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the coatings was measured at 100 \u00b0C and 600 \u00b0C, with the values falling into range between the bulk steel and plasma sprayed W. In conclusion, we have shown that the RF-ICP technology is suitable for preparation of tungsten-steel graded deposits and the outputs are now prepared for other testing and a following upscaling to the industry-relevant size.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Thick functionally-graded W-316L composite coatings for nuclear fusion applications",
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{
"abstract": "The construction and operation of the first generation of magnetically controlled nuclear fusion power plants require the development of proper physics and the engineering bases. The analysis of data, recently collected by the actual largest and most important tokamak in the world JET, that has successfully completed his second deuterium and tritium campaign in 2021 (DTE2) with a full ITER like wall main chamber, has provided an important consolidation of the ITER physics basis. Thermonuclear plasmas are highly nonlinear systems characterized by the need of numerous diagnostics to measure physical quantities to guide, through proper control schemes, external actuators. Both modelling and machine learning approaches are required to maximize the physical understanding of plasma dynamics and at the same time, engineering challenges have to be faced. Fusion experiments are indeed extremely hostile environments for plasma facing materials (PFM) and plasma-facing components (PFC), both in terms of neutron, thermal loads and mechanical stresses that the components have to face during either steady operation or off-normal events. Efforts are therefore spent by the community to reach the ultimate goal ahead: turning on the first nuclear fusion power plant, DEMO, by 2050. This editorial is dedicated at reviewing some aspects touched in recent studies developed in this dynamic, challenging project, collected by the special issue titled \u201cNew Challenges in Nuclear Fusion Reactors: From Data Analysis to Materials and Manufacturing\u201d.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/10/6240/pdf?version=1684809327",
"title": "New Challenges in Nuclear Fusion Reactors: From Data Analysis to Materials and Manufacturing",
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"Mechanical engineering",
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"abstract": "The results of preliminary tests on tritium and neutrons from palladium cathodes during D2O electrolysis are presented. The few positive results obtained from many tests are discussed. Neutron and ...",
"URL": "https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_29207",
"title": "Preliminary Tests on Tritium and Neutrons in Cold Nuclear Fusion Within Palladium Cathodes",
"year_published": 1990,
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"Isotope",
"Radiochemistry",
"Nuclear physics",
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"abstract": "This work follows our previous calculations of the ground state binding energy, size, and the effective nuclear charge of the muonic T3 molecule, using the Born\u2013Oppenheimer adiabatic approximation. In our past articles, we showed that the system possesses two minimum positions, the first one at the muonic distance and the second at the atomic distance. Also, the symmetric planner vibrational model assumed between the two minima and the approximated potential were calculated. Following from the previous studies, we now calculate the fusion rate of the T3 muonic molecule according to the overlap integral of the resonance nuclear compound nucleus and the molecular wave functions.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IJMPE..14.1213F/abstract",
"title": "Nuclear Fusion Rate Study of a Muonic Molecule via Nuclear Threshold Resonances",
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"abstract": "Activated corrosion products generation in primary heat transfer systems of nuclear fusion facilities is a relevant radiological source term for occupation dose assessments. The formation of the Chalk River Undefined Deposit, already well known in nuclear fission power plants, represents a significant safety issue in fusion applications due to the intense high energy neutron fluences (about 14 MeV in Deuterium-Tritium operation). The activated corrosion products formation is a multi-physical problem. The combined synergy of activation, corrosion, dissolution, erosion, ejection, precipitation, and transport phenomena induces the contamination of coolant loop regions located outside the bio-shield, where scheduled worker operation might take place. The following manuscript shows how activated corrosion products are evaluated for the nuclear fusion power plant design under investigation by the Safety and Environment Work Package (WPSAE) of the Eurofusion Consortium (i.e., the European Demonstration power plant, EU-DEMO). The major issues in activated corrosion products estimations are here exposed and the main results for mass and activity inventories are briefly shown for some main Primary Heat Transfer Systems of EU-DEMO.",
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/9/7/76/pdf?version=1656322498",
"title": "Activated Corrosion Products Evaluations for Occupational Dose Mitigation in Nuclear Fusion Facilities",
"year_published": 2022,
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{
"abstract": "Various crystals such as lithium niobate or lithium tantalate display a phase transition due to an instability in the long wavelength transverse optical mode. These low\u2010temperature phases develop huge electric fields which can accelerate ions to energies where nuclear fusion is observed [Nature 434, 1115\u20131117 (2005)]. [Research funded by DARPA, ONR, NSF.]",
"URL": "https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.4781557",
"title": "Using instabilities in the long wavelength transverse optical mode to generate nuclear fusion",
"year_published": 2006,
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"abstract": "Despite the huge uncertainties related to the possibility of a quick development of nuclear fusion technologies - being disputed that it may come too late to effectively contribute to emission mitigation - research is focusing on a wide set of options for fusion reactors. This paper presents a global scenario analysis using the energy system optimization model EUROfusion TIMES to analyze the possible future role of fusion according to three different technologies and using capacity curves based on historical trends for the electricity sector. The analyzed fusion options are based on ARC, EU-DEMO and Asian-DEMO reactor concepts, characterized in terms of techno-economic features according to publicly available literature and considering a set of educated growth rate for their penetration. Results concerning installed capacity trends and contribution to the electricity mix are presented up to 2100 in three socio-economic storylines and for different scenarios considering either the availability of competing technologies or delays in the development of fusion plants. Despite not contributing at all to the energy transition in Europe and the US, fusion may gain share in contexts characterized by highly growing electricity demand, contributing to satisfy stringent environmental constraints together with other low-carbon technologies in the second half of the century.",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Analysis of the possible contribution of different nuclear fusion technologies to the global energy transition",
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"abstract": "Some experiments have indicated the possible existence of particles with a negative inertial mass. It is shown under which conditions Weber\u2019s electrodynamics gives rise to this effect. Some specific experiments related to this aspect of Weber\u2019s law are described. Two particles equally electrified with charges of the same sign would then move toward one another if they had negative effective inertial masses. A new concept for nuclear fusion is presented based on the possibility of creating a negative effective inertial mass for ions. It is then considered some properties of the inertial dipole, that is, a system composed by a pair of particles in which one particle has a positive effective inertial mass while the other particle has a negative effective inertial mass. The possible utilization of the inertial dipole as a propulsion system is briefly discussed.",
"URL": "https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1166/jap.2015.1159",
"title": "Particles with Negative Mass: Production, Properties and Applications for Nuclear Fusion and Self-Acceleration",
"year_published": 2015,
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"Ion",
"Inertial frame of reference",
"Dipole",
"Nuclear physics",
"Effective mass (solid-state physics)",
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"Quantum electrodynamics",
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"first_author": "Martin Tajmar",
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"abstract": "The efficiency of energy release has been calculated here for fusion reactions in inertially confined plasmas of high density. It is found that inclusion of reheat due to absorption of the energetic alphas released by the reactions in the plasma itself predicts higher gains G due to ignition. Including losses by bremsstrahlung and fuel depletion we find G = 71 for 1 k J laser energy input with a compression of only 1000 times solid state density.",
"URL": "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ZNatA..33..890H/abstract",
"title": "Increased Nuclear Fusion Yields of Inertially Confined DT Plasma due to Reheat",
"year_published": 1978,
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"Nuclear physics",
"Materials science",
"Plasma density",
"Plasma heating",
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"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma"
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"abstract": " In December 2022, a scientific breakthrough in fusion energy resulted in widespread media attention with a focus on fusion as a key strategy to mitigate climate change. In this article, we draw from Herbert Marcuse\u2019s work on technological rationality to examine fusion technology in this context. We explore if fusion is seen as a way to master nature, if it protects current power relations, and if a focus on fusion might detract attention and resources from alternatives. Illustrating technological rationality, much attention is being given to the potential achievement of fusion energy, it is being championed by already powerful economic actors, and despite that it is unlikely to be ready in time to support necessary climate mitigation, it may be detracting support for more effective and just strategies that already exist. In this context, framing fusion as a solution to climate change represents what Marcuse calls \u2018one-dimensional thinking\u2019. ",
"URL": "NaN",
"title": "Revisiting Marcuse's Technological Rationality: Nuclear Fusion Advancement in the Age of Climate Change",
"year_published": 2023,
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"Context (archaeology)",
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"Technological change",
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"Positive economics",
"Epistemology",
"Economics",
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"Artificial intelligence",
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"abstract": "Experimental results are presented on the neutron scintillating properties of a custom-designed Pr3+(praseodymium)-doped lithium (Li) glass. Luminescence was observed at 278 nm wavelength, originating from the 5d-4f transition. Time-resolved measurements yielded about 20 ns decay times for ultraviolet and x-ray excitation while much faster decay times of about 6 ns were observed for alpha particle and neutron excitation. Actual time-of-flight data in laser fusion experiments at the GEKKO XII facility of the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University reveal that it can clearly discriminate fusion neutrons from the much stronger x-rays signals. This material can promise improved accuracy in future scattered neutron diagnostics.",
"URL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19947728",
"title": "Pr3+-doped fluoro-oxide lithium glass as scintillator for nuclear fusion diagnostics.",
"year_published": 2009,
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"abstract": "Abstract Modelling neutral beam injection (NBI) in fusion reactors requires computing the trajectories of large ensembles of particles. Slowing down times of up to one second combined with nanosecond time steps make these simulations computationally very costly. This paper explores the performance of BGSDC, a new numerical time stepping method, for tracking ions generated by NBI in the DIII-D and JET reactors. BGSDC is a high-order generalization of the Boris method, combining it with spectral deferred corrections and the Generalized Minimal Residual method GMRES. Without collision modelling, where numerical drift can be quantified accurately, we find that BGSDC can deliver higher quality particle distributions than the standard Boris integrator at comparable computational cost or comparable distributions at lower computational cost. With collision models, quantifying accuracy is difficult but we show that BGSDC produces stable distributions at larger time steps than Boris.",
"URL": "https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2005.html#abs-2005-07705",
"title": "Performance of the BGSDC integrator for computing fast ion trajectories in nuclear fusion reactors",
"year_published": 2021,
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{
"abstract": "The paper discusses the requirements and presents an architectural overview of a new general-purpose framework for real-time control, currently under development at the RFX laboratory. This represents the third generation of control framework developed at RFX. It takes into account the experience gained in the development of the previous frameworks and exploits the evolution of computer technology, in particular, the evolution of Linux towards real-time functionality and the availability of multicore CPUs in most general-purpose computing boards. The framework will supervise data flow among the participating components, which may produce data, consume data, or apply some sort of computation. Some system components have been already developed, while the architecture of others is still being refined. In particular, we are going to integrate the infrastructure layer of the new framework with a real-time framework recently in use at JET. The aim of this collaboration is a general purpose real-time system which can be used on both experiments.",
"URL": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5446498",
"title": "Concepts, Design, and Development of a Multiplatform Framework for Real-Time Control in Nuclear Fusion",
"year_published": 2010,
"fields_of_study": [
"Software engineering",
"Real-time Control System",
"Architecture",
"Engineering",
"Exploit",
"Computer technology",
"Data flow diagram",
"Software framework",
"Multi-core processor",
"sort"
],
"first_author": "Antonio Barbalace",
"scholarly_citations_count": 2,
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